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Transcript
Vitamins Energy Balance, Vitamins 1. Describe the thermic effect of food. 2. Define calorie and kilocalorie. 3. List the sources of stored energy in the body. 4. Calculate basal metabolic rate. 5. List conditions which affect metabolism. 6. Define a list of key terms. 7. List the general functions of vitamins and the key functions of specific vitamins. • 8. Name good sources of specific vitamins. • 9. Name diseases related to vitamin deficiencies. • 10. Discuss vitamin supplementation. • • • • • • • • Vitamins • do not provide energy (calories) but they are needed for metabolism of energy • function as coenzymes to activate enzymes • Essential micronutrients Vitamins • Recent discovery • As knowledge of vitamin functions and requirements grew, policies were enacted to enrich and fortify foods • Fortification and enrichment have virtually eliminated vitamin deficiencies in the general American population • Subject to destruction Vitamins • Vital, organic substance, necessary in small amounts • Cannot be manufactured by the body • Functions – Metabolism – Antioxidants – Hormones – Cell membrane components – Component of light sensitive rhodopsin molecule Enrichment and Fortification • Enrich: to add nutrients back that were lost during processing, e.g., white flour is enriched with B vitamins that are lost when the bran and germ layers are removed • Fortify: to add nutrients that are not naturally found in the food, e.g., milk is fortified with vitamin D Vitamins and solubility • Vitamins are organic compounds that are soluble in either water or fat; their solubility determines how they are absorbed, transported through the blood, stored, and excreted Fat-Soluble Vitamins • Vitamins A, D, E, and K • Stored in liver and adipose • Vitamins A and D are toxic when consumed in large quantities over a long period • Retinol • Functions Vitamin A – Vision – Tissue strength and immunity – Growth • Requirements • Food Sources • Deficiency and toxicity Vitamin D • Not really a vitamin • Prohormone cholecalciferol (calciferol) • Calciferol and dietary vitamin D are activate in the liver via hydroxylation • Functions • Requirements • Deficiency and Toxicity • Food sources Vitamin E • Tocopherol: the name of a group of 8 fat soluble nutrients • Alpha tocopherol • Functions • Deficiency and toxicity Free Radicals • Are produced continuously in cells as they burn oxygen during normal metabolism • Problem - they oxidize body cells and DNA in their quest to gain an electron and become stable • These structurally and functionally damaged cells are believed to contribute to aging and various health problems such as cancer, heart disease, and cataracts Antioxidants and free radicals • Antioxidants - substances that donate electrons to free radicals to prevent oxidation • Antioxidants protect body cells from being oxidized (destroyed) by free radicals by undergoing oxidization themselves, which renders free radicals harmless • Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and beta-carotene are major antioxidants Vitamin K • “Koagulation vitamin” • Functions: blood clotting and bone development • Food Sources • Deficiency and toxicity Water-Soluble Vitamins • B-complex vitamins and Vitamin C • not generally stored in the body so a daily intake is necessary • are considered nontoxic • adverse side effects, however, can occur from taking megadoses of certain water-soluble vitamins over a prolonged period Vitamin C • Ascorbic Acid • Functions – Connective tissue – Metabolism – Antioxidant • Deficiency and toxicity • Food sources Vitamin B1 • Thiamine • Functions – Energy extraction from glucose – Fat synthesis for energy storage • Deficiency – Beriberi • Food sources B2 • • • • Riboflavin Constituent of 2 co-enzymes Deficiency and toxicity Food sources B3 • Niacin • Functions – Co-enzymes • Deficiency – Pellagra • Toxicity • Food Sources B6 • Group of 6 related compounds: pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and their phosphate forms • Extensively stored in tissues • Deficiency and toxicity • Food Sources Folate • Folic acid • Functions • Deficiency – Megaloblastic anemia – Neural tube defects • Food sources B12 Deficiency Pernicious anemia Sore mouth and tongue • Cobamamine • Nutritionally this refers to all cobalamine derivitives Amenorrhea Neuritis Nutritional dementia Pantothenic Acid • • • • • From the Greek pantothen: from every side Cellular metabolism Biosynthesis of numerous compounds Deficiency only found in synthetic diets No toxicity Biotin • • • • • • Also called Vitamin H Coenzyme for 5 carboxylase enzymes Very little is needed No known deficiency No known toxicity Food sources Vitamins, diet and health • Although diets rich in fruits and vegetables appear to be protective against chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and hypertension, it is not known what components in them are responsible for the health benefits • Antioxidant vitamins in foods are suspected of being beneficial Vitamins and supplements: more is not better • High-dose supplements have not been proven to prevent disease and may disrupt nutrient balances • Megadoses: amounts at least ten times greater than the RDA • In megadoses vitamins function like drugs, not nutrients • Long-term safety has not been established • Some reports indicate that single-nutrient supplements may actually increase, not decrease, health risks Vitamins and special needs populations • It is recommended that women who are capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 micrograms of folic acid through supplements or fortified food daily • People over the age of 50 are urged to consume most of their B12 requirement from supplements or fortified food • Vegans need supplemental B12 and D, if exposure to sunshine is inadequate Vitamins and limited diets • Multivitamin supplements provide a limited safeguard when food choices are less than optimal • Other groups who may benefit from taking a daily multivitamin are the e lde rly, die te rs , finicky e ate rs , and alcoholics Facts about fruit and vegetable intake among Americans • When French fries and potato chips are excluded, Americans eat only about 3.6 servings of fruits and vegetables daily • 9 out of 10 teenage girls do not eat five servings of fruit and vegetables daily • Fruit and vegetable intake is declining--romaine lettuce and bag lettuce are the only vegetables Americans are eating more of. • Obesity levels are lowest for people who eat the most fruit and vegetables