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MASTERY TEST
Now take the mastery test. Do not guess. Some questions may have more than one correct answer. As soon as you complete the
test, correct it. Note your successes and failures so that you can read the chapter to meet your learning needs.
1.
Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen by cells is part of
a. ventilation.
b. breathing.
c.
d.
internal respiration.
transport of gases.
2.
The gas exchange made possible by respiration enables cells to harness the
3.
Carbon dioxide combines with water to form
cause the blood pH to (increaseldecrease).
in food molecules.
. An excess of COzwill
Which of the following organs islare part of the upper respiratory tract?
c.
bronchi
a. lungs
b. pharynx
d.
larynx
Match the functions in the first column with the appropriate part of the nose in the second column.
1. warm incoming air
a.
mucous membrane
b.
mucus
-2, trap particulate matter in the air
c.
cilia
-3. prevent infection
4. moisten air
5. move nasal secretions to pharynx
Which of the following is(are) the result of cigarette smoking?
a. paralysis of respiratory cilia
c.
b. production of increased amounts of mucus
d.
easier access to respiratory tissue by pathogenic
organisms
loss of elasticity in the walls of respiratory
passages
Does statement a explain statement b?
a. The sinuses are air-filled spaces in bones of the skull and face.
b. Inflammation of the nose can lead to fluid being trapped in the sinuses.
The pharynx is the cavity behind the mouth extending from the
to the
The portions of the larynx concerned with preventing foreign objects from entering the trachea are the
c.
epiglottis.
a, arytenoid cartilages.
b. glottis.
d.
hyoid bone.
The portion of the larynx visible in the neck as the Adam's apple is the
The pitch of the voice is controlled by
a. changing the tension of the vocal cords.
b. changing the force of the air passing through
the larynx.
The trachea is maintained in an open position by
a. cartilaginous rings.
b. the amount of collagen in the wall of the
trachea.
c.
d.
opening the vocal cords.
increasing the volume of air passing through the
larynx.
c.
the tone of smooth muscle in the wall of the
trachea.
the continuous flow of air through the trachea.
d.
A temporary opening in the trachea made to bypass an obstruction is a
The right and left bronchi arise from the trachea at the
a. suprastemal notch.
b. manubrium of the sternum.
c.
d.
fifth thoracic vertebra.
eighth intercostal space.
The smallest branches of the bronchial tree are the
As the lumen of the branches of the bronchial tree decreases, the amount of cartilage (increases/decreases).
The instrument used to examine the trachea and bronchial tree and to remove foreign objects aspirated into air passages
The type of epithelium found in the alveoli is
a. simple squamous.
b. ciliated columnar.
c.
d.
pseudostratified.
cuboidal.
Blood is pumped out of the body and across a semipermeable membrane that adds oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
in
c.
mechanical ventilation.
a. artificial respiration.
b. extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
d.
intravascular oxygenation.
Each lung is entered on its medial surface by a bronchus and blood vessels in a region called the
The
lung is composed of superior, inferior, and middle lobes.
The serous membrane covering the lungs is the
The serous membrane covering the inner wall of the thoracic cavity is the
Inspiration occurs after the diaphragm
(increasingldecreasing) the pressure within the thorax.
,thus (increasing/decreasing) the size of the thorax and
The other muscles that act to change the size of the thorax during normal respiration are the
a. sternocleidomastoids.
c. intercostals.
b. pectorals.
d. latissimus dorsi.
The safest way to deal with asbestos in a building is to leave it undisturbed.
a. True
b. False
Expansion of the lungs during inspiration is assisted by the surface tension of fluid in the
,that prevents collapse of the
The surface tension of fluid in the alveoli is decreased by a secretion,
alveoli.
The force responsible for expiration comes mainly from
a. contraction of intercostal muscles.
b. change in the surface tension within alveoli.
cavity.
c.
d.
elastic recoil of tissues in the lung and
thoracic wall.
contraction of abdominal muscles to push
the diaphragm upward.
The ease with which lungs can be expanded in response to pressure changes during breathing is called
The pressure in the pleural cavity is
a. greater than atmospheric pressure.
b. less than atmospheric pressure.
c.
the same as atmospheric pressure.
Respiratory air volumes are measured by an instrument called a
The amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs during a normal, quiet respiration is the
a. vital capacity.
c. total lung capacity.
b. respiratory cycle.
d. resting tidal volume.
Respiratory volumes are used to calculate
,and
The anatomic dead space is composed of the
In a normal individual, the anatomic dead space and the physiologic dead space are (equallnot equal).
The amount of new air that reaches the alveoli and is available for gas exchange is represented by the
rate.
Coughing, laughing, and yawning are examples of
Because of normal respiratory physiology, people with bronchial asthma will initially have difficulty with
a. inspiration.
c. inspifation and expiration.
b. expiration.
The pathologic events of emphysema include all of the following except
a. loss of elasticity in alveolar tissue.
c.
b. loss of interalveolar walls, so that larger
d.
chambers form.
narrowing of the lumen of the bronchi.
loss of capillary network.
Normal breathing is controlled by the respiratory center located in the
The rate of breathing is controlled by the
a. medullary rhythmicity area.
b. apneustic area.
c.
Activation of the
abdominal muscles.
The Hering-Breuer reflexes are activated by
a. stretch receptors in bronchioles and alveoli.
b. an increase in hydrogen ions.
pneumotaxic area.
controls the action of the intercostal and
c.
d.
a decrease in oxygen saturation.
a sudden fall in blood pressure.
The most potent stimulus to increase respiratory rate and depth is to increase the blood concentration of
Hyperventilation leads to dizziness because of
a. an increase in blood pressure.
b. a decrease in heart rate.
c.
d.
Exercise provokes an increase in respiratory rate due to
a. increased C 0 2 levels.
b. generalized vasoconstriction.
c.
d.
generalized vasoconstriction in cerebral
arterioles.
a decrease in blood pH.
stimulation of proprioceptors in joints.
stimulation of the respiratory center by the
cerebral cortex.
A phagocyte that moves through alveolar pores is a
The respiratory membrane consists of a single layer of epithelial cells and basement membrane from a(n)
and a(n)
The rate at which a gas diffuses fi-om one area to another is determined by differences in
areas.
in the two
The pressure of each gas within a mixture of gases is known as its
Pneumonia, tuberculosis, and atelectasis present similar problems in that they
a, decrease the surface available for diffusion
c. diminish blood circulation to the lungs.
of gases.
d. destroy surfactant.
b. obstruct the flow of air into the lungs.
Oxygen is transported to cells by combining with
Oxygen is released in greater amounts as carbon dioxide levels and temperature (increaseldecrease).
Carbon monoxide interferes with oxygen transport by binding to
The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported
a. dissolved in blood.
b. combined with hemoglobin.
c.
d.
As individuals age, the susceptibility to infection (increases/decreases).
as bicarbonate.
as carbonic anhydrase.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35,
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
5 1.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
increase
b
Barrett's esophagus
peristalsis
heartburn
b
hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
c
b
vitamin BI2
decreases
b, c
inhibits
chyme
a
a, b
inhibits
medulla oblongata
a
a
b
alkaline
c
upper right
c
ferritin
c
b, c, d
a,d
c
a, b, d
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
b
c
d
c
peristaltic rush
LDL; HDL
cecum
b
electrolytes, water
a,c
c
18 Mastery Test Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
carbohydrates, proteins, fats
vitamins, minerals
essential nutrients
leptin
cholecystokinin, ghrelin
a, b
cellulose
oxidation
b, d
d
b
triglyceride
linoleic acid
b,d
d
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
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35.
36.
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40.
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42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
cholesterol
too much
a, c, d
amino acids
complete
yes
a
a, c
calories
basal metabolic rate
a, c
negative
a
fat
b
a
sunlight or ultraviolet rays
c
b, d
b
a
a
a, c
b
c
d
c
calcium, phosphorus
c
b
aldosterone
sodium
d
oxygen
a, b, c, d
vitamin C
c
primary
b
b
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
4 1.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
5 1.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
hilum
right
visceral pleura
parietal pleura
contracts, increasing,
decreasing
c
a
pleural
surfactant
c
compliance
b
spirometer
d
respiratory capacities
trachea, bronchus, bronchioles
equal
alveolar ventilation
nonrespiratory air movements
b
c
brain stem
c
ventral respiratory group
a
carbon dioxide
c
a, c, d
alveolar macrophage
alveolus, capillary
pressure
partial pressure
a
hemoglobin
increase
hemoglobin
c
increases
19 Mastery Test Answers
20 Mastery Test Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
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15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
c
energy
carbonic acid; decrease
b, d
l.a,2.b,3.~,4.a,5.c
a, b, c, d
no
nasal cavity, larynx
b, c
thyroid cartilage
a
a
tracheostomy
c
alveolar ducts
decreases
fiberoptic bronchoscope
a
b
b,c
b, c
renal pelvis
d
Wilrns
a, b, c, d
a
a,b
b
b
c
collecting duct
macula densa
d
urine
a
renin
b
hydrostatic pressure
-