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World War II Propaganda The Power of Persuasion A presentation by Janine Havanci and Julia Götze Definition of „Propaganda“ A specific type of message presentation aimed at serving an agenda Propagates a philosophy or point of view Aim: to actively influence people‘s opinions SUBDIVISIONS OF PROPAGANDA Face-to-face communication (social organisations, group discussions, speeches) Audiovisual media (television & sound motion pictures) Audio media ( radio & loudspeakers) Visual media (essays, posters, cartoons, (school)books etc…) German vs. British Propaganda 1.1. German face-to-face communication Political mass assemblies Speeches Organisations (KdF) Hitler – a talented speaker ? ( Art of Mass Seduction) eloquent rehearsed gesture copied classical literature Started off calmly and monotonously but worked himself up into hysteric yelling 1.2. British face-to-face communiation • Speeches May 13, 1940 Winston Churchill "Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat” First Speech as Prime Minister to the House of Commons 2.1. German audiovisual media Leni Riefenstahl (1902-2003) Director Producer Actress Dancer Photographer Propaganda Films 1933: Victory of Faith 1935: Triumph of the Will Documentary films about the NSDAP‘s Reich Party Congress in Nuremberg 2.2. British audiovisual media Wartime Cinema Second World War interrupted progress most studios closed, while a few continued to make films for propaganda purposes aimed to encourage patriotic feeling and boost national morale Wartime movies • • „In which we serve“ (1942) „Millions like Us“ (1943) „London can take it“ (1940) „Listen to Britain“ (1941) Noel Coward Joseph Goebbels Reich Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda total control of communications media a relentless Jew-baiter nickname : „Poison Dwarf“ 3.1. German audio media The „Volksempfänger“ • • • • • first produced in 1933 relatively cheap (65 RM) most effective propaganda medium every 2nd household owned one hardly received foreign stations 3.2. British audio media BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) was formed 1927 by means of a royal charter Radio was used for internal and external propaganda broadcasted radio programmes to countries under the control of Nazi – Germany These programmes went out in 40 different languages How did they get the enemy and the civilian population to listen to their broadcasts? -Radioleaflets were dropped from aircraft over the enemy or friendly target areas and told the finder exactly when and where the broadcast could be heard. -Germans prepared many of them. They dropped them on the Allied troops in Italy and later Europe -sometimes they were prepared in two sizes- a large sheet for dropping from aircraft - a small sheet for delivery by artillery shell -half a dozen different types were kown -some were marked with AI or a small star Radio Leaflets During Wartime The use of radio as a medium of propaganda in wartime was made famous during WWII by Tokyo Rose and Axis Sally. The British listened to William Joyce (Lord Haw Haw) broadcasting from Germany. In later wars, American soldiers would hear the voice of Hanoi Hannah and Baghdad Betty. Radio propaganda can be broadcast over great distances to a large audience at a relatively low cost. Lord Haw – Haw (William Joyce) Tokyo Rose Axis Sally Radioleaflet 4.1. German visual media „My Struggle“ author: Adolf Hitler autobiographical blueprint for his political plans when he was at the reins, millions of copies were sold was as common to see as the Bible in German housholds Julius Streicher Publisher of the Nazi newspaper „Der Stürmer“ Released anti-Semitic books for children one of the best known Nazi-leaders Circulation of „Der Stürmer“ Year Circulation 1927 14,000 1933 25,000 1934 113,000 1935 280,000 1938 473,000 Facts about „Der Stürmer“ came out weekly should appeal to the common man short articles with short sentences simple vocabulary ideas were repeated cartoons were easily understood filled with stories about scandal, sex and crime Caricatures taken from „Der Stürmer“ Anti – Semitic books for children The Toadstool published in 1938 sometimes used in schools Pictures from „The Toadstool“ 4.2. British visual media Daily Express, Monday, April 28, 1941 German Tanks Enter Athens Paratroops seize Corinth Express Special War Despatch „No Escape“ „Tanks charge“ The Homefront The Homefront (II) Allied Unity The Fighting Forces Comics and caricatures „ I await your next ̍ inspiration ̍ , mein Fuehrer.“ Comics and Caricatures (II) Fire Bomb Fritz Disney and Nazi – Germany Donald in Nutziland Quote: „The receptivity of the great masses is very limited, their intelligence is small, but their power of forgetting enormous. In consequence of these facts, all effective propaganda must be limited to a very few points and must harp on these slogans until the last member of the public understands what you want him to understand by your slogans […] 1) Who might have said or written this quote? Adolf Hitler „My Struggle“ Chapter 6 „War Propaganda“ 2) Would you agree with this statement? Thank you for your patience…