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Bacteria Teeny Meanies or Good Guys?! Living Things Review • All living things fall into one of five Kingdoms: – Monera (bacteria) – Protista (protists) – Fungi (fungus) – Plantae (plants) – Animalia (animals) Our Very First Kingdom! • Kingdom Monera – aka Bacteria Eubacteria • Made up of two kinds of bacteria: – Eubacteria – Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria stain in Geyser Basin Characteristics of Bacteria • All are single-celled • No Nucleus - they are prokaryotes! • Have three main shapes – Bacilli – Cocci – Spirilla Bacteria Shapes • Each shape helps the bacteria in a different way • Bacilli - rod shaped • Cocci - spherical • Spirilla - long and spiral shaped Flagella • Whip-like structure • On the outside of the cell • Helps move through fluids Bacterial Reproduction: Binary Fission • Binary Fission - one single-celled bacteria splits into two single-celled bacteria – Four steps • DNA is in circular loops ** Each new cell has one exact copy of the parent cell’s DNA Binary Fission Diagram Bacteria Mini-Quiz • • • • • What are the five kingdoms of living things? What are two different kinds of bacteria? What are the three shapes of bacteria? What is a flagella? What kind of reproduction do bacteria undergo? • What is the shape of bacterial DNA? Bacteria’s Special Adaptation • Bacteria like warm, moist places to live • When it gets too dry or cold, bacteria form endospores • Endospore - a thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions • When conditions improve, the endospores break open and bacteria become active again. Eubacteria • Eubacteria - true bacteria – Make up most of the bacteria kingdom – Has more individual species than all of the other five kingdoms combined – Classified by the way they get food • Consumers (eat other organisms) • Decomposers (feed on dead things) • Producers (use sun to make food; are green) Cyanobacteria • Special kind of eubacteria that contains chlorophyll (just like plants!) • Producer • Green, Blue or Red • Usually live in water Archaebacteria • Archaebacteria - ancient bacteria • Chemically different from Eubacteria – Lack peptidoglycan in their cell membrane • Three types: – Heat lovers – Salt lovers – Methane makers (ew!!) • Live in harsh environments where nothing else can survive – Prefer little/no oxygen present Archaebacteria - Heat Lovers • Thermophiles (heat lover) • Live in ocean vents and hot springs • Usually live in water from 60oC to 80oC Archaebacteria - Salt Lovers • Halophiles (salt lovers) – Live in very salty environments like the Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake Archaebacteria - Methane Makers • Methanogens (methane makers) – Give off methane gas – Live in swamps and animal intestines – STINK!!!! Bacteria’s Role in the World Are they Good or Bad?? (BOTH!) Good for the Environment Nitrogen Fixation: bacteria convert nitrogen in the air into a form of nitrogen that plants can use Recycling: bacteria break down dead plants and animals into nutrients for other living things Cleaning Up: bacteria are used to fight pollution • Bioremediation: using microorganisms to change harmful chemicals into harmless ones • Ex: used to clean up oil spills or remove pollutants from the soil Good for People Bacteria in your food: bacteria converts milk sugar into lactic acid, which adds flavor and preserves food ex.) yogurt, sour cream, cheese Making medicines: some bacteria make you sick; other bacteria can make you well! antibiotics: medicines used to kill bacteria; many are made by bacteria! Good for People Insulin: bacteria can make insulin and then doctors give that insulin to people with diabetes Genetic Engineering: changing the genes of a living thing. – Scientists have made things such as insecticides, cleansers and adhesives Harmful Bacteria • Pathogenic bacteria - bacteria that cause disease – Can be treated with antibiotics • Anti = against • Biotic = living thing – Can attack plants, animals, protists, fungi and even other bacteria!