Download Normal Matter is composed of…….

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Normal Matter is composed of…….
Atoms differ in the number of
“pieces” ( Protons, Neutrons and
Electrons) that they have inside of
them.
Atoms with certain consistent
characteristics are called….
matter that is made up of
atoms…(or one atom) that
atoms
have the same number of
Protons in their nucleus.
What is Matter?
• Anything that has mass and volume is matter.
– Mass - is the measure of the amount of material in an
object or substance.
– Volume – is the amount of space taken up by an object
or substance.
• Matter is composed of elements – a substance that
cannot be broken into simpler substances by
ordinary chemical means (Ex. Oxygen, carbon, etc)
– Made up of tiny particles called atoms (the smallest
part of an element that has all the element’s
properties).
Structure of Atoms
• smallest part of an element that has all the element’s
properties.
• Electrons (-) create cloud of negative charge around
nucleus
• Nucleus consists of protons (+) and neutrons (0)
Structure of Atom
• Atomic # - the number of protons in
the nucleus. (also equal to #
electrons in the atom’s electron
cloud).
– Electron cloud has Energy Levels (or
layers of electrons)
• Each energy level can hold a different
amount of electrons.
• Electron cloud can only have 7 Energy
Levels at the most
• Atoms want to be stable – this is achieved
when their outer most Energy Level is
filled with electrons.
Structure of Atom
• Atomic Mass - # of protons and neutrons
– Can subtract atomic mass
from atomic # to get # of
neutrons (14-7=7 neutrons)
Atomic
mass
But!!!
Not all atoms of the
same element are the
same, either.
Atoms of the same element that
have different numbers of neutrons
in their nuclei are called….
Notice the different # of neutrons in each Hydrogen
Isotope
Certain isotopes of elements are
unstable, or radioactive.
(example: Carbon-14 and Uranium238)
These radioactive isotopes of
elements allow us to do absoluteage dating!
How do Atoms Bond??
• Atoms want to be stable, so they will gain,
lose, or share electrons
– Gaining, losing, or sharing of electrons forms a
chemical bond that holds them together.
– There are 3 main types of Bonds:
• Covalent Bond
• Ionic Bond
• Metallic Bond
Types of Bonds
Covalent Bond
• Formed when atoms share electrons
– 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
forms a molecule.
• Ex.) in a molecule of water - two atoms of hydrogen
and one atom of oxygen share electrons. H2O
Sharing of
electrons
Sharing of
electrons
Types of Bonds
Ionic Bond
• Formed by electrical attraction between
atoms that have lost or gained electrons.
– Ex.) Table Salt (NaCl) – positively charged sodium
ions are bonded with negatively charged chlorine
ions.
– Ion – an electrically charged atom (positively or
negatively charged).
• Atoms that gain electrons are negatively charged.
• Atoms that lose electrons are positively charged.
Types of Bonds
Metallic Bond
• Bonds are formed between metal atoms
– Electrons are moving freely all around the positive
ions = sea of electrons – this allows metals to be
conductive.
– Metal – an element that loses electrons easily to
form positive ions
• Ex.) aluminum, sodium, calcium, zinc, gold, silver, iron
– Nonmetal – an element that gains electrons easily
to form a negative ion.
• Ex.) nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine, phosphorus, sulfur
Most substances on Earth are not
pure elements but rather….
???
What is a Compound?
A Compound is…..
A substance made from
two or more different
elements that have
been chemically
combined.
Compounds
• Can have properties unlike the elements
which they are made of
• Can only be separated by chemical means
– Ex. Water molecules can be broken into hydrogen
and oxygen by breaking the chemical bonds with
strong electrical current.
WATER Compound
of hydrogen
and oxygen
TABLE SALT Compound
of sodium
and chloride
A Mixture, on the other hand, is…
A substance made from two
or more different elements
that have not been chemically
combined, and which can be
separated by physical means
Mixture
• Elements keep their own properties
• Most can be separated
– Ex. Salt water can be separated by
boiling/evaporating water, salt is left behind.
Elements by themselves
are called Native
Elements, they are much
less common than
Compounds, because
they tend to combine
with each other to form
Compounds.
Elements and Compounds in their
solid form make up…
A Mineral is a naturally occurring
Inorganic Solid with a definite
chemical composition and a
crystalline structure.
That means that…
•It can’t be organic in
origin
•It can’t be a liquid
and..
•It has to have a crystal
structure
Lets put that in a list format.
(** Remember…. ISODA**)
1. Minerals are a naturally occurring
substance.
2. Minerals are solids.
3. Minerals have a definite chemical
composition.
4. Minerals have atoms that are arranged in
an orderly pattern.
5. Minerals are inorganic. (They were never
alive.)
How many different minerals are
there on Earth???
Answer: About 4,000
Most Common Elements on Earth’s
Crust
Name
Element Symbol
% by Mass
Oxygen
O
46.6%
Silicon
Si
27.7%
Aluminum
Al
8.1%
Iron
Fe
5%
Calcium
Ca
3.6%
Sodium
Na
2.8%
Potassium
K
2.6%
Magnesium
Mg
2.1%
About 90% of all of the minerals
in the Earth’s Crust are made up
of compounds containing Silicon
and Oxygen, the two most
abundant elements on Earth.
• Few minerals consist of a single element –
those are called Native Elements
– Ex.) Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu), Sulfur (S), Gold (Au),
Diamond (C)
• Most minerals are compounds
• Ex.) Quartz (SiO2), Galena (PbS), Pyrite (FeS2),
Halite (NaCl)
• Mixtures of minerals make up ROCKS!
How do Minerals Form??
1. Form out of molten rock
(MAGMA)!!
2. Form from Evaporation
3. Form when existing minerals are
transformed by heat, pressure, or
chemical actions.
How do Minerals Form???
1. Minerals form in cooling magma chambers
• As magma cools atoms,
molecules, and ions move
closer together and form
chemical bonds that
create compounds.
• Types of minerals that
form depend on the types
and amounts elements
present in the magma.
• Rate at which magma
cools determines the size
of the mineral grains
(crystals).
Different types of minerals crystallize at
different temperatures
Decreasing temperature
Bowen’s Reaction Series
Mineral formation in a Magma Chamber
2. Some types of minerals form as
water containing dissolved ions slowly
evaporates.
- As water slowly evaporates the Na and Cl ions
bond to form the Halite mineral
Salt deposits
3. Metamorphic Minerals:
Some minerals occur as the result
of Recrystallization and Reaction
within existing rocks which
produces new minerals in response
to changes in
and
How long does it take for minerals
to form??
• Minerals in solution in water can form
relatively quickly when the water evaporates.
• Minerals in magma can form as quickly as the
magma/lava can crystallize (lava can cool in
minutes, while magma can take thousands of
years).
A Crystal is….
A regular geometric solid with smooth
surfaces called….
The orderly arrangement of ions,
molecules, or atoms, in any
mineral determines the shape of
its crystals.
Although there are thousands of
different types of minerals, their
crystals come in six basic types of
shapes
Silica Tetrahedron
• Consists of 4 Oxygen atoms packed
closely around a Silicon atom.
– It forms a tetrahedron shape and is held together
by chemical bonds between O & Si
– It is the building block of the silicate minerals.
– Silicates = mineral compounds containing Silicon
and Oxygen
• They may also contain one or more metallic elements
(Al, Fe, etc.)
Quartz
Minerals are identified and
classified by visual inspection, and
by performing simple tests to
determine their physical properties
Minerals are most often identified
by inspecting their Physical and
Chemical properties.
Color is the most easily observed, but least
reliable property of a mineral for identification.
This is because the color of many minerals
varies with the kind of impurities in the mineral.
Luster is the way in which a mineral shines in the light.
•Metallic luster – shine like polished metal.
•Ex.) galena, pyrite
•Nonmetallic luster – not shiny.
•Can be vitreous (shiny glass), Pearly, adamantine
(hard brilliant luster like diamond), greasy, oily, dull,
earthy.
•Ex.) Quartz = vitreous
•Ex.) Mica = pearly
Types of Luster
Streak is the color of the powder left on a streak
plate when a mineral is rubbed on it.
Streak is much more reliable than color because,
although the color of a mineral changes, its
streak does not.
GENERAL RULES TO FOLLOW WITH STREAK:
•Metallic minerals are usually at least as dark as the
specimen.
•Nonmetallic minerals are usually colorless or white.
Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to
split in a particular direction.
•Helps with identifying the mineral because cleavage
surfaces can be seen on tiny mineral grains.
•Mineral splits along the weaker bonds
•Ex.) Mica, has 1 good cleavage(BASAL) (splits in 1 direction =
into a sheet)
•Feldspar, has 2 good cleavages (splits into 2 directions, at or
near right angles)
Basal/ “Sheety”
Cleavage
Feldspars always cleave readily at or near right angles.
Fracture is the tendency of a mineral to
break in directions other than along
crystal faces or cleavage surfaces.
•Ex.) Quartz and obsidian – both have
Conchoidal or shell-like fracture
Conchoidal or shell-like
fracture
Fibrous facture
Hardness is the resistance of a mineral to
being scratched.
The Mohs Hardness Scale is one of the
most effective tool for identifying minerals.
• Atoms can be arranged differently to produce
different minerals.
• The arrangement of the minerals’ atoms, ions, or
molecules determines the mineral’s hardness
– Ex.) Diamond (C) –vs- Graphite (C)
(the hardest mineral)
Atoms arranged
in a tetrahedral
network
(very soft mineral the flakes easily)
Atoms arranged
in sheets of
hexagonal
networks
Specific Gravity
• The ratio of the
mineral’s mass to the
mass of an equal
volume of water.
– Tells you how many
times denser the
mineral is than water.
– Calculate Density,
divide mass over
volume.
D=M/V
•1st weigh mineral (mass)
•2nd place in cylinder of water –
figure out displacement (volume)
•3rd find density (D=M/V)
Chemical Tests
• Identified by the chemical bonds/makeup of
the minerals.
– Ex.) Calcite (CaCO3), is the main mineral in limestone and
marble. When hydrochloric acid (HCl) is dropped on
calcite it will fizz. The limestone fizzes because the carbon
is reacting with the HCl and as a result bubbles are being
released.
Only 30 of the 4,000 known
minerals are common.
These 30 minerals are known
as the rock-forming minerals
Most rock-forming minerals are…
•Silicates are composed of Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O), and
usually one or more metallic elements.
•90% of mineral in Earth’s crust are silicates
•The percent composition of Silicate minerals in a rock
determines the type of rock it is.
•High Silica content forms light-colored rocks
•While lower (but only by about 25%) Silica content forms
darker-colored rocks
Rocks that have a high percentage of
Silicates are light in color, and are
called Felsic rocks.
Rocks that have a low percentage of
Silicates are dark in color, and are
called
Mafic rocks.
Rocks are often made of several
different minerals.
Examples of Silicate Minerals
• Quartz – (SiO2) consists of tightly bonded silica
tetrahedra made of 2 O atoms for each Si atom.
– Luster = glassy or greasy
– Colorless or white if pure and has conchoidal or
irregular fractures
– Hardness= 7
– Found in granite rock
– Most sands contain quartz
– Used in jewelry, prisms, heat lamps, glass, paint
Quartz
Pink Granite
Examples of Silicate Minerals
• Feldspars – make up 60% of the crust
– Used in glass and ceramics
– Has 2 direction cleavage
– Hardness = 6
– Luster = pearly
– Usually made of Al and O plus a metal
– Classified into 2 major groups:
• Potassium Feldspar
• Sodium-Calcium Feldspar
Examples of Silicate Minerals
Different types of Feldspars
Potassium Feldspar /
“Orthoclase”
- light colored pink or
salmon
- 2 cleavages that
meet at right angles
- found in granite
Sodium-Calcium
Feldspar /
“Plagioclase” - white to grey
-2 cleavages that meet
at slightly less than right
angles
- 1 cleavage often has
fine parallel lines called
striations.
“Orthoclase”
Sodium-Calcium Feldspar
Examples of Silicate Minerals
• Pyroxenes – (ferromagnesian silicates = FeMg)
– Cleavages meet at nearly right angles
– Harness = 5 &6
• Ex. Augite (dark mineral , so has less silica)
Examples of Silicate Minerals
• Micas – form flat crystals
– Hardness = 2.5
– Perfect cleavage that can be picked out of rocks
(like granite or gneiss)
• Cleave in 1 direction that form thin sheets
– Used in paints, plastics, rubber, roofing
• Ex.) Muscovite – silvery white, Biotite- dark brown/black
Examples of Silicate Minerals
• Amphiboles – form long, needle-like crystals
– Hardness = 5-6
– Has 2 good cleavages that meet at oblique angles
– Found in igneous and metamorphic rocks
• Ex.) Hornblende – shiny, dark green brown or black.
Examples of Silicate Minerals
• Olivines – (ferromagnesian silicate)
– Olive green in color
– Hardness = 6.5
– Glassy, shell-like fracture
• Ex.) Peridotite – used in jewelry
Examples of Silicate Minerals
• Kaolinites – (Aluminum silicate)
– Forms by weathering feldspars and other silicates
– White
– Hardness s= 2
– Perfect cleavage in 1 direction
– Used in china clay, ceramics, paints, fiberglass
Carbonate Mineral Groups
•Minerals made of negatively charged carbonate
ions bonded to positive metal ions.
•Consists of 1 C atom covalently bonded to 3 O
atoms.
•Example of carbonate rocks are limestone and marble.
Examples of Carbonate Minerals
• Calcite – (calcium carbonate – CaCo3)
–
–
–
–
Most common carbonate mineral
Colorless to white
Hardness = 3, can be scratched with a knife
Has 3 perfect cleavages that meet at oblique angles, so
breaks into flat-sided rhombohedra
– Can use acid test to identify it (HCl)
Examples of Carbonate Minerals
• Dolomite – [calcium magnesium carbonate =
CaMg(Co3)2]
– Cleaves into rhombohedra
– Occurs as coarse or fine grained
– Doesn’t always bubble with hydrochloric acid
(HCl).
Oxides and Sulfide Mineral Groups
•Iron (Fe) containing minerals
•Used in industry to make steel, magnets, car parts,
etc. Also used in consumer goods as medicines,
cosmetics, plastics, and paints
•Oxide = metal combined with Oxygen
•Sulfide = metal combined with Sulfur.
Examples of Sulfide Minerals
• Hematite – most common iron oxide
– Color = red usually, and has an earthy luster and
uneven fractures. Sometimes it is silvery metallic.
– Streak = red-brown streak on steak plate
– Hardness = 5-6
Examples of Sulfide Minerals
• Magnetite – black iron oxide
– Attracted to a magnet (so its magnetic).
– Hardness = 5.5-6.5
Ex.) Loadstone
Examples of Sulfide Minerals
• Pyrite – Iron sulfide, known as “fools gold”
– Color = pale brass to golden brown
– Hardness= 6
– Often has 6-12 sided crystals