Download ANSWERS TO CHAPTER 10

ANSWERS TO CHAPTER 10
CONTENT LEARNING ACTIVITY
Chemical Signals
A. 1. Intracellular chemical signals;
2. Intercellular chemical signals
B. 1. Autocrine; 2. Paracrine; 3. Hormones and
neurohormones; 4. Neuromodulators and
neurotransmitters; 5. Pheromones
Receptors
A. 1. Intracellular receptors; 2. Membrane-bound
receptors; 3. Intracellular receptors;
4. Membrane-bound receptors; 5. Intracellular
receptors; 6. Membrane-bound receptors;
7. Intracellular receptors
B. 1. Ion channels; 2. Enzymes; 3. G protein;
4. GTP; 5. cAMP; 6. cGMP; 7. Phosphate
Hormones
A. 1. Endocrine glands; 2. Exocrine glands;
3. Hormones; 4. Target tissues; 5. Receptors
B. 1. Protein; 2. Peptide; 3. Amino acid derivatives;
4. Steroids; 5. Prostaglandins
The Pituitary and Hypothalamus
A. 1. Hypothalamus; 2. Infundibulum;
3. Anterior pituitary; 4. Posterior pituitary
B. 1. Releasing hormones; 2. Hypothalamicpituitary portal system; 3. Nerve cells in
hypothalamus
Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
1. Growth hormone (GH), 2. Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH), 3. Luteinizing hormone (LH),
4. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),
5. Prolactin
Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary
1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 2. Oxytocin
The Thyroid Gland
A. 1. Thyroid follicles; 2. Thyroid hormones;
3. Parafollicular cells; 4. Calcitonin
B. 1. Hypothyroidism; 2. Hypothyroidism;
3. Hyperthyroidism; 4. Hypothyroidism
C. 1. Decreases; 2. Decreases; 3. Increases;
4. Increases; 5. Decreases
The Parathyroid Glands
A. 1. Increases; 2. Increases; 3. Increases;
4. Decreases; 5. Increases
B. 1. Hyperparathyroidism;
2. Hypoparathyroidism
The Adrenal Glands
1. Adrenal medulla; 2. Adrenal cortex
The Adrenal Medulla
1. Decrease; 2. Increase; 3. Increase; 4. Increase;
5. Increase
The Adrenal Cortex
A. 1. Glucocorticoids; 2. Cortisol;
3. Mineralocorticoids; 4. Aldosterone;
5. Androgens
B. 1. Increases; 2. Increases; 3. Decreases;
4. Increases
C. 1. Increases; 2. Decreases; 3. Increases;
4. Increases; 5. Decreases; 6. Increases;
7. Increases
The Pancreas, Insulin, and Diabetes
A. 1. Pancreatic islets; 2. Insulin; 3. Diabetes
mellitus; 4. Glucagon
B. 1. Decreases; 2. Increases; 3. Decreases;
4. Increases
C. 1. Decreases; 2. Increase; 3. Increases;
4. Increase; 5. Decrease
D. 1. Increase; 2. Decrease; 3. Increases;
4. Increase; 5. Increases; 6. Increases;
7. Decrease
The Testes and Ovaries
A. 1. Testosterone; 2. Increase; 3. Estrogen and
progesterone; 4. Menstrual cycle;
5. Ovaries; 6. Anterior pituitary hormones
B. 1. Increases; 2. Increase; 3. Decrease
Thymus Gland, Pineal Body, and Other Hormones
1. Thymosin; 2. Melatonin; 3. Digestive hormones; 4.
Prostaglandins; 5. Erythropoietin;
6. Human chorionic gonadotropin
QUICK RECALL
1.
Water balance, uterine contractions and milk release,
metabolism and tissue maturation, ion regulation, heart
rate and blood pressure regulation, blood glucose
control, immune system regulation, and reproductive
functions control
2. Autocrine chemical signals, paracrine chemical signals,
hormones, neurohormones, neuromodulators,
neurotransmitters, and pheromones
3. Proteins, peptides, amino acid derivatives, and lipids
4. Blood levels of chemicals, hormones, and nervous
system
5. Growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),
luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH), prolactin, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone
6. Anterior pituitary
7. Posterior pituitary
8. Adrenal cortex
9. Adrenal cortex
1
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Thyroid gland (parafollicular cells)
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
Ovaries
Anterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary
Pancreas
Pineal body
Parathyroid glands
Posterior pituitary
Ovaries
Thymus gland
Thyroid gland (follicle cells)
Testes
Anterior pituitary
Pancreas
WORD PARTS
1.
2.
3.
hormone
antidiuretic
antidiuretic
4.
5.
6.
adrenocorticotropic; gonadotropins
prolactin
prolactin
MASTERY LEARNING ACTIVITY
1.
A. An endocrine gland lacks a duct, releases its
secretions into the blood, and produces hormones.
2.
D. Other hormones, other chemicals in the blood,
and the nervous system all regulate hormone
secretion.
3.
B. Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse through the cell
membrane, and cause the production of new RNA,
which in turn guides the production of specific
proteins. Protein or peptide hormones bind to
receptors on the cell membrane and either increase
membrane permeability or activate intracellular
messengers.
10.
B. Removal of the thyroid gland eliminates
thyroid hormone production. In response to
decreased thyroid hormone secretion, TSH is
released in larger amounts. Calcitonin is released
by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid, and
removal of the thyroid stops calcitonin production.
11.
A. Parathyroid hormone has effects that increase
the calcium level in the blood. PTH increases the
breakdown of bone, releasing more calcium into the
blood, increases calcium reabsorption from the
urine, and increases active vitamin D formation.
12.
D. The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and
norepinephrine, which increase heart rate, blood
pressure, blood flow to skeletal muscle, metabolic
rate, and also increase amounts of glucose and
fatty acids in the blood. Blood flow to internal
organs is decreased.
4.
D. The pituitary gland is composed of two parts,
the anterior pituitary, which, during development,
is derived from the mouth, and the posterior
pituitary, which is derived from the brain.
5.
A. Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus
travel through blood vessels in the hypothalamicpituitary portal system and control the secretions
of the anterior pituitary.
13.
E. The adrenal cortex secretes three major classes
of steroids: glucocorticoids, of which cortisol is
the major example, mineralocorticoids, of which
aldosterone is the major example, and androgens.
6.
D. Hormones secreted in the posterior pituitary
are produced in the hypothalamus in neuron cell
bodies, travel to the posterior pituitary within the
axons of these neurons, and are released from the
axons. Posterior pituitary hormones include ADH
and oxytocin.
14.
E. Cortisol increases the breakdown of fats and
proteins and increase blood sugar levels. Cortisol
also decreases the intensity of the inflammatory
response.
15.
D. Aldosterone causes increased sodium and
water retention, but eliminates potassium from the
body.
16.
B. A decrease in blood pressure increases renin
production in the kidney. Renin causes the
formation of angiotensin I, which is converted into
angiotensin II. Angiotensin II increases
aldosterone production. Aldosterone increases
water retention, which increases blood volume
(and blood pressure). Angiotensin II also
constricts blood vessels, which helps raise blood
pressure.
17.
D. Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose and
amino acids, both of which can be used as an
energy source. In the liver and in skeletal muscle,
the glucose is stored as glycogen. In adipose tissue
glucose is converted to fat. The amino acids can be
used to synthesize proteins or glucose.
7.
A. Growth hormone stimulates the growth of
bones, muscles, and other organs by increasing
protein synthesis. It also resists protein
breakdown, and favors fat breakdown.
8.
D. Hypersecretion of growth hormone in children
can result in giantism. In adults, however, only
certain bones respond to the growth hormone,
resulting in a condition called acromegaly.
Dwarfism can be caused by hyposecretion of
growth hormone.
9.
C. LH and FSH are hormones produced in the
anterior pituitary that regulate growth and
function of the gonads. They stimulate sex hormone
production (LH), and production of sperm cells or
oocytes (FSH).
2
18.
E. Symptoms consistent with hyposecretion of
insulin would include acidosis, hyperglycemia,
increased urine production, thirst, and hunger.
19.
E. All of these hormones are secreted in response
to decreased blood glucose levels.
✰
20.
E. Thymosin helps in the development of T cells in
the thymus gland. Erythropoietin is secreted by the
kidneys in response to reduced oxygen levels in the
blood. Human chorionic gonadotropin is produced
by the placenta; its function is similar to LH.
Melatonin is produced by the pineal body, and is
thought to play a role in the onset of puberty.
Prostaglandins are produced in many tissues; they
do not travel long distances, and cause blood
vessel dilation, smooth muscle contraction,
inflammation, and pain.
F INAL CHALLENGES
✰
1.
Rapid sexual development in a prepubertal boy is
indicative of hypersecretion of sex steroids. The
two most likely tissues are the testes and adrenal
glands. Because the testes are of normal size, it is
possible that removal of an adrenal tumor could
cure the boy.
3.
Pheochromocytoma results in overproduction of
epinephrine and norepinephrine by the adrenal
medulla. These chemicals produce the same effects
as stimulation of the sympathetic division of the
autonomic nervous system (see chapter 8).
Consequently, one expects dilated pupils.
2.
Without sufficient iodine, thyroid hormones are
not synthesized. Without the negative feedback
effects of thyroid hormones, TSH levels would be
elevated.
4.
With low levels of cortisol, ACTH production is
not inhibited by negative feedback.
3