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Transcript
Pituitary Gland Prepared by Yousaf khan Nomenclature • Pituitary – Greek • ptuo (to spit) – Latin • Pituita (mucus) – Mucus was produced by the brain and was excreted through the nose by the pituitary Pituitary • Pituitary – “Master” gland – Pituitary gland also called the hypophysis – Small gland ( about 1 cm in diameter and 0.5 to 1 gm in weight) – That lies in the sella turicica – Connect to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk – Most of the pituitary hormones control other endocrine glands Pituitary Gland Pituitary gland is divisible into two distinct Portion • Anterior pituitary ( adenohypophysis) - originate from the glandular tissue • Posterior pituitary ( neruohypophysis ) - consist of neural tissue and is essentially an extension of the brain • b/w avascular zone called pars intermedia Pars intermedia Pituitary gland As the extension of brain the posterior pituitary Contain axon from neuron in the hypothalamus, These neuron produce two hormone release From the posterior pituitary Pituitary Portal System • Hypophyseal arteries – From carotid – Superior • 80-90% to adenophysis – Inferior • Posterior pituitary • Posterior lobe – Rich nerve supply – Unmyelinated nerves Hormones Of The Anterior Pituitary • 6 main hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis: – Growth hormone • GH promotes growth of the entire body by affecting protein formation, cell multiplication and cell differentiation – Thyroid-stimulating hormone • TSH control rate of secretion of thyroxine and triiodothyronine by the thyroid gland and these hormones control the rate of most interacellular chemical reaction in the body – Adrenocorticotropic hormone • ACTH control the secretion of some of the adrenocortical hormones Hormones Of The Anterior Pituitary – Prolactin Prolactin promotes mammary gland development and milk production – Follicle-stimulating hormone – Luteinizing hormone • control growth of the ovaries and testes as well as their hormonal and reproductive activities Hormones of the posterior pituitary gland • The two hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary play other roles • Antidiuretic hormone ( also called vasopressin) control the concentration of water in the body fluids. • Oxytocin help express milk from the glands of the breast to the nipples during suckling and help in the delivery of the at the end of gestation Major Pituitary Gland Hormones Growth Hormone (GH) Gland source: adenohypophysis Cell: somatropes Hormone: Growth hormone ( GH: Somatotropin) Chemistary: Single chain of 191 amino acids Physiologogical Action: Stimulates body growth: stimulate secretion of IGF-1, stimulate lipolysis, inhibits action of insulin on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism Adrenocorticotropic hormone Gland source: adenohypophysis Cell: corticotropes Hormones: adrenocortictropic hormones Chemistary: single chain of 39 amino acids Physiological action: stimulate production of glucocorticoids and androgen by the adrenal cortex Thyroid stimulation hormone Gland source: Adenohypophysis Cell: Thyrotropes Hormones: TSH Physiological action: stimulates production of thyroid hormones by thyroid follicular cell, Maintain size of follicular cell Follicle-stimulating hormon Source of gland: Adenohypophysis Cell: Gonadotropes Hormone: FSH, Luteinizing hormone Chemistry: Glycoprotein of two subunits, alpha ( 89 Amino acid) and beta ( 112 amino acid) and Glycoprotein of two subunits, ( 89 Amino acid) and beta ( 115 amino acid) Phsiological Action: Stimulates development of Ovarian follicles, regulates spermatogenesis in the testis, causes ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum in the ovary, stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovary, stimulates testosteron production by the testis Prolactin (PRL) Gland source: adenohypophysis Cell: lactotropes, mamotropes Chemistry: single chain of 198 amino acid Physiological action: Stimulates milk secretion and production Hormones Of The posterior Pituitary Antidiutetic Hormone Physiological action: Increases water reabsorption by the kidney and cause vasoconstriction and increase blood pressuer Oxytocin Physiological action: Stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contraction Thank you