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AND HIS DOG!
Learning Perspective
Terms:
Unconditional Stimulus→ A stimulus that provides a response
without prior learning.
Unconditional Response→ An unlearned response that is
automatically elicited by the US.
Conditioned Stimulus→ Previous neutral stimulus that
eventually elicits the condition response after being associated
with the unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Response→Learned response to CS that occurs
after conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus paring.
(Pavlov, 1927)
Reflexes→ Automatic stimulus- response connections.
Classical Conditioning→ A neutral stimulus becomes associated
with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a
similar response.
Learning→ A relatively permanent change in behavior
that occurs through experience.
Extinction→ The weakening of the conditioned response
in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus.
Stimulus Substitution→ Pavlos theory of how classical
conditioning works; the nervous system is structured in such
a way that the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned
stimulus bond together and eventually
the conditioned
t
stimulus substituted for the unconditioned stimulus.
Information theory→ Contemporary explanation of why
classical condition works, key to understand classical
conditioning focuses on the information an organisim gets
from the situation.
Counterconditioning→ A procedure for weakening a
conditioned response by associating the fear-provoking
stimulus with a new response incompatible with the fear.
Learning Perspective..
The learning perspective examines the effects of experience and the role of
the environment on development. Therefore learning is equal to
development.
Our behavior, personalities, and thoughts are shaped by the different
experiences we encounter. Learning theorists state that we are a product of
our environment.
Traditional Learning Theory is based on behavior modification through
classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
Social Learning Theory focuses on two ideas. One is the relationship
between cognition, behavior and the environment. The second is learning
through modeling or observation. The four criteria for learning by
observation are:
Behaviorism:
You can only observe behavior, you cant test it in any way.
People learn their behavior by training. Behaviorists believe
that all behavior is conditioned, reinforced and reflexive.
“Free will is an allusion”.
Classical Conditioning
(Also refered to as Pavlovian after our very own Ivan
Pavlov). There is a procedure for inducing classical
conditioning which involves a neutral stimulus, and an
unconditioned stimulus which result in an
unconditionedresponse.
FOR EXAMPLE →PAVLOVS DOG→ BELL (neutral stimulus) † FOOD
(unconditioned stimulus) = ↘
SALIVATION (unconditioned BELL (conditioned
stimulus) = SALIVATION
response).
(conditioned response).
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, was born in Ryazan, Russia on
September 14, 1849. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in
Psychology or Medicine 1904 for his work on the digestive
system. This man is most recognized by his discovery of
classical conditioning. Pavlov received his doctorate in 1879
from the university of Saint Petersburg on natural sciences
and became a psychologist. In 1890 Pavlov was appointed
Professor of Pharmacology at the Military Medical Academy
and five years later he was appointed to the then vacant
Chair of Physiology. At first Ivan was most interested on his
investigation of gastric functions of dogs, and he dedicated to
his throughout the 1890’s by collecting measuring and
analyzing the saliva and its response to food under various
conditions. His research in the physiology of digestion led him
to create a science of conditioned reflexes we now know as
classical conditioning. Pavlov then noticed that the dogs to
salivate before they ate the food and he set out to investigate
this "psychic secretion", as he named it.
?
This discovery of the function of conditioned reflexes made it
possible to investigate by experimental means the most complex
interrelations between an organism and its external environment.
In the paper The Experimental Psychology and Psychopathology of
Animals the definition of conditioned and other reflexes was
specified. This states that conditioned reflexes should be regarded
as a psychological phenomenon. Following this came the clue that
condition reflex was a response of organisms to their environment.
Therefore Pavlov transformed Sechenov’s attempt to discover the
reflex mechanism of psychic activity into a proven theory of
conditioned reflexes. The development of the principles of
determinism, analysis, synthesis, and structure by Pavlov and his
school helped building-up a scientific theory of medicine and
toward the discovery of laws governing the functioning of the
organism as a whole. Throughout his life, even in the beginning of
his researches, Pavlov received world acclaim and recognition. He
was given plenty of awards including an honorary doctorate at
Cambridge University in 1912, and a recommendation of the
Medical Academy of Paris awarded him the Order of the Legion of
Honour in 1915.
A special government decree signed by Lenin on
January 24, 1921 noted “the outstanding scientific services of
Academician Pavlov, which are of enormous significance to the
working class of the whole world”. The Soviet Government and the
Communist Party of Russia made sure that Pavlov and his research
team received unlimited scope for scientific research. The Soviet
Union became very involved in the study of physiology and the
International Physiological Congress of 1935 took place in
Leningrad and Moscow as a reflection of Russia’s new interest.
Pavlov married Serephima Vasilievna
known as Sara in 1881. She was a
teacher and daughter of a doctor of
the Black Sea fleet. After a
traumatizing miscarriage they had a
son Wirchik, who died suddenly as a
child. Three more sons were born,
Vladimir, Victor and Vsevolod, a well
known physicist and professor at
Leningrad. Unexpectedly another
child arrived, their daughter Vera,
which Ivan Pavlov called his blessing.
→ →→
Pavlov left the greatest scientific
legacy, a group of young pupils who
continued developing the ideas of
their master. Ivan Pavlov nurtured a
great school of physiologists. He
directed himself toward scientific
reforms and transforming the
physiological institutions headed by
him into centers of scientific
knowledge. Dr. Pavlov died in
Leningrad on February 27, 1936.
EXPERIMENT
GETTING THE
RESPONSE PROCESS:
1. THE BELL SOUNDED.
2. THE FOOD ARRIVED.
3. THE DOG STARTED SALIVATING.
1.
2.
3.
4.
THE BELL SOUNDED
THE DOG STARTED SALIVATING
THE FOOD ARRIVED
( THIS DIDN’T WORK FOR
PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENT.)
BELL→ NEUTRAL STIMULUS: produces
no specific response other than
focusing attention.
FOOD→ UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS:
something natural , elicits an
unconditioned response.
SALIVATION→ UNCONDITIONED
RESPONSE: unlearned response that
occurs naturally in response to an
unconditioned stimulus.
BELL→ UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS.
= SALIVATION→ UNCONDITIONED
RESPONSE.
BELL→CONDITIONED STIMULUS: is previously neutral stimulus that once associated
with the unconditioned stimulus it triggers a conditioned response. = SALIVATION→
CONDITIONED RESPONSE: learned response to the previously neutral stimulus.
1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cP5lCleK-PM
•Born to a Russian minister on September 14, 1849,
Pavlov grew up in the town of Ryazan. Due to a
childhood accident, Ivan was unable to attend school as
early as other children, but did get started at age 11.
After finishing school he was sent to theological
seminary to follow in his father's footsteps, but dropped
out in 1870 to enroll at the University of St. Petersburg. It
was there that Pavlov became interested in and started
his career in physiology .
•There is a progressive rock/AOR band from the 1970’s
that was named Pavlov’s Dog. This band formed in St.
Louis in 1972.
•Most commentary about Ivan Pavlov examines his work
on conditioned reflexes and how it influenced other
ideas, even brainwashing. One example is the book
"Brainwashing from Pavlov to Powers" by Edward
Hunter.
Pavlov felt that the experimental methods used by many physiologic researchers introduced
too many sources of error. In order to understand the true physiological mechanisms of an
organ, that organ had to be observed as it functioned as a part of whole body:
"I would prefer to remain a pure physiologist, that is, an investigator who studies the functions
of separate organs, the conditions of their activity, and the synthesis of their function in the
total mechanism as a part or in the whole of the organism; and I am little interested in the
ultimate, deep basis for the function of an organ or of its tissues, for which primarily chemical
or physical analysis is required."
The final 35 years of Pavlov's research were devoted to the investigation of the conditioned reflex
and the study of the brain. In the late 1920's, he began working with clinical patients, trying to
understand the qualitative differences between the higher nervous processes of animals and of
people.
"Science will sooner or later bring the obtained objective results to our subjective world, and will
at once illuminate our mysterious nature, will explain the mechanism and vital meaning of that
which eternally occupies the human mind - it's conscience, and it's tribulations."
The ' model presented by Pavlov had an enormous influence on western behavioral psychology.
For'conditioning Pavlov, the assumption was that the unconscious processes that existed were
simple reflexes which could be conditioned to affect behavioral change.
The phrase "Pavlov's dog" is often used to describe someone who
merely reacts to a situation rather than uses critical thinking.
Classical conditioning is used in many aspects of society and the
simplicity and notoriety of Pavlov’s study makes it a valuable
example. There have been many more experiments adding to
Pavlov’s original. Some of these have involved timing,
overshadowing, and blocking. Classical conditioning has also found
its way into the realms of entertainment. The most notable example
of this is the 1962 novel A Clockwork Orange written by Anthony
Burgess and it subsequent 1971 movie directed by the late Stanley
Kubrick. A Clockwork Orange details the activities of a young ultraviolet protagonist named Alex. Alex is "cured" of his evil tendencies
via classical conditioning. He is forced to watch various films
depicting ultra-violence (US) and the like , and his natural feeling of
excitement or joy serves as the UR. The films are paired with a drug
(CS) that makes Alex violently ill. In turn Alex eventually becomes
violently ill (now the CR) when he begins to feel the excitement
associated with violence.
Classical conditioning is generally used with low-involvement products.
This is because classical conditioning is most effective when emotion is
involved (Classical Conditioning.) Advertising for low-involvement
products usually attacks the consumer through affective means
because nobody wants to think (cognitive) about purchasing lowinvolvement products. Advertising and sales promotion (event
sponsorship) are the most common forms of classical conditioning in
marketing. The goal of advertisers is to get the exposed person at the
grocery store or what have you, to associate the positive feeling they
had for the ad with the product. This makes the positive feeling now
the CR. Event sponsorship is very similar to this. With event
sponsorship the sponsor wants the person viewing the event (US) to
project the positive feelings (UR) they get from the event with their
product. The big advantage to event sponsorship is that the person
being exposed has generally chosen to be exposed to the event.
Therefore, the positive emotional feeling toward the event can be
intense.
Anheuser-Busch using the Budweiser frogs and then lizards→ The frogs/lizards (US) are
funny (UR). Budweiser is the CS. When your at the liquor store and you smile
uncontrollably at the stacks of Budweiser, the humor has become the CR.
Behaviorism and the learning perspective are composed of many fields,
but Pavlov´s discovery led to a branch of behaviorism in psychology.
These psychologists believe that every single reaction, action, and
emotion we present is learned. That means there is no involvement of
phenotypes in our behavior, the only problem encountered is that
behavior cannot be measured only observed. This implies you can’t
always be 100% sure of behaviorism because a person might be acting a
certain way to please you, or the person is very cunning. Even if us
humans learn mostly through operant conditioning during our life period,
psychologists have discovered we learn this unconsciously by classical
conditioning and this makes a whole peace of our behavior. What this
means is that we act certain way or fell certain way and we don’t even
know why, but the classical conditioning is there. I want to give a personal
example of classical conditioning: I put my tea in the microwave and turn
it on, the sound of the microwave (NS). Then I ask my maid to hand me
my baby bottle (US). She gets the baby bottle and pours the tea herself
from the cup (CR). Now every time I put the microwave on (CS), she
already has my baby bottle ready to poor the tea into(CR).
P.S. I AM ALSO WORKING ON CLASSICAL CONDITIONING YOU MR!
http://allpsych.com/biographies/pavlov.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov
http://www.sntp.net/behaviorism/pavlov.htm
http://www.usu.edu/psycho101/lectures/chp4
learning/cartoon_dog.gif
http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyograp
hy/ivanpavlov.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjegortAhH
A
http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorth
inkers/p/pavlov.htm
I also used notes taken in class, and the papers you
given out on learning perspective.