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10. Rome
This chapter
The
European
This chapter is about the R.opnan Snrpire.
Roman Empire was the first great
empire'
Many Roman aqueelucts, bridges, puhlic baths
amphitheatres can still be seen today.
and
How have the Romans influenced us?
.
.
.
.
Many European languages are based on |-atin.
The Romans admired Greek culture, so thev
spread Greek c¡.¡lt¡.¡re across Europe.
Our laws are based on Roman laws.
€hristianity appeared in the Roman Empire.
Roman Empire in 117 AD
"-- GERMANTA
Oceanus:-
ñ:l:,..,X
o
UO
ARABIA
llr
rn),
4
Yhe Rsrsna¡n Kmptre
The Roman Empire was at its biggest in 717 AD. This
huge empire included ltaly, Spain, France, Greece,
Turkey and North Africa, so it surrounded the whole
of the Mediterranean. Earlier civilisations like Egypt,
Mesopotamia and Greece were just provinces.
As Rome controlled the Mediterranean, it was safe
to transport goods by sea. This was quicker and
cheaper than using roads, so trade prospered.
Rome was the biggest and richesü city in the world;
it had a population of over 7 million people.
80
Questions
1.
Whot did the Romans call the lberian
peninsula?
2. What were the Roman provinces in the lberian
peninsula called?
3.
Which Roman province was furthest north?
A
T.
Which areas did they control in 1L7 AD?
Egypt n
Greece fl
Mesopotamia
Chapter 1-0 - Rome
n
Flñstory*r
Roman history is divided into three
periods:the Roma¡'¡ Klngdom, the R.eputrlie and the €n'rpine.
TIIMEL}N{E
'..
THE LEGEND OF ROMULUS AND REMUS
The twins Romulus and Remus are put in a basket in the
River Tiber. A she-wolf finds
the babies, and feeds them
her milk. Later a shepherd
:: :,';.''
Romulus founds Rome.
and is the first king.
Rome is a monarchy
for the next 250 years.
509
adopts the boys.
When the boys grow up,
they decide to build a city
by the River Tiber. One day
they argue, and Romulus
kills Remus. Romulus names the city after himself
BC
The people of Rome
overthrow the last king,
Tarquinius Superbus,
and Rome becomes a
I
ó
fo.
republic.
:i? s{
Augustus
$Foi:¡
;':t,.-:
¡'i
+,
is
:-
$¡:
r.
Fo
Rome.
264 - L46 BC
Punic wars: Rome defeats Carthage, so it now controls the
Mediterranean.
t¡J
the i'¡.::,i
e'+
-
2OO BC
É,
73-7LBC
r
the next 200 years, the
empire is peaceful and
Spartacus leads an army of gladiators and slaves in a rebellion.
100
Bc
49-45B,C
Civil war between Pompey and Julius Caesar. Julius Caesar
wins, but then he is murdered.
'=+
0-
Did you know that
Trajan was born in
Italica, near Seville?
Fina
476 AE
The barbarian king
Odoacer defeats
Romulus Augustus and
becomes king of ltaly.
This is the end of the
The €astern Ronran Empire lasts for another 1"S$S years. It
ends when the Ottoman Empire takes Constantinople in 1453.
Western Rs¡nan Frnpine.
.w,(cñ(o
Questions
5.
ln which period do these things happen?
a) Romulus founds Rome
b) Pax Romana
c)
lly
Punic Wars
d) Christianity becomes the official religion
6.
FíII
in the right number of years. 83.
1L48
1058
There are
years between when Romulus
founds Rome and when the Empire is divided into
two parts. After this, the Western Roman Empire
lasts another _
years and the Eastern Roman
Empire lasts _
years.
Chapter l-0 - Rome
81
Tt-tE RCIMAN KXP{GpSnñ
p53-5ü9 8e}
In the Ronran Kingdorn, people electtheir kimgs. Once a king is elected, he has absslute
power. There is a council called the ser'¡ate which helps the king, but the senate is weak.
Tarquin the Proud is the fosf king of Rome. He is a very bad king, so
the people of Rome overthrow him in 509 BC.
Tarquin
the Proud
THE ROMAN REPUBLTC (s09-27 BC)
Now the people of Rome decide that they don't want a new
king. Instead, they create a kind of democracy called a
republic. This is how the republic is governed:
| &ssernb3i*s
Magistrates
I All the citizens vote in
Ij assemblies. The assemblies
I decide the laws.
The magistrates
govern Rome.
maEistrates
two most
important
magistrates are
The
Senate
The senate is a council of
The senate
citizens from the most
important families.
advise the
magistrates
called eo¡'¡suls.
The magistrates always follow the advice
of the senate, so really the senate úakes
the most important decisions.
Roman expansion
For a long time, this system of government works very
well, so Rome becomes more and more powerful.
First it takes control of all of ltaly; then it defeats
Carthage (264-L46 BC) and the Hellenistic kingdoms
(2L4-30 BC). Rome therefore controls the whole
Mediterranean.
Crisis and civil war
In the lst century BC, Rome suffers a political crisis.
There is a lot of corruption and people think taxes are
too high. The generals become too powerfuf, and they
fight each other in several civil wars.
,.1tt;tffi@
Questions
7.
Who was the last king of Rome?
x
Who elecúed the magistrates?
9.
Who fought against Caesar in a civil war?
10. Was
JULTUS CAESAR AND THE CIVIL WARS
In 100 BC, Julius Caesar is born
in Rome. He is from an important
family, so in 61 BC he becomes
governor of Spain.
Next Caesar goes to fight the
Gauls in France. He is a brilliant
general, and he conquers all of
France.
Caesar's soldiers love him,
but the senator Pompey
thinks he is foo powerful, so
he orders him to return to
Rome. Caesar goes to Rome,
but he brings his army with
him, and starts a civil war
with Pompey. Caesar wins,
and Pompey is killed.
the senate more powerfulin the Kingdom or
the Republic?
_
Exercise 1
Caesar also won important battles in Egypt. Use the
Internet to find out:
which queen he met in Egypt
murder him in 44 BC.
After Caesar is killed, the civil
wars continue for 14 more
years.
what their child was called
82
Caesar is now the most powerful
man in Rome, and he makes
himself eonsul and dictator for
life. The senators are afraid that
Caesar wants to be king, so they
Chapter 1-0 - Rome
'i'11 -,',
1-,:,--.-..
r.
,.:
.
.. i.,',¡-1"
I t .. .
,r '
,,
1
"-'
ln 27 BC ,:. ,
becomes the first Roman emperor. The emperor
commands the army and he is the chief priest. There is still a -:.:,:r.,r.,,:, but it
very weaK.
is
AUGUSTUS
The first Emperor
Augustus brings stability to Rome. The first 200 years of the Roman Empire
are known as the r',,.,: ::..r',':'::j'-::: -the Roman peace. During this period, the
Empire is safe and prosperous. This is when the Romans build f[s,',',.i',: ',''':.'
in Rome and many other great buildings. The Roman Empire is at its biggest
under the emperor Trajan.
''t:'j
e
Crisis and civil war - again!
In the 3rd century the Roman Empire has anothef
.
r
,,
,'!,:::ri.
to be emperor, so there is constant civil war.
AttACk ROman tOWnS, and thg ROman peOple eSCape
Lots of Roman generals want
::¡i¡::,:':-'1.-,'¡r:-':::':,::::::
to the countrvside.
It is dangerous to transport goods, so there is less trade. Prices therefore
go up, and people become much poorer.
Finally the civil wars end, and the Romans
defeat their enemies. The emoerors
l..il¡"::i¡:':.¡', ¿¡j : i..r,:ii::::' ,!-¡l::,: bfing Stability,
and the 4th century is quite peaceful again.
.
The fall of the Western Roman Empire
In 395 AD, Theodos¡us
,t\1:,1¡.-¡:¡'-,¡ ..r:1:.¡¡.r¡ ¡';:;¡'::.:
.'.i,i...'ii,,jr..:'.:;
:j-i:..-
,,i,:¡::--:r:¡;
I
gaSt. WhAt
,':,;:.',,:i WgSt and
happens next is very different in the two
.
Germanic tribes invade the westerre pant.
Ro¡"n¡,¡lsJs,&ugustus, the last Roman
Emperor, surrenders in 476 48.
The eastern part of the Roman Empire
becomes the Kyrantine Ernpire, which
survives for another 1,000 years.
is
Julius Caesar's adopted
son, so, when Caesar is
killed, he wants revenge.
After a long civilwar he
defeats his enemies and
he becomes the mosf
powerful man in Rome.
In 27 BC the senate give
him the title Augustus,
and he becomes the first
emperor of Rome. After
that, he takes all of the
most important decisions,
so some people think that
he has too much power.
But, as the empire is
peaceful and stable, mosf
people are happy.
pa rts:
.
The general Octavius
The Visigoths are the first tribe
to invade Rome in 4L0 AD
Questions
tL. What
í,,"*--S=R@
is the Pox Romano?
12. Who divides the Roman
Empire?
1.3.
What is the last (western)
Roman Emperor called?
14. What was the firsf king of
Rome called (see page B1)?
15. After the empire is divided,
what is the eastern oart
Vanclals
R_1
d'
; 5¡,¡¡¡s
i;rvaCe
froi¡ the east
called?
6ermanie tribes are fcrceC
rseEt and soutlr. into the
Western Rocnan Fmpire
Chapter L0 - Rome
83
What was Rornan society like?
&
PLEBEIANS
In Rome you don't just have citizens and non-citizens, you
also have two types of citizens - patricians and plebeians:
. The patricians are the richest and most powerful
PATRICIANS
CITIZENS AN D NON.CITIZENS
In Rome there is a big difference between
being a citizen and a non-citizen:
. Roman citizens have more rights than
non-citizens: only citizens can vote,
be magistrates or own property.
. Women and slaves are not citizens.
families.
. The plebeians are the rest of the citizens.
The patricians have more rights than the plebeians. For
example, only the patricians are allowed to be magistrates
and senators.
at sounds like
Greece! I guess you
had to be from Rome
be a citizen?
z1:*lh"v\
sound fair. Didn't
the plebeians
complain?
No! In the 3rd
century the emperor
Caracalla made all free
men in the Roman
\
to rePresent
in the
senate.
-/-
)
,/ lggr
.-
same rights as the/{,j
\Ratricia"t-/
,¡:í¡ffi@
16. Match up the two halves of the sentences:
thev were not citizens.
complained because
propertv because
\hem
.
Question
Slaves could not own
,t1i,bun1s
4r::;;,-*-l
Empire citizens
The plebeians
'',1;j,ill'fft,::J"
they were not allowed to
vote.
As women were not
citizens,
foreigners could be own
Since all free men
were citizens,
they did not have the
property.
same rights as patricians.
JULIAN CALENDAR
Julius Caesar wasn't only a soldier and
dictator: he also gave Rome a new catendar.
The Julian calendar was quite similar to the
modern calendar:
. Each year was 365 days long.
. There was a leap year every four years.
.
There were twelve months. Our months
are named after the Roman months.
In Europe, we used the Julian Calendar
until 1582.
THE ROMAN ARMY
One of the reasons that Rome became so powerful was that it
had a very Eood army. The soldiers were well-trained and
disciplined, so they often defeated enemies with bigger armies.
The army was made up of
legions, and the soldiers were
called legionaries. There were
25-30legions in the Roman
army, with around 5,000 men
in each legion.
During the Republic, all Roman
citizens had to fight in
army. Later, men only joined the
army if they wanted to. They had
to stay in the army for 25 years,
but when they retired they were
given land and money.
the
helmet
a)
b)
a very good
army.
powerful
Rome became
because it had
was well trained,
many battles.
As
chain
mail
the Roman army it won
18. This formation was called the
"tortoise" because the outside was
very hard, like
ill:
a tortoise's
shell. Whot
do you think
it was for?
leather
sandals
Legionary
84
,'*iffi@e
Question
17. Put the sentences in the right order
Chapter 1-0 - Rome
Roman gods
The Romans believe that there are very many gods.
The most important Roman gods are:
.
.
The Greek gods, although their names are
different in
Rome.
ffi@@
Exercise 2
Complete the following table. Look at page 74 to
help you.
Local gods in new provinces, who become
Roman gods as well. An example is the
Egyptian goddess Isis.
Greek name God of...
Roman name
Aphrodite
Venus
God of music
.
Mars
Ares
Emperors, like Augustus.
The Romans believe in two kinds of gods: state
gods and l'lor,lsehold gods.
Goddess of hunting
Goddess of the earth
Ceres
Pluto
Hades
God of fire and metal Vulcan
Juno
Hera
Messenger god
HOUSEHOLD GODS - THE FAMILY GODS
Mercury
Neptune '
Poseidon
Household gods
protect the family and
the home. Families
make sacrifices to the
household gods at
home. They have a
small altar called a
lararium (see right).
Diana
Minerva
Athena
STATE GODS . THE OFFICIAL GODS
The government builds temples to the official gods
of Rome. During religious ceremonies, priests pray
and sacrifice animals outside the temples.
Apollo
God of the sky
Jupiter
Which two months are named after Roman qods in
the table?
Write down six planets in our solar system that are
named after Roman gods in the table.
*
s
r:¿ffiS
* F
s
-*ffitil$$H$ffiffiftRH5F
While Augustus is emperor, a n#!$ r*$*g$m* appears in the
Roman province of Judea: {hristiaffi*t}F. A Jew called "lesr¡s
teaches that:
.
.
there is only qr¡it* $3{*S
x$$ p*mp$* ar* *q*al
After Jesus is crucified, his disciples spread this message
through the Roman Empire.
PERSECUTION
The Christians refuse to worship the Roman emperor, so
the emperors yt+nx*cu*t+.- them:
. Nero crucifies Christians because he blames
them for a bio fire in Rome.
. Diocletian makes them fight as gladiators.
Question
CHRISTIANITY IS THE OFFICIAL RELIGION
L9. True or false?
in Rome: underground galleries
where the Christians worshipped to avoid
being persecuted.
In 313 AD, the emperor Constantine issues the ü¿***t *j'
S¡.$ii*r:, which recognises Christianity as a religion. Then,
380 AD, Theodosius the Great makes Christianity the
q"=$'flÉ{i*3 r*rlígi**r *f q$:s: R*s::*r¡ *r*g*ir*. Now people who
refuse to worship the Christian God are persecuted.
Chapter 70 - Rome
a) Jesus lived in a Roman orovince.
b) The Christians persecuted the Romans.
c) Christianity became the official religion
in 380.
85
Publñe baths
All Roman towns have publie baths, which are called t!'¡en¡r'¡ae. Since the baths are very cheap, most men
90 once a day. People go to the baths to wash, but also to do exercise and to meet their friends.
Guide to the Roman baths
1.
There are separate
entrances for women and
men, so maKe sure you go
in the right side!
2.
Get changed and leave your
clothes in lhe apady-teriwr*'s.
3.
Go to the pca{oesfro to do
some exercise. You can play
ball games or wrestle.
4.
Next, go to the tepí.darium,
which is quite warm.
5.
Now get ready for the
eatdariwna, which is really
hot and sweaty.
Then cool off with a swim in
the frígídarium.
When you've finished, a
slave will rub you with oil.
Plan of the thermae at Herculaneum
6.
A = apodyterium
I = tepidarium
C = caldarium
F = frigidarium
Er"¡tertainrnmemt
7.
at
Question
:',1,,
i.i-i:_Ei:+
20. Write down the
Roman name for:
a) changing room
b) warm bath
c) hot bath
d) cold bath
reXñgñoexs festXnraXs
There are no weekends in Ancient Rome, but they have lots of religious festivals. During the religious
festivals, the Romans like to go to chariot races, Eladiatcx fights and the tl'¡eatne.
The Amphitheatre
The Circus
The amphitheatre is where gladiatons fight.
The Roman eircus is very different to a modern circus:
Gladiators are normally slaves or criminals,
and they are almost always men. Sometimes
they fight each other, and
sometimes they fight wild
animals like lions and
tigers.
.
.
The building is long and narrow, and it does not
have a roof.
The most
popular shows
are cl"lariot
races and l'¡c¡rse
Being a gladiator is
race5.
obviously very
dangerous, but there
are some advantages:
Gladiators are fed wellto make them
strong.
o
a
86
Questions
2L.In Ancient Rome, where do you go to:
a) see a man fight a lion
Gladiators are allowed to keep the money
they win in fights.
A few gladiators become very famous.
Some really good gladiators are freed from
slavery.
b) watch a chariot race
c) watch a horse race
22. Which of these people are likely to be gladiators?
slaves
Chapter 10 - Rome
I
patricians
tr
criminals tr
W&Nat werere Romam tml,nrns amd
roads !ike?
TOWNS
As the Romans were very well organised, they planned their towns carefully. There was a main road that
went from north to south called the cando. The main road from east to west was called the <i***r*ta¡:+.¡s.
The rest of the roads were parallel to these two main roads, so they made a grid.
The forum
F:gs"Lqñn
Where the cardo crossed the
decumanus, there was a big
square, called the ion:i,.,nr.
.
.
.
forum was the centre
political,
cultural and
of
social life.
The most important
buildings, like the
temples and government
buildings, were built
around the forum.
In the forum there were
statues of the Roman
emperors and of
important local people.
Important
buildings like
temples were built
around the forum
The
w
Amphitheatre
Theatre
gá,"
{L.it}}*i¡i.i:;
Water supply
,Aqueducts supplied fresh vvater to Roman towns.
The water was used for drinking, and for public
baths and fountains. Rome was such a big city that
it had 11 aqueducts.
Vigiles
- firemen and policemen
Fires and crime were big problems in the city of
Rome. Rome therefore had vírgiEes, who were both
j;r,r.: rt
t'tft 3od Pmlncerngn.
Rom¡ town of Jerash in Jordan
The cardo in the Roman
Question
ROMAN ROADS
There were gooct
roads between all of
the important cities
in the Roman Empire.
The Romans built the
roads so that their
army could move
quíckly, so they made
Part of the Via Appia (a roman road)
them as straight as
,,¡¡f,¡,ffi@
23. Look at the map at the top of the page and
imagine you are visiting the town.
oossible.
Fill in the gaps using
the words in the box:
cardo decumanus
wall forum
statu
You walk in through the gate in the town
and come onto a busy road. Since
it runs from north to south, it must be the
Soon the road becomes very
you know you are close to the
so
crowded,
. As Augustus is the emPeror,
of him in the forum.
there is a
You want to walk down the
so you turn right.
The roads weren't only useful for the army:
they also made trade easier.
Chapter 1-0 - Rome
87
Kwgw#e
ñry
& rs&x &*we&ax
rw
The Romans were great an*lr&teets and *ngára*ea'x, and they built many big public buildings that we can
still see today. The Romans used some important new techníques in their buildings:
Egypt and Greece
Disadvantages:
.
ru_.,,
.
Advantages:
.
You need lots
of columns.
.
You can't build
tall buildings.
Bigger, taller
buildings.
Longer
bridges.
/A\
ilIl|\\\\
////l\\\\
slon¡e
Advantages
.
Big, open
rooms with
high
ceilings.
The Romans also used esnercte and xxs:,ta¡¡'in their
buildings. This made the buildings really strong, so many
of them are still standing.
USEFUL WORDS
€¡3x'¡eret*: mixture of small stones, sand,
cement and water.
These are the most ímportant types of Karna¡.¡ !:lw*Xe{ñmgs: f*&ortar: mixture of sand, cement and water.
?K"X&.t'1d? P t-{ &,X-
AK€
M
ffigaxm&m
Triumpl'l*! ere!'tcs were built to commemorate an
important victory. This one was built to celebrate
Constantine the Great's victory over Maxentius in
The Romans used arches in their bridges. This
meant they could build bigger bridges, with longer
spans.
312 AD.
&,&SXLX€,8A
A **asiliea was a large building with one main room.
It was used for baxslsrsss.
88
eQL'KslL$e Y
&qax*cl*ets carried watcr to the Roman cities. They
had one or more rows of arches. This one has three
rows of arches.
Chapter 70 - Rome
Y${KATKg
Roman ttreatrcs were semi-circular. They were verv
similar to Greek theatres.
AM Pl-{XTF{ €SrYK€
Arn¡lhltheatres were rsune!. They were used for
figlrts between gladiators and wild animals.
Circus? Where's
€xKc&",5
€irea¡ses were used for e*'¡aniot races and ü¡srse
ra€es. There was space for 150,000 people in the
Circus Maximus in Rome.
the big tent with the
clowns and the lions?
Kate. The circus is for
horse racing. The lions are
in the amphitheatre with
T€¡\,SPLK
T'emples were houses for the gods. There
was an altar inside the temple, but religious
ceremonies took place in front of the
temple. Roman temples were either
rectangular or rou¡"¡d.
r:,'@ffi@
Exercise 3
Copy the table ínto your exercise book and fiII ín the
characteristics of Roman buildings. Look on the Internet
to find an example of each type of building.
Buildinq
Amphitheatre
Function
Characteristics
Example
Gladiator
Round
Coliseum
f
iq
hts
Theatre
Temple
Circus
Basilica
Triumphal
arch
Bridqe
Aqueduct
Chapter 1-0 - Rome
89
in Roman towns, there are two main types of houses:
r{
is a big family house. Only rich people live in a domus.
. An
is a block of flats. Most Roman people live in flats.
In the countryside, rich people have big farmhouses called
THE DOMUS
A visit to a domus
Imagine that you are invited
to dinner at a
The
front door
two
is between
A slave lets you
into the hallway, which is
called the
.
(patio),
At the end of the vestibulum you reach the
which is decorated with statues and paintings on the walls.
Here your host is waiting for you. You and the other guests chat
until it is time for cena (dinner).
1.
2.
3.
4
vestibulum (hallway)
taberna (shop)
6.
7.
atrium (patio)
impluvium (tank for
collecting rainwater)
tablinum (office)
8.
9.
garden
tricLinium
(dining room)
storeroom
cubiculum
(bedroom)
You now go into the
t
where you líe down on a couch to
eat. At home you don't normally eat
meat, but it is a special occasion, so
your host serves pork and boar.
There is lots of wine to drink. After
seven hours you finally go home.
Eating lying
down, and for 7
hoursl I would
feel ill!
THE INSULA
THE VILLA
The Romans are the
first people to builo
blocks of flats.
are big country estates. The owner and
his family live in a big house, and there are
simple rooms for the workers and slaves.
.
.
An insula is made
of wood, brick or
concrete.
The
There are also farm buildings, storerooms,
stables and mills to orind cereals into flour.
quality of the
buildings is often very bad, so they sometimes
collapse.
.
.
It is very crowded, noisy and smelly in an insula.
The most expensive flats are downstairs, and the
cheapest flats are on the top floor (they don't
have lifts!).
.
If there is a fire, it is very difficult to escape.
Questierm
t
,
'
24. Write down the Roman name for:
a) dining room
b) hallway
c) bedroom
d) patio
90
Reconstruction of a Roman villa
Exercise 4
A. With your partner,
B.
@w
practice making sentences, for example:
ln a domus, the office is cqlled the tablinum.
Write five sentences about Roman houses. Write at least
one sentence about each of the three types.
Think about the different types of houses and who lives there.
Chaoter L0 - Rome
F¡
K0rnan arE
The Romans decoratedtheir houses and public buildings with all kinds of an*. Some of the most important
kinds of art were sculptures, paintir:gs and r¡'¡ssaües.
SCULPTURE
Many Roman sculptaeres were copies of Greek ones, but they also made original sculptures.
Roman
The Romans
Rellcfs on
p*rtra!ts
put seul¡*tur*s
of emperors
and other
triumphal
were very
realistic.
Look at the
,,'
arches
,
told the
<tnrrr nf
famous
people in the
forum.
lines on
Caesar's face.
Rome's
military
victories.
Relief on the Arch of
Emperor Augustus
Julius Caesar
Constantine, Rome
PAINTINGS
The Romans painted
glelrtraits, scenes
from everyday life,
animals and scenes
from myths and
legends.
Srnall paintl:'rgs
fb,!urafs (paintings
on walls) were
were done on
wooden panels.
Wood doesn't
last forever, so
very few of
these paintings
used to decorate
private houses
and public
buildings like
baths. The Romans
were the first
have survived.
people to paint
landscapes.
Qucstlons
MOSAICS
l1,4csaics were used
to decorate the walls and
floors of buildings. The Romans used sr?ralf
pieces of stone, glass or ceramic of different
colours to make pictures.
1O
25. Match up the type of art with the definition:
l-
Picture made of small oieces
2
Paintinq on a wall
3
Carving on a triumphal arch
c
4 Sculpture of a person's face
o
Exercise 5
This is a mosaic from
'@O
8
a Roman house.
Mosaic from Volubilis, Morocco.
Why do you think
the owners of the
house wanted this
mosaic by the front
door?
To help you, look up
on the Internet what Cave canem means.
Chapter L0 - Rome
91