Download 3 TYPES OF FAULTS (MOTIONS) 3 TYPES OF VOLCANOES

3 TYPES OF FAULTS (MOTIONS)
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1. NORMAL: MOTION=APART, ONE BLOCK DROPS,
FAULT-BLOCK MOUNTAINS FORM AT THESE FAULTS
1. Primary waves are the fastest seismic waves.
2. REVERSE: MOTION=TOGETHER, ONE BLOCK RISES
FOLDED MOUNTAINS FORM AT REVERSE FAULTS &
CONTINENTAL-CONTINENTAL CONVERGENT
BOUNDARIES
3. STRIKE-SLIP: MOTION=SIDE BY SIDE
3 TYPES OF VOLCANOES
1. SHIELD: LOW SILICA LAVA FLOWS EASILY AND
SPREADS OUT IN THIN LAYERS.
MAUNA LOA, Hawaii: Highest and most active volcano in
the world.
2. CINDER CONE: STEEP, CONE SHAPED HILL MADE
OF A PILE OF ROCK FRAGMENTS THROWN INTO
THE AIR WHEN GASSY MAGMA ERUPTS. THEY
CAN FORM ON THE SIDES OF OTHER VOLCANOES.
3 TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES
Also called ‘P’ waves
First to reach the surface after an Earthquake.
Travel through solids/liquids/gases
Motion= side to side
2.Secondary waves, called ‘S’ or “Shear” waves
2nd seismic waves to arrive after an earthquake.
Speed= about half as fast as ‘P’ waves.
Motion: up/down
Travel through solids, but not liquids or gases.
3.Surface or Longitudinal waves “L Waves”
These waves travel along Earth’s surface.
motion= rolling up/down or shaking side-to-side
Speed is slowest of all seismic waves.
Cause most ground movement & damage
SEISMOGRAPH, SEISMOGRAM, SEISMOLOGIST
Seismograph=machine that measures seismic waves
Seismogram=output of machine
Seismologist=person who studies seismic waves
3.COMPOSITE: LARGE, CONE SHAPED VOLCANO
BUILT OF LAYERS OF LAVA AND ROCK. PASTY
MAGMA IS HIGH IN SILICA.THEY HAVE VIOLENT
ERUPTIONS. GAS PRESSURE BUILDS AS LAVA
PLUGS OPENINGS. ALSO CALLED STRATO
VOLCANOES..
Mt. St. Helens and Mt. Vesuvius are composite volcanoes.
WRITING: EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Lava flows: burn everything in their path
Volcanic Ash: can cause roofs to collapse, clog up machinery, suffocate living things.
Mudflows: can bury entire towns
Pyroclastic flows: superhot volcanic gas and ash, 1500ºF, up to 100mph.
Landslides: can cause damage or even tsunami if it happens under the sea.
6. Steam explosions: magma comes in contact with water and causes an explosion.
7. Release of dangerous gases: (water vapor is also released)
a. Carbon Dioxide b. Sulfur Dioxide c. Hydrogen Sulfide
1. Folded mountain: Mountains that form as an oceanic plate sinks under the edge of a continental
plate or as two continents collide. These form when two continental plates push together.
2. Fault-block mountain: Mountains that form as blocks of rock move up or down along normal faults.
3. Epicenter: Scientists usually name an earthquake after the city that is closest to this.
4. Seismograph: Scientists use this device to determine an earthquake’s magnitude & strength, and
to locate the focus.
5. Earthquake: A shaking of the ground caused by the sudden movement of large blocks of rock
along a fault. Some cause tsunamis.
6. Fault: A fracture or break in Earth’s lithosphere along which blocks of rock move past each other.
These form as the lithosphere is stretched and pulled apart by forces within Earth. Along some parts
of this, the rock on either side may slide along slowly and constantly, while at other parts the rock may
stick together.
7. Focus: The point underground where rocks first being to move. Seismic waves travel outward from
this.
8. Stress: The force exerted when an object presses on, pulls on, or pushes against another object.
A sudden release of this in the lithosphere causes an earthquake.
9. geyeser A type of hot spring that shoots water into the air. This forms where water collects in an
underground chamber then erupts through a narrow channel.
10. Tsunami: A water wave triggered by an earthquake, volcanic eruption, or landslide.
11. Pyroclastic flow: A dense cloud of super-hot gases and rock fragments that races downhill. These
flows can be as hot as 800°C and can travel faster than 60 miles per hour.
12. Seismograph: An instrument that constantly records ground movements.
13. Acid rain: Rain that contains high amounts of acid. Volcanoes can result in this, but a bigger
source is human pollution.
14. Aftershock: A smaller earthquake that follows a more powerful earthquake in the same area.
Structures weakened by an earthquake can collapse later during shaking caused by these.
15. Volcano: An opening in Earth’s crust through which molten rock, rock fragments, and hot gases
erupt. Any mountain that is built up from erupted material is called this. About 80 % of these occur in
a belt around the edges of the Pacific Ocean in the Ring of Fire.
16. Caldera: A crater formed after a volcanic eruption when the sides of the rim collapse. This forms
as the top of a volcano collapses into its emptied magma chamber.
17. Seismic waves: Energy travels through these vibrations caused by earthquakes. For earthquakes, these are recorded by sensitive instruments around the world.
18. Liquefaction: A process in which shaking causes soil to act like a liquid. This occurs only in areas
where the soil is made up of loose sand and silt and contains a large amount of water.
19. Lava: Magma that flows onto the surface.
20. cinder: Volcanic rock fragments that contain holes and tunnels left by escaping gases. These are
larger than ash but smaller than volcanic bombs and blocks.
WRITING ASSIGNMENT PORTION OF TEST:
(USE YOUR TEXTBOOK TO PREPARE)
(FRONT AND BACK!)