* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download 10. Rome - espacioytiempo
Promagistrate wikipedia , lookup
Cursus honorum wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Sulla wikipedia , lookup
Military of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Roman architecture wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republic wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Augustus wikipedia , lookup
Slovakia in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
Roman Kingdom wikipedia , lookup
Demography of the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Roman army of the late Republic wikipedia , lookup
Travel in Classical antiquity wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republican governors of Gaul wikipedia , lookup
Switzerland in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
Roman funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Food and dining in the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Romanization of Hispania wikipedia , lookup
Education in ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Roman historiography wikipedia , lookup
Roman economy wikipedia , lookup
Culture of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Roman agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Roman technology wikipedia , lookup
10. Rome This chapter The European This chapter is about the R.opnan Snrpire. Roman Empire was the first great empire' Many Roman aqueelucts, bridges, puhlic baths amphitheatres can still be seen today. and How have the Romans influenced us? . . . . Many European languages are based on |-atin. The Romans admired Greek culture, so thev spread Greek c¡.¡lt¡.¡re across Europe. Our laws are based on Roman laws. €hristianity appeared in the Roman Empire. Roman Empire in 117 AD "-- GERMANTA Oceanus:- ñ:l:,..,X o UO ARABIA llr rn), 4 Yhe Rsrsna¡n Kmptre The Roman Empire was at its biggest in 717 AD. This huge empire included ltaly, Spain, France, Greece, Turkey and North Africa, so it surrounded the whole of the Mediterranean. Earlier civilisations like Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece were just provinces. As Rome controlled the Mediterranean, it was safe to transport goods by sea. This was quicker and cheaper than using roads, so trade prospered. Rome was the biggest and richesü city in the world; it had a population of over 7 million people. 80 Questions 1. Whot did the Romans call the lberian peninsula? 2. What were the Roman provinces in the lberian peninsula called? 3. Which Roman province was furthest north? A T. Which areas did they control in 1L7 AD? Egypt n Greece fl Mesopotamia Chapter 1-0 - Rome n Flñstory*r Roman history is divided into three periods:the Roma¡'¡ Klngdom, the R.eputrlie and the €n'rpine. TIIMEL}N{E '.. THE LEGEND OF ROMULUS AND REMUS The twins Romulus and Remus are put in a basket in the River Tiber. A she-wolf finds the babies, and feeds them her milk. Later a shepherd :: :,';.'' Romulus founds Rome. and is the first king. Rome is a monarchy for the next 250 years. 509 adopts the boys. When the boys grow up, they decide to build a city by the River Tiber. One day they argue, and Romulus kills Remus. Romulus names the city after himself BC The people of Rome overthrow the last king, Tarquinius Superbus, and Rome becomes a I ó fo. republic. :i? s{ Augustus $Foi:¡ ;':t,.-: ¡'i +, is :- $¡: r. Fo Rome. 264 - L46 BC Punic wars: Rome defeats Carthage, so it now controls the Mediterranean. t¡J the i'¡.::,i e'+ - 2OO BC É, 73-7LBC r the next 200 years, the empire is peaceful and Spartacus leads an army of gladiators and slaves in a rebellion. 100 Bc 49-45B,C Civil war between Pompey and Julius Caesar. Julius Caesar wins, but then he is murdered. '=+ 0- Did you know that Trajan was born in Italica, near Seville? Fina 476 AE The barbarian king Odoacer defeats Romulus Augustus and becomes king of ltaly. This is the end of the The €astern Ronran Empire lasts for another 1"S$S years. It ends when the Ottoman Empire takes Constantinople in 1453. Western Rs¡nan Frnpine. .w,(cñ(o Questions 5. ln which period do these things happen? a) Romulus founds Rome b) Pax Romana c) lly Punic Wars d) Christianity becomes the official religion 6. FíII in the right number of years. 83. 1L48 1058 There are years between when Romulus founds Rome and when the Empire is divided into two parts. After this, the Western Roman Empire lasts another _ years and the Eastern Roman Empire lasts _ years. Chapter l-0 - Rome 81 Tt-tE RCIMAN KXP{GpSnñ p53-5ü9 8e} In the Ronran Kingdorn, people electtheir kimgs. Once a king is elected, he has absslute power. There is a council called the ser'¡ate which helps the king, but the senate is weak. Tarquin the Proud is the fosf king of Rome. He is a very bad king, so the people of Rome overthrow him in 509 BC. Tarquin the Proud THE ROMAN REPUBLTC (s09-27 BC) Now the people of Rome decide that they don't want a new king. Instead, they create a kind of democracy called a republic. This is how the republic is governed: | &ssernb3i*s Magistrates I All the citizens vote in Ij assemblies. The assemblies I decide the laws. The magistrates govern Rome. maEistrates two most important magistrates are The Senate The senate is a council of The senate citizens from the most important families. advise the magistrates called eo¡'¡suls. The magistrates always follow the advice of the senate, so really the senate úakes the most important decisions. Roman expansion For a long time, this system of government works very well, so Rome becomes more and more powerful. First it takes control of all of ltaly; then it defeats Carthage (264-L46 BC) and the Hellenistic kingdoms (2L4-30 BC). Rome therefore controls the whole Mediterranean. Crisis and civil war In the lst century BC, Rome suffers a political crisis. There is a lot of corruption and people think taxes are too high. The generals become too powerfuf, and they fight each other in several civil wars. ,.1tt;tffi@ Questions 7. Who was the last king of Rome? x Who elecúed the magistrates? 9. Who fought against Caesar in a civil war? 10. Was JULTUS CAESAR AND THE CIVIL WARS In 100 BC, Julius Caesar is born in Rome. He is from an important family, so in 61 BC he becomes governor of Spain. Next Caesar goes to fight the Gauls in France. He is a brilliant general, and he conquers all of France. Caesar's soldiers love him, but the senator Pompey thinks he is foo powerful, so he orders him to return to Rome. Caesar goes to Rome, but he brings his army with him, and starts a civil war with Pompey. Caesar wins, and Pompey is killed. the senate more powerfulin the Kingdom or the Republic? _ Exercise 1 Caesar also won important battles in Egypt. Use the Internet to find out: which queen he met in Egypt murder him in 44 BC. After Caesar is killed, the civil wars continue for 14 more years. what their child was called 82 Caesar is now the most powerful man in Rome, and he makes himself eonsul and dictator for life. The senators are afraid that Caesar wants to be king, so they Chapter 1-0 - Rome 'i'11 -,', 1-,:,--.-.. r. ,.: . .. i.,',¡-1" I t .. . ,r ' ,, 1 "-' ln 27 BC ,:. , becomes the first Roman emperor. The emperor commands the army and he is the chief priest. There is still a -:.:,:r.,r.,,:, but it very weaK. is AUGUSTUS The first Emperor Augustus brings stability to Rome. The first 200 years of the Roman Empire are known as the r',,.,: ::..r',':'::j'-::: -the Roman peace. During this period, the Empire is safe and prosperous. This is when the Romans build f[s,',',.i',: ',''':.' in Rome and many other great buildings. The Roman Empire is at its biggest under the emperor Trajan. ''t:'j e Crisis and civil war - again! In the 3rd century the Roman Empire has anothef . r ,, ,'!,:::ri. to be emperor, so there is constant civil war. AttACk ROman tOWnS, and thg ROman peOple eSCape Lots of Roman generals want ::¡i¡::,:':-'1.-,'¡r:-':::':,:::::: to the countrvside. It is dangerous to transport goods, so there is less trade. Prices therefore go up, and people become much poorer. Finally the civil wars end, and the Romans defeat their enemies. The emoerors l..il¡"::i¡:':.¡', ¿¡j : i..r,:ii::::' ,!-¡l::,: bfing Stability, and the 4th century is quite peaceful again. . The fall of the Western Roman Empire In 395 AD, Theodos¡us ,t\1:,1¡.-¡:¡'-,¡ ..r:1:.¡¡.r¡ ¡';:;¡'::.: .'.i,i...'ii,,jr..:'.:; :j-i:..- ,,i,:¡::--:r:¡; I gaSt. WhAt ,':,;:.',,:i WgSt and happens next is very different in the two . Germanic tribes invade the westerre pant. Ro¡"n¡,¡lsJs,&ugustus, the last Roman Emperor, surrenders in 476 48. The eastern part of the Roman Empire becomes the Kyrantine Ernpire, which survives for another 1,000 years. is Julius Caesar's adopted son, so, when Caesar is killed, he wants revenge. After a long civilwar he defeats his enemies and he becomes the mosf powerful man in Rome. In 27 BC the senate give him the title Augustus, and he becomes the first emperor of Rome. After that, he takes all of the most important decisions, so some people think that he has too much power. But, as the empire is peaceful and stable, mosf people are happy. pa rts: . The general Octavius The Visigoths are the first tribe to invade Rome in 4L0 AD Questions tL. What í,,"*--S=R@ is the Pox Romano? 12. Who divides the Roman Empire? 1.3. What is the last (western) Roman Emperor called? 14. What was the firsf king of Rome called (see page B1)? 15. After the empire is divided, what is the eastern oart Vanclals R_1 d' ; 5¡,¡¡¡s i;rvaCe froi¡ the east called? 6ermanie tribes are fcrceC rseEt and soutlr. into the Western Rocnan Fmpire Chapter L0 - Rome 83 What was Rornan society like? & PLEBEIANS In Rome you don't just have citizens and non-citizens, you also have two types of citizens - patricians and plebeians: . The patricians are the richest and most powerful PATRICIANS CITIZENS AN D NON.CITIZENS In Rome there is a big difference between being a citizen and a non-citizen: . Roman citizens have more rights than non-citizens: only citizens can vote, be magistrates or own property. . Women and slaves are not citizens. families. . The plebeians are the rest of the citizens. The patricians have more rights than the plebeians. For example, only the patricians are allowed to be magistrates and senators. at sounds like Greece! I guess you had to be from Rome be a citizen? z1:*lh"v\ sound fair. Didn't the plebeians complain? No! In the 3rd century the emperor Caracalla made all free men in the Roman \ to rePresent in the senate. -/- ) ,/ lggr .- same rights as the/{,j \Ratricia"t-/ ,¡:í¡ffi@ 16. Match up the two halves of the sentences: thev were not citizens. complained because propertv because \hem . Question Slaves could not own ,t1i,bun1s 4r::;;,-*-l Empire citizens The plebeians '',1;j,ill'fft,::J" they were not allowed to vote. As women were not citizens, foreigners could be own Since all free men were citizens, they did not have the property. same rights as patricians. JULIAN CALENDAR Julius Caesar wasn't only a soldier and dictator: he also gave Rome a new catendar. The Julian calendar was quite similar to the modern calendar: . Each year was 365 days long. . There was a leap year every four years. . There were twelve months. Our months are named after the Roman months. In Europe, we used the Julian Calendar until 1582. THE ROMAN ARMY One of the reasons that Rome became so powerful was that it had a very Eood army. The soldiers were well-trained and disciplined, so they often defeated enemies with bigger armies. The army was made up of legions, and the soldiers were called legionaries. There were 25-30legions in the Roman army, with around 5,000 men in each legion. During the Republic, all Roman citizens had to fight in army. Later, men only joined the army if they wanted to. They had to stay in the army for 25 years, but when they retired they were given land and money. the helmet a) b) a very good army. powerful Rome became because it had was well trained, many battles. As chain mail the Roman army it won 18. This formation was called the "tortoise" because the outside was very hard, like ill: a tortoise's shell. Whot do you think it was for? leather sandals Legionary 84 ,'*iffi@e Question 17. Put the sentences in the right order Chapter 1-0 - Rome Roman gods The Romans believe that there are very many gods. The most important Roman gods are: . . The Greek gods, although their names are different in Rome. ffi@@ Exercise 2 Complete the following table. Look at page 74 to help you. Local gods in new provinces, who become Roman gods as well. An example is the Egyptian goddess Isis. Greek name God of... Roman name Aphrodite Venus God of music . Mars Ares Emperors, like Augustus. The Romans believe in two kinds of gods: state gods and l'lor,lsehold gods. Goddess of hunting Goddess of the earth Ceres Pluto Hades God of fire and metal Vulcan Juno Hera Messenger god HOUSEHOLD GODS - THE FAMILY GODS Mercury Neptune ' Poseidon Household gods protect the family and the home. Families make sacrifices to the household gods at home. They have a small altar called a lararium (see right). Diana Minerva Athena STATE GODS . THE OFFICIAL GODS The government builds temples to the official gods of Rome. During religious ceremonies, priests pray and sacrifice animals outside the temples. Apollo God of the sky Jupiter Which two months are named after Roman qods in the table? Write down six planets in our solar system that are named after Roman gods in the table. * s r:¿ffiS * F s -*ffitil$$H$ffiffiftRH5F While Augustus is emperor, a n#!$ r*$*g$m* appears in the Roman province of Judea: {hristiaffi*t}F. A Jew called "lesr¡s teaches that: . . there is only qr¡it* $3{*S x$$ p*mp$* ar* *q*al After Jesus is crucified, his disciples spread this message through the Roman Empire. PERSECUTION The Christians refuse to worship the Roman emperor, so the emperors yt+nx*cu*t+.- them: . Nero crucifies Christians because he blames them for a bio fire in Rome. . Diocletian makes them fight as gladiators. Question CHRISTIANITY IS THE OFFICIAL RELIGION L9. True or false? in Rome: underground galleries where the Christians worshipped to avoid being persecuted. In 313 AD, the emperor Constantine issues the ü¿***t *j' S¡.$ii*r:, which recognises Christianity as a religion. Then, 380 AD, Theodosius the Great makes Christianity the q"=$'flÉ{i*3 r*rlígi**r *f q$:s: R*s::*r¡ *r*g*ir*. Now people who refuse to worship the Christian God are persecuted. Chapter 70 - Rome a) Jesus lived in a Roman orovince. b) The Christians persecuted the Romans. c) Christianity became the official religion in 380. 85 Publñe baths All Roman towns have publie baths, which are called t!'¡en¡r'¡ae. Since the baths are very cheap, most men 90 once a day. People go to the baths to wash, but also to do exercise and to meet their friends. Guide to the Roman baths 1. There are separate entrances for women and men, so maKe sure you go in the right side! 2. Get changed and leave your clothes in lhe apady-teriwr*'s. 3. Go to the pca{oesfro to do some exercise. You can play ball games or wrestle. 4. Next, go to the tepí.darium, which is quite warm. 5. Now get ready for the eatdariwna, which is really hot and sweaty. Then cool off with a swim in the frígídarium. When you've finished, a slave will rub you with oil. Plan of the thermae at Herculaneum 6. A = apodyterium I = tepidarium C = caldarium F = frigidarium Er"¡tertainrnmemt 7. at Question :',1,, i.i-i:_Ei:+ 20. Write down the Roman name for: a) changing room b) warm bath c) hot bath d) cold bath reXñgñoexs festXnraXs There are no weekends in Ancient Rome, but they have lots of religious festivals. During the religious festivals, the Romans like to go to chariot races, Eladiatcx fights and the tl'¡eatne. The Amphitheatre The Circus The amphitheatre is where gladiatons fight. The Roman eircus is very different to a modern circus: Gladiators are normally slaves or criminals, and they are almost always men. Sometimes they fight each other, and sometimes they fight wild animals like lions and tigers. . . The building is long and narrow, and it does not have a roof. The most popular shows are cl"lariot races and l'¡c¡rse Being a gladiator is race5. obviously very dangerous, but there are some advantages: Gladiators are fed wellto make them strong. o a 86 Questions 2L.In Ancient Rome, where do you go to: a) see a man fight a lion Gladiators are allowed to keep the money they win in fights. A few gladiators become very famous. Some really good gladiators are freed from slavery. b) watch a chariot race c) watch a horse race 22. Which of these people are likely to be gladiators? slaves Chapter 10 - Rome I patricians tr criminals tr W&Nat werere Romam tml,nrns amd roads !ike? TOWNS As the Romans were very well organised, they planned their towns carefully. There was a main road that went from north to south called the cando. The main road from east to west was called the <i***r*ta¡:+.¡s. The rest of the roads were parallel to these two main roads, so they made a grid. The forum F:gs"Lqñn Where the cardo crossed the decumanus, there was a big square, called the ion:i,.,nr. . . . forum was the centre political, cultural and of social life. The most important buildings, like the temples and government buildings, were built around the forum. In the forum there were statues of the Roman emperors and of important local people. Important buildings like temples were built around the forum The w Amphitheatre Theatre gá," {L.it}}*i¡i.i:; Water supply ,Aqueducts supplied fresh vvater to Roman towns. The water was used for drinking, and for public baths and fountains. Rome was such a big city that it had 11 aqueducts. Vigiles - firemen and policemen Fires and crime were big problems in the city of Rome. Rome therefore had vírgiEes, who were both j;r,r.: rt t'tft 3od Pmlncerngn. Rom¡ town of Jerash in Jordan The cardo in the Roman Question ROMAN ROADS There were gooct roads between all of the important cities in the Roman Empire. The Romans built the roads so that their army could move quíckly, so they made Part of the Via Appia (a roman road) them as straight as ,,¡¡f,¡,ffi@ 23. Look at the map at the top of the page and imagine you are visiting the town. oossible. Fill in the gaps using the words in the box: cardo decumanus wall forum statu You walk in through the gate in the town and come onto a busy road. Since it runs from north to south, it must be the Soon the road becomes very you know you are close to the so crowded, . As Augustus is the emPeror, of him in the forum. there is a You want to walk down the so you turn right. The roads weren't only useful for the army: they also made trade easier. Chapter 1-0 - Rome 87 Kwgw#e ñry & rs&x &*we&ax rw The Romans were great an*lr&teets and *ngára*ea'x, and they built many big public buildings that we can still see today. The Romans used some important new techníques in their buildings: Egypt and Greece Disadvantages: . ru_.,, . Advantages: . You need lots of columns. . You can't build tall buildings. Bigger, taller buildings. Longer bridges. /A\ ilIl|\\\\ ////l\\\\ slon¡e Advantages . Big, open rooms with high ceilings. The Romans also used esnercte and xxs:,ta¡¡'in their buildings. This made the buildings really strong, so many of them are still standing. USEFUL WORDS €¡3x'¡eret*: mixture of small stones, sand, cement and water. These are the most ímportant types of Karna¡.¡ !:lw*Xe{ñmgs: f*&ortar: mixture of sand, cement and water. ?K"X&.t'1d? P t-{ &,X- AK€ M ffigaxm&m Triumpl'l*! ere!'tcs were built to commemorate an important victory. This one was built to celebrate Constantine the Great's victory over Maxentius in The Romans used arches in their bridges. This meant they could build bigger bridges, with longer spans. 312 AD. &,&SXLX€,8A A **asiliea was a large building with one main room. It was used for baxslsrsss. 88 eQL'KslL$e Y &qax*cl*ets carried watcr to the Roman cities. They had one or more rows of arches. This one has three rows of arches. Chapter 70 - Rome Y${KATKg Roman ttreatrcs were semi-circular. They were verv similar to Greek theatres. AM Pl-{XTF{ €SrYK€ Arn¡lhltheatres were rsune!. They were used for figlrts between gladiators and wild animals. Circus? Where's €xKc&",5 €irea¡ses were used for e*'¡aniot races and ü¡srse ra€es. There was space for 150,000 people in the Circus Maximus in Rome. the big tent with the clowns and the lions? Kate. The circus is for horse racing. The lions are in the amphitheatre with T€¡\,SPLK T'emples were houses for the gods. There was an altar inside the temple, but religious ceremonies took place in front of the temple. Roman temples were either rectangular or rou¡"¡d. r:,'@ffi@ Exercise 3 Copy the table ínto your exercise book and fiII ín the characteristics of Roman buildings. Look on the Internet to find an example of each type of building. Buildinq Amphitheatre Function Characteristics Example Gladiator Round Coliseum f iq hts Theatre Temple Circus Basilica Triumphal arch Bridqe Aqueduct Chapter 1-0 - Rome 89 in Roman towns, there are two main types of houses: r{ is a big family house. Only rich people live in a domus. . An is a block of flats. Most Roman people live in flats. In the countryside, rich people have big farmhouses called THE DOMUS A visit to a domus Imagine that you are invited to dinner at a The front door two is between A slave lets you into the hallway, which is called the . (patio), At the end of the vestibulum you reach the which is decorated with statues and paintings on the walls. Here your host is waiting for you. You and the other guests chat until it is time for cena (dinner). 1. 2. 3. 4 vestibulum (hallway) taberna (shop) 6. 7. atrium (patio) impluvium (tank for collecting rainwater) tablinum (office) 8. 9. garden tricLinium (dining room) storeroom cubiculum (bedroom) You now go into the t where you líe down on a couch to eat. At home you don't normally eat meat, but it is a special occasion, so your host serves pork and boar. There is lots of wine to drink. After seven hours you finally go home. Eating lying down, and for 7 hoursl I would feel ill! THE INSULA THE VILLA The Romans are the first people to builo blocks of flats. are big country estates. The owner and his family live in a big house, and there are simple rooms for the workers and slaves. . . An insula is made of wood, brick or concrete. The There are also farm buildings, storerooms, stables and mills to orind cereals into flour. quality of the buildings is often very bad, so they sometimes collapse. . . It is very crowded, noisy and smelly in an insula. The most expensive flats are downstairs, and the cheapest flats are on the top floor (they don't have lifts!). . If there is a fire, it is very difficult to escape. Questierm t , ' 24. Write down the Roman name for: a) dining room b) hallway c) bedroom d) patio 90 Reconstruction of a Roman villa Exercise 4 A. With your partner, B. @w practice making sentences, for example: ln a domus, the office is cqlled the tablinum. Write five sentences about Roman houses. Write at least one sentence about each of the three types. Think about the different types of houses and who lives there. Chaoter L0 - Rome F¡ K0rnan arE The Romans decoratedtheir houses and public buildings with all kinds of an*. Some of the most important kinds of art were sculptures, paintir:gs and r¡'¡ssaües. SCULPTURE Many Roman sculptaeres were copies of Greek ones, but they also made original sculptures. Roman The Romans Rellcfs on p*rtra!ts put seul¡*tur*s of emperors and other triumphal were very realistic. Look at the ,,' arches , told the <tnrrr nf famous people in the forum. lines on Caesar's face. Rome's military victories. Relief on the Arch of Emperor Augustus Julius Caesar Constantine, Rome PAINTINGS The Romans painted glelrtraits, scenes from everyday life, animals and scenes from myths and legends. Srnall paintl:'rgs fb,!urafs (paintings on walls) were were done on wooden panels. Wood doesn't last forever, so very few of these paintings used to decorate private houses and public buildings like baths. The Romans were the first have survived. people to paint landscapes. Qucstlons MOSAICS l1,4csaics were used to decorate the walls and floors of buildings. The Romans used sr?ralf pieces of stone, glass or ceramic of different colours to make pictures. 1O 25. Match up the type of art with the definition: l- Picture made of small oieces 2 Paintinq on a wall 3 Carving on a triumphal arch c 4 Sculpture of a person's face o Exercise 5 This is a mosaic from '@O 8 a Roman house. Mosaic from Volubilis, Morocco. Why do you think the owners of the house wanted this mosaic by the front door? To help you, look up on the Internet what Cave canem means. Chapter L0 - Rome 91