Download Final Exam Review 1

FINAL EXAM REVIEW 1
1. The text defines cognition as
a. Silent speech
b. All mental activity
c. The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing,
remembering, and communicating information
d. Logical reasoning
2. When forming a concept, people often develop a best example, or ____________,
of a category
a. Denoter
b. Heuristic
c. Prototype
d. Algorithm
3. Few human behaviors are rigidly patterned enough to qualify as
a. Needs
b. Drives
c. Instincts
d. Incentives
4. According to Maslow’s Theory
a. The most basic motives are based on physiological needs
b. Needs are satisfied in a specified order
c. The highest motives relate to self-actualization
d. All of these statements are true
5. Beginning with the most basic needs, which of the following represents the
correct sequence of needs in the hierarchy described by Maslow?
a. Safety; physiological; esteem; belongingness and love; self-fulfillment
b. Safety; physiological; belongingness and love; esteem; self-fulfillment
c. Physiological; safety; esteem; belongingness and love; self-fulfillment
d. Physiological; safety; belongingness and love; esteem; self-fulfillment
6. The correct order of the stages of Masters and Johnson’s sexual response
cycle is
a. Plateau; excitement; orgasm; resolution
b. Excitement; plateau; orgasm; resolution
c. Excitement; orgasm; resolution; refractory
d. Plateau; excitement; orgasm; refractory
7. Sexual Orientation refers to
a. A person’s tendency to display behaviors typical of males or females
b. A person’s sense of identity as a male or female
c. A person’s enduring sexual attraction toward members of a particular
gender
d. All of these
8. To increase employee productivity, industrial-organizational psychologists
advise managers to
a. Adopt a directive leadership style
b. Adopt a democratic leadership style
c. Instill competitiveness in each employee
d. Deal with employees according to their individual motives
9. Which of the following was NOT an aspect of Murray’s definition of
achievement motivation?
a. The desire to master skills
b. The desire for control
c. The desire to gain approval
d. The desire to attain a high standard
10. Emotions consist of which of following components?
a. Physiological reactions
b. Behavioral expressions
c. Conscious feelings
d. All of these components
11. The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that
a. Emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and a cognitive label
b. The conscious experience of an emotion occurs at the same time as
the body’s response to physical reaction
c. Emotional experiences are based on awareness of the body’s response
to an emotion-arousing stimulus
d. Emotional ups and downs tend to balance in the long run
12. The polygraph measures
a. Lying
b. Brain rhythms
c. Chemical changes in the body
d. Physiological indexes of arousal
13. Which of the following is true regarding gestures and facial expressions?
a. Gestures are universal; facial expression are culture-specific
b. Facial expressions are universal; Gestures are culture-specific
c. Both gestures and facial expressions are universal
d. Both gestures and facial expressions are culture-specific
14. Catharsis will be most effective in reducing anger toward another person if
a. You wait until you are no longer angry before confronting the person
b. The target of your anger is someone you feel has power over you
c. Your anger is directed specifically toward the person who angered
you
d. The other person is able to retaliate by also expressing anger
15. Research indicates that a person is most likely to be helpful to others if he or
she
a. Is feeling guilty about something
b. Is happy
c. Recently received help from another person
d. Recently offered help to another person
16. Researchers Friedman and Rosenman refer to individuals who are very timeconscious, supermotivated, verbally aggressive, and easily angered as
a. Ulcer-prone personalities
b. Cancer-prone personalities
c. Type A
d. Type B
17. In order, the sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome is
a. Alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion
b. Stage of resistance, Stage of exhaustion, alarm reaction
c. Stage of exhaustion, stage of resistance, alarm reaction
d. Alarm reaction, stage of exhaustion, stage of resistance
18. The field of health psychology is concerned with
a. The prevention of illness
b. The promotion of health
c. The treatment of illness
d. All of those things
19. Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing a stressor or how we
interact with it is an example of
a. Problem focused coping
b. Emotion focused coping
c. Managing rather than coping with stress
d. Catharsis
20. Social support ___________ our ability to cope with stressful events
a. Has no effect
b. Usually increase
c. Usually decrease
d. Has an unpredictable effect on
21. Acupuncture, aromatherapy, and homeopathy are forms of
a. Psychophysiological medicine
b. Complementary and alternative medicine
c. Chi Therapy
d. Psychosomatic therapy
22. According to Freud, defense mechanisms are methods of reducing
a. Anger
b. Fear
c. Anxiety
d. Lust
23. Personality is defined as
a. The set of personal attitudes that characterizes a person
b. An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
c. A predictable set of responses to environmental stimuli
d. An unpredictable set of responses to environmental stimuli
24. Id is to ego as ___________ is to __________
a. Reality principle; pleasure principle
b. Pleasure principle; reality principle
c. Conscious forces; unconscious forces
d. Conscience; “personality executive”
25. For humanistic psychologists, many of our behaviors and perceptions are
ultimately shaped by whether our _________ is _________ or ______________
a. Ego; strong; weak
b. Locus of control; internal; external
c. Personality structure; introverted; extroverted
d. Self-concept; positive; negative
26. In promoting personality growth, the person-centered perspective
emphasizes all but
a. Empathy
b. Acceptance
c. Genuineness
d. Altruism
27. In studying personality, a trait theorist would MOST LIKELY
a. Use a projective test
b. Observe a person in a variety of situations
c. Use a personality inventory
d. Use the method of free association
28. A major criticism of trait theory is that it
a. Places too great an emphasis on early childhood experiences
b. Overestimates the consistency of behavior in different situations
c. Underestimates the importance of heredity in personality
development
d. Places too great an emphasis on positive traits
29. In studying personality, a social-cognitive theorist would MOST LIKELY make
use of
a. Personality inventories
b. Projective tests
c. Observing behavior in different situations
d. Factor analysis
30. Which of the following is true?
a. Attitudes and actions rarely correspond
b. Attitudes predict behavior about half the time
c. Attitudes are excellent predictors of behavior
d. Attitudes predict behavior under certain conditions
31. Which of the following phenomena is best explained by cognitive dissonance
theory?
a. The fundamental attribution error
b. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon
c. Peripheral route persuasion
d. Central route persuasion
32. The phenomenon in which individuals lose their identity and relinquish
normal restraints when they are part of a group is called
a. Groupthink
b. Cognitive dissonance
c. Empathy
d. Deindividuation
33. Conformity increased under which of the following conditions in the Asch’s
studies of conformity?
a. The group had three or more people
b. The group had high status
c. Individuals were made to feel insecure
d. All of these conditions increased conformity
34. Which of the following is most likely to promote groupthink?
a. The group’s leader fails to take a firm stance on an issue
b. A minority faction holds the position
c. The group consults with various experts
d. Group polarization is evident
35. Which of the following is true about aggression?
a. It varies too much to be instinctive in humans
b. It is just one instinct among many
c. It is instinctive but shaped by learning
d. It is the most important human instinct
36. Aggression is defined as behavior that
a. Hurts another person
b. Is intended to hurt another person
c. Is hostile, passionate, and produces physical injury
d. Has all of these characteristics
37. The belief that those who suffer deserve their fate is expressed in the
a. Just- world phenomenon
b. Phenomenon of ingroup bias
c. Scapegoat theory
d. Frustration- aggression principle
38. Increasing the number of people who are present during an emergency tends
to
a. Increase the likelihood that people will cooperate in rendering
assistance
b. Decrease the empathy that people feel for the victim
c. Increase the role that social norms governing helping will play
d. Decrease the likelihood that anyone will help
39. Which of the following is associated with an increased tendency on the part
of a bystander to offer help in an emergency situation?
a. Being in a good mood
b. Having recently needed help and not received it
c. Observing someone as he or she refuses t offer help
d. Being a female
40. Most people prefer mirror-image photographs of their faces. This is best
explained by
a. The principle of equity
b. The principle of self-disclosure
c. The mere exposure effect
d. Mirror-image perceptions