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FINAL EXAM REVIEW 1 1. The text defines cognition as a. Silent speech b. All mental activity c. The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information d. Logical reasoning 2. When forming a concept, people often develop a best example, or ____________, of a category a. Denoter b. Heuristic c. Prototype d. Algorithm 3. Few human behaviors are rigidly patterned enough to qualify as a. Needs b. Drives c. Instincts d. Incentives 4. According to Maslow’s Theory a. The most basic motives are based on physiological needs b. Needs are satisfied in a specified order c. The highest motives relate to self-actualization d. All of these statements are true 5. Beginning with the most basic needs, which of the following represents the correct sequence of needs in the hierarchy described by Maslow? a. Safety; physiological; esteem; belongingness and love; self-fulfillment b. Safety; physiological; belongingness and love; esteem; self-fulfillment c. Physiological; safety; esteem; belongingness and love; self-fulfillment d. Physiological; safety; belongingness and love; esteem; self-fulfillment 6. The correct order of the stages of Masters and Johnson’s sexual response cycle is a. Plateau; excitement; orgasm; resolution b. Excitement; plateau; orgasm; resolution c. Excitement; orgasm; resolution; refractory d. Plateau; excitement; orgasm; refractory 7. Sexual Orientation refers to a. A person’s tendency to display behaviors typical of males or females b. A person’s sense of identity as a male or female c. A person’s enduring sexual attraction toward members of a particular gender d. All of these 8. To increase employee productivity, industrial-organizational psychologists advise managers to a. Adopt a directive leadership style b. Adopt a democratic leadership style c. Instill competitiveness in each employee d. Deal with employees according to their individual motives 9. Which of the following was NOT an aspect of Murray’s definition of achievement motivation? a. The desire to master skills b. The desire for control c. The desire to gain approval d. The desire to attain a high standard 10. Emotions consist of which of following components? a. Physiological reactions b. Behavioral expressions c. Conscious feelings d. All of these components 11. The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that a. Emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and a cognitive label b. The conscious experience of an emotion occurs at the same time as the body’s response to physical reaction c. Emotional experiences are based on awareness of the body’s response to an emotion-arousing stimulus d. Emotional ups and downs tend to balance in the long run 12. The polygraph measures a. Lying b. Brain rhythms c. Chemical changes in the body d. Physiological indexes of arousal 13. Which of the following is true regarding gestures and facial expressions? a. Gestures are universal; facial expression are culture-specific b. Facial expressions are universal; Gestures are culture-specific c. Both gestures and facial expressions are universal d. Both gestures and facial expressions are culture-specific 14. Catharsis will be most effective in reducing anger toward another person if a. You wait until you are no longer angry before confronting the person b. The target of your anger is someone you feel has power over you c. Your anger is directed specifically toward the person who angered you d. The other person is able to retaliate by also expressing anger 15. Research indicates that a person is most likely to be helpful to others if he or she a. Is feeling guilty about something b. Is happy c. Recently received help from another person d. Recently offered help to another person 16. Researchers Friedman and Rosenman refer to individuals who are very timeconscious, supermotivated, verbally aggressive, and easily angered as a. Ulcer-prone personalities b. Cancer-prone personalities c. Type A d. Type B 17. In order, the sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome is a. Alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion b. Stage of resistance, Stage of exhaustion, alarm reaction c. Stage of exhaustion, stage of resistance, alarm reaction d. Alarm reaction, stage of exhaustion, stage of resistance 18. The field of health psychology is concerned with a. The prevention of illness b. The promotion of health c. The treatment of illness d. All of those things 19. Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing a stressor or how we interact with it is an example of a. Problem focused coping b. Emotion focused coping c. Managing rather than coping with stress d. Catharsis 20. Social support ___________ our ability to cope with stressful events a. Has no effect b. Usually increase c. Usually decrease d. Has an unpredictable effect on 21. Acupuncture, aromatherapy, and homeopathy are forms of a. Psychophysiological medicine b. Complementary and alternative medicine c. Chi Therapy d. Psychosomatic therapy 22. According to Freud, defense mechanisms are methods of reducing a. Anger b. Fear c. Anxiety d. Lust 23. Personality is defined as a. The set of personal attitudes that characterizes a person b. An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting c. A predictable set of responses to environmental stimuli d. An unpredictable set of responses to environmental stimuli 24. Id is to ego as ___________ is to __________ a. Reality principle; pleasure principle b. Pleasure principle; reality principle c. Conscious forces; unconscious forces d. Conscience; “personality executive” 25. For humanistic psychologists, many of our behaviors and perceptions are ultimately shaped by whether our _________ is _________ or ______________ a. Ego; strong; weak b. Locus of control; internal; external c. Personality structure; introverted; extroverted d. Self-concept; positive; negative 26. In promoting personality growth, the person-centered perspective emphasizes all but a. Empathy b. Acceptance c. Genuineness d. Altruism 27. In studying personality, a trait theorist would MOST LIKELY a. Use a projective test b. Observe a person in a variety of situations c. Use a personality inventory d. Use the method of free association 28. A major criticism of trait theory is that it a. Places too great an emphasis on early childhood experiences b. Overestimates the consistency of behavior in different situations c. Underestimates the importance of heredity in personality development d. Places too great an emphasis on positive traits 29. In studying personality, a social-cognitive theorist would MOST LIKELY make use of a. Personality inventories b. Projective tests c. Observing behavior in different situations d. Factor analysis 30. Which of the following is true? a. Attitudes and actions rarely correspond b. Attitudes predict behavior about half the time c. Attitudes are excellent predictors of behavior d. Attitudes predict behavior under certain conditions 31. Which of the following phenomena is best explained by cognitive dissonance theory? a. The fundamental attribution error b. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon c. Peripheral route persuasion d. Central route persuasion 32. The phenomenon in which individuals lose their identity and relinquish normal restraints when they are part of a group is called a. Groupthink b. Cognitive dissonance c. Empathy d. Deindividuation 33. Conformity increased under which of the following conditions in the Asch’s studies of conformity? a. The group had three or more people b. The group had high status c. Individuals were made to feel insecure d. All of these conditions increased conformity 34. Which of the following is most likely to promote groupthink? a. The group’s leader fails to take a firm stance on an issue b. A minority faction holds the position c. The group consults with various experts d. Group polarization is evident 35. Which of the following is true about aggression? a. It varies too much to be instinctive in humans b. It is just one instinct among many c. It is instinctive but shaped by learning d. It is the most important human instinct 36. Aggression is defined as behavior that a. Hurts another person b. Is intended to hurt another person c. Is hostile, passionate, and produces physical injury d. Has all of these characteristics 37. The belief that those who suffer deserve their fate is expressed in the a. Just- world phenomenon b. Phenomenon of ingroup bias c. Scapegoat theory d. Frustration- aggression principle 38. Increasing the number of people who are present during an emergency tends to a. Increase the likelihood that people will cooperate in rendering assistance b. Decrease the empathy that people feel for the victim c. Increase the role that social norms governing helping will play d. Decrease the likelihood that anyone will help 39. Which of the following is associated with an increased tendency on the part of a bystander to offer help in an emergency situation? a. Being in a good mood b. Having recently needed help and not received it c. Observing someone as he or she refuses t offer help d. Being a female 40. Most people prefer mirror-image photographs of their faces. This is best explained by a. The principle of equity b. The principle of self-disclosure c. The mere exposure effect d. Mirror-image perceptions