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Phrases
Phrases
Level Three of Grammar Analysis
What is a
phrase?
A phrase is a group of words that does not have a subject and a
predicate and that acts as a single part of speech.
Additional facts
about phrases:
Every phrase is a part of a clause.
What are the
types of
phrases?
1.
2.
3.
Prepositional Phrases
Appositives
Verbals
• Gerunds
• Participles
• Infinitives
Prepositional
Phrases
Level Three of Grammar Analysis
What is a
preposition?
A preposition is one of the parts of speech that often shows
relationship but can also show direction. (Examples: to, for, from,
under, beside, on, in)
What is a
prepositional
phrase?
Prepositional phrases are modifiers.
Where will a
preposition be in
a prepositional
phrase?
Prepositions are in the “pre-position”—the preposition comes
before the rest of the phrase.
What is the
object of the
preposition?
The object of the preposition is the noun or objective pronoun that
follows the preposition and completes the phrase.
Examples:
on the floor, to my mom, beside a table
Appositives
Level Three of Grammar Analysis
What is an
appositive?
An appositive is an interrupting definition.
Where does the
word
“appositive”
come from?
The word appositive comes from the word “appose,” which means
to place side by side.
Other facts
about
appositives:
•
Appositives act as either a noun or an adjective by restating the
noun.
•
Appositive phrases are plan A for writers. They allow you to
explain something immediately instead of having to wait until the
next sentence.
•
Appositives are enclosed in commas if they are found in the
middle of a sentence!
Examples:
Zoe, my red dog, went to the door.
Ms. Buch, the world’s best writing teacher, is sick today.
Verbals
Level Three of Grammar Analysis
What is a verbal?
A verbal is a group of words that look like verbs but are used as
nouns.
Why are verbals
weird?
•
You must see a group of words as one word and one part of
speech.
•
The verb form is used as a noun or a modifier.
Summary:
When you see a “verby thingy” in a sentence, and it is not a verb, it
is a verbal!
What are the
three types of
verbals?
1.
2.
3.
Gerund
Participle
Infinitive
Gerunds – A
type of Verbal
Phrase
What is a
gerund?
Level Three of Grammar Analysis
A gerund is an –ing verb form used as a noun
Gerunds can be the subject, an object, or an object of the
preposition. Anything a noun can do, a gerund can do.
Examples:
Clear thinking is good.
S
I love fishing.
S
DO
Expanding the empire was Alexander’s dream.
S
DO
Participial – A
type of Verbal
Phrase
Level Three of Grammar Analysis
What is a
participle?
A participle is any verb form (including the –ing form) used as an adjective.
What is an
introductory,
participial phrase?
An introductory, participial phrase is a participial phrase that comes at the
beginning of the sentence. There are two rules for these phrases:
1. Introductory participial phrases must be set off by a comma.
2. Introductory participial phrases will always modify the subject.
Example:
,
Grabbing the rail Gene leaned out.
(The participial phrase, grabbing the rail, modified the noun, Gene, so it is an
adjective.)
Errors with
Participial
Phrases
What are the two
errors that people
make when using
participle phrases?
Example of a
misplaced modifier:
Level Three of Grammar Analysis
1.
2.
Misplaced Modifiers – when the noun being modified is in the sentence but
not in the correct place
Dangling Modifiers – when the noun being modified is not in the sentence
at all
X,
Chewing the bloody antelope haunch Robert stared at the lion.
(This sentence says that Robert was chewing a bloody antelope haunch. This
Participle phrase is a misplaced modifier. It should modify the noun “lion”
instead of the noun “Robert.”)
Correction:
Robert stared at the lion chewing the bloody antelope haunch.
Example of a
dangling modifier:
Sneezing fitfully the sun felt warm.
?
,
(This sentence says that the sun was sneezing fitfully. This participle phrase
is a dangling modifier because the word that the writer is trying to modify isn’t
even in the sentence. We have no idea who was sneezing fitfully.)
Correction:
Sneezing fitfully, I enjoyed the warm sun.
Infinitives – A
type of Verbal
Phrase
What is an
infinitive?
Examples:
Level Three of Grammar Analysis
An infinitive is the “to” verb form used as a noun or a modifier.
The
Adj
book
N
S
to read
Adj
is
V
Hamlet.
N
The phrase “to read” is an adjective because it modifies the noun, book.
To write
N
What is a split
infinitive?
the
Adj
S
novel
N
took
V
five
Adj
years.
N
DO
A split infinitive is an ERROR. We do NOT split infinitives!
Example: X I had to really work hard.
√ I had to work really hard.
NOW FOR A SMALL
WARNING…
One word can make phrases a
little tricky:
The tricky “to”
• The word “
to” is found in BOTH
prepositional and
infinitive
phrases
CAUTION--Don’t mix these up!
Prepositional Phrases:
• to the football stadium (prepositional)
• to the teacher (prepositional)
Infinitive Phrases:
• to run a mile
• to finish my homework
VERBALS
Gerund
-ing noun
Gerrings
Participle
Adj
Adjiciples
Infinitive
“to” verb
Tofinitives
Phrase Practice
Copy the following 5 sentences skipping 4 lines between each one.
Then, complete a 3 Level Grammar Analysis of each sentence.
Rollo, the shaggy dog, barked.
Eating ice cream is fun.
Breaking a pencil, Sam laughed.
I want to write a book.
He stood on the dock.
4 Level
Grammar
Analysis
Rollo,
n
Parts of
Speech
Parts of a
Sentence
Phrases
Clauses
____________________
the
shaggy dog,
adj
adj
n
S
barked.
v
AV
(intransitive)
……………….........…
Appositive
4 Level
Grammar
Analysis
___________________
Eating ice cream
is
fun.
n
v
adj
LV
SC
Parts of
Speech
Parts of a
Sentence
Phrases
Clauses
S
……………….........…
Gerund
4 Level
Grammar
Analysis
Parts of
Speech
______________________
Breaking a pencil,
v
adj
n
Clauses
n
……………….........…
Introductory Participle
laughed.
v
S
Parts of a
Sentence
Phrases
Sam
AV
(intransitive)
4 Level
Grammar
Analysis
Parts of
Speech
Parts of a
Sentence
Phrases
Clauses
I
pro
S
want
v
AV
to write
__________
prep
v
DO
…………..
Infinitive
a
adj
book.
n