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Transcript
• Hypothalamus regulates the internal environment. – Body temp, heart rate, water balance. – Serves as link between nervous and endocrine systems. – Stimulates Pituitary gland: • Master Gland Fig. 10.2 • ADH: Anti-diuretic hormone – Acts in kidneys. – Causes water retention to dilute blood. – Negative feedback • Oxytocin: – Uterine contraction and milk production. – Positive feedback • TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone – Stimulates thyroid to produce it’s hormones. • ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone – Stimulates adrenal cortex • Gonadotropic hormones: – Stimulate gonads • Make gametes and sex hormones • Prolactin – Milk production as well as fat and carbohydrate metabolism. • Growth hormone: – Stimulates protein production in tissues. – Leads to growth. – Amount affects height of individual. – Abnormalities can lead to disease. • Thyroid – T3 and T4 hormones-both contain iodine. – Deficiency in Iodine = Goiter. • Thyroid hormones increase metabolic rate. • Diseases: – Cretinism – Myxedema – Graves disease • Calcitonin is involved in regulation of blood calcium levels. – Stimulates Ca uptake and storage in bones. • Parathyroid: – Parathyroid hormone (PTH) • Increases blood Ca levels and decreases the level of blood phosphate. • Pg 192 regulation of Ca levels. Fig. 10.7 • Adrenal Glands: – Sit on top of kidneys. – React to stress. – Two Parts: • Cortex (outside part): Under ACTH control. • Medulla (inside part): Under direct nervous control. Adrenal Medulla: – Make Epinephrine and norepinephrine. – Short term response to stress. – Fight or flight. • Increase heart rate • Blood sugar increases • Muscle strength and endurance increases. Adrenal Cortex: – Make mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. – Also makes a small amount of male and female sex hormones. – Long term response to stress. Adrenal Cortex: • Glucocorticoids – Regulate metabolism of fats, protein and carbohydrates. – Cortisol: raises blood sugar levels. • Stimulates breakdown of proteins to make sugar. • Promotes breakdown of fats rather than sugars. • Counteracts the inflammatory response. Adrenal Cortex: • Mineralocorticoids: – Regulate salt and water balance. – Aldosterone • Targets kidney cells. • Uptake of Na, and excretion of K. Fig. 10.8 Fig. 10.9 • Addisons Disease: • Hyposecretion (low) • Low blood pressure. • Dehydration. • Bronzing – Cushing Syndrome: • Hypersecretion • High Blood pressure. • Metabolism disorders. • Pancreas – Pancreatic islet cells • Insulin and glucagon • Antagonistic hormones = Balance –Insulin: stimulates uptake of glucose. –Glucagon: stimulates glucose release. Fig. 10.12 • Diabetes Mellitus – Two types. • Insulin dependent (IDDM) • Non-insulin dependent (NIDDM) • Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones: – Gonads (Testes and Ovaries) • Testosterone (androgen) –Hair growth, voice changes, muscle buildup, etc. • Estrogen and progesterone. –Hair growth, fat buildup, body development, and mensus cycles. • Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones: – Thymus: hormones involved in immune system function. – Pineal Gland: Melatonin and sleep cycles. – Leptin: Made by adipose tissue and regulates eating. – Growth factors: – Prostaglandins: • Chemical signals and hormones work at different distances. – Autocrine: act on the same cell. – Paracrine: act on nearby cells. – Endocrine: travel some distance to target cells. – Pheromones: Chemical signals between individuals. Can regulate behavior and cycles. • Perfumes and colognes. • Endocrine System and Homeostatsis: – Regulation of digestion. – Regulate fuel metabolism. – Regulate blood pressure and volume. – Regulate ion balance in blood. – Regulate response to external enviroment. Fig. 10.14 Fig. 10.15