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1A Introduction to the Basic Elements of Latin-English Grammar: Parts of Speech1 1. Noun [Alludes to a person, place, thing, action, concept, etc.] Common noun: “boy,” “farm,” “knitting,” “dignity” Proper noun: “Saskatoon,” “Mr. Dressup” 2. Pronoun [Stands in place of a noun.] Examples: “I,” “he,” “she,” “it,” “us,” “you,” “they” [Relative pronoun: “I know the man who killed Caesar.”] [Interrogative pronoun: “Who killed Caesar?”] 3. Verb [Indicates an action or a state.] Transitive: “You read the book.” “We kissed them.” Active: “I hit him.” Passive: “I was hit by him.” Intransitive: “I slept.” “You ran.” “They sang.” Copulative: “I am president.” “We became arrogant.” Subject [in the examples above: “I,” “We”] Complement [in the examples above: “president,” “arrogant”] 4. Adjective [Describes (“modifies”) a noun.] Examples: “happy,” “tall,” “silly,” “fast” Attributive2 — gives an attribute of a noun which is assumed to be true; serves to specify something about the noun: “The green cow ate the grass.” [i.e., the green cow as opposed to the brown or yellow cow] 1 For further discussion see the “Glossary of English-Latin Grammar” on pp. xvii-xxiii of the grammar. 2 For the terms “attributive” and “predicative,” see the notes on the “Use of the Adjective” for unit 1B. 1A Predicative — actively asserts something about a noun: “The cow was green!” “The cow sank, exhausted, to the ground.” [Interrogative adjective: “What books have you read?” “What kind of fruit is that?”] 5. Adverb [Answers the question, “How?” “When?” “Where?” “To what degree?” etc.] Modifying a verb: “He ate quickly.” “She slept soundly.” Modifying an adjective: “They were very smart.” Modifying another adverb: “He ate very quickly.” Examples of other adverbs: here, there, yesterday, often, only, undoubtedly, quite, almost, even.3 6. Preposition [Clarifies the relationship of a noun to the rest of the sentence: “He slept in the bed.”] [Usually stands before its noun: hence the name (prae [“before/in front”] + pōnō [“to put/place”]).] Examples: “in,” “on,” “at,” “under” 7. Conjunction [Joins together two clauses, phrases, or words.]4 Coordinating: “I love him and he loves me.” [Copulative] “I hate him but he loves me.” [Adversative] Subordinating: “When Cicero saw his friend Atticus, he laughed.” [Temporal] “Because I ate well, I slept soundly.” [Causal] “Although I hate him, he loves me.” [Concessive] “If I see her, I will tell her.” [Conditional] 8. Interjection [An exclamation.] “Oh!” “Hey!” “Oops!” —————————— 3 The Wikipedia page on adverbs provides a useful overview: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb 4 See next page on the distinction between a clause and a phrase. 1A Clause: any statement that contains a subject and a verb. Independent clause: a clause that can stand on its own as a complete sentence — e.g., “He didn’t seem happy.” Dependent/Subordinate clause: a clause that cannot stand on its own as a complete sentence — e.g., “Although he had just won the lottery.” Thus the sentence, “Although he had just won the lottery, he didn’t seem happy,” contains both a dependent/subordinate clause (“Although he had just won the lottery”) and an independent or main clause (“he didn’t seem happy”). Phrase: a group of words in a sentence that logically belong together as a unit but do not contain a subject and/or a verb and convey no complete meaning of their own — e.g., “in the back yard” [a prepositional phrase]