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PREVIEWING Classical Greece, 2000 B.C.-300 '1 Section Section 5 The Spread of Hellenistic Culture Section Section B.C. THE CHAPTER Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea 111 r 115 Warring City-States 120 Democracy and Greece's Golden Age 128 Alexander-Empire Builder 'I 2 3 4 Section II ower and Authority Egypt, Persia, and China, ders had claimed their Irthly power as a divine Jht. In the Greek city-state , Athens, a new form of )Vernment developed- ?mocracy-in which tizens had the authority :ercise power. to the philosopher Socrates spoke efore his death. A jury found him ng the gods and of teaching oung people. His sentence was ,on. Socrates stated that he cause "no evil can befall a good Jeath." Jacques Louis David I Socrates' end in 1787. ultural Interaction Ie Minoans troduced )uthwest of Crete had Egyptian and Asian cultural eas to Greek-speaking peoes. In turn, the conqueror exander the Great spread reek culture throughout uch of Asia. Greek and ;ian cultures then blended create Hellenistic culture. mpire Building Irlier conquerors, such as the 'rsians, had created empires at contained many diverse ·oples. Alexander conquered e Persian Empire to create a st new empire of his own. ;"~":' .... ~'. :i- ~~_.~. '!~._:~ ( .. i;:Ji.,<J::7.1<,W. ,-- > ~- ,.', -i"-i.;!;':.;'>,,'·.· ••. ~,_',· '. r,. "',.\' ,c.. , .. , .... - -" ..•..... 132 Interact \7\I' with History l hat is when the first mind youthing thinkthat of comes ancient to Greece? You can learn much ahout what a UllJat {lid culture valnes (i'OJ11 its works of alt, literature, and fJ'OJ11 the statements of its leaders and tlJe (;reells phiJosophers. Look at these f~lInousworks of /' );:. VatUe! 1 g) art fi'OJ11Greece and read the quotations . \j;.''I (f;"J . \I \ SETTING THE STAGE In ancient times, Greece was uot a united conntrv. It was a collection of separate lands where Greek-speaking peoplc lived, By 200() B.C., thc Minoans Jived on the largc Greek ishmd of Crete. The Minoans created an elegant civilization that had grcat power in the Mediterranean world. At the same time, Iudo.European peoples migrated from the plains along the Black Sea and Anato1ia, The Indo-Europeans settled in mainland Greece. Seaborne commercial networks spread as well as resources throughout the eastern Mediterranean. hheriver-god: .. Achelous took . the form of a bulband attacked '1 him fiercely. , . but Hercules'. conquered hiin and broke off one of his horns," Edith Hamilton, in ) i i j i Mythology Geography Shapes Greek Life ,j ) (from Apollodorus) Ancient Greece consisted mainly of a mountainous peninsula jutting out into the Mediterranean Sea. It also included approxim<ltely I,4()() islands in the Aegean This Greek vase depicts the mythological hero Hercules. noted for his strength and courage. battling Acbelnus. (ih.JEE.nhn) and Ionian (eye.OH.nee.ulm) seas. Lands on the western coast of AnatoJia were also part of ancient Greece. (See the map on page 112,) The region's Il' ~\t I This stone relief panel ~f Democracy Athens was placed in the marketplace, citizens could see it daily. "Our 'constitution The Sea The sea shaped Greek chilization just as livers shaped the ,mcient civilizations of Egy1)t, the Fertile Crescent, India, and China. In one sense, the Greeks did not live "" a land but arollnd a sea. Greeks rarely traveled more than 85 miles to reach the coastline, \ ! 1;i \\'\, The Aegean Sea, the Ionian Sea, and the neighboring Black Sea were important transportation routes for the Greek people. These liquid highways linked IllOst parts of Greece. As the Greeks became skilled sailors, sea travel also connected Greece \\ith other societies. Sea travel and trade were also important because Greece itself was poor in natural resources. Greece lacked timber, precions metals, and usable fann]and. Jit ./ .'It\ crowning t where The Greeks often used scul is called a graceful democracy because power is in the hands not of a minority but of the whole people." maidens, called c as building support column "For we are lovers beautiful, yet sim our tastes. "," Pericles, an Athenian statesman Thucydides, EXAMINING • What does the relief panel suggest about the role of democracy in Greek society? • What special qualities athletes possess? I physical geography directly shaped Greek traditions amI customs. cia heroes and • Why \/\/ould the Greeks carve a statue of a lovely \MOman onto a building column or decorate their pottery with a heroic scene? tlJe The Land Hugged mountains covered of ancient Greece. Mountaius ,livided ber o[ different regions. The mountain from northwest to southeast along the a historial They significantly inHuenced Greek political life. Unlil,e the Eg)1)tians or the Chinese, it was dilhenlt to nnite the ancicllt Greeks under a single govennnenl. Greece devc]oped small, inde- ISSUES Break into small groups amI talk about what commou elemeuts you see in these artworks. Also discuss what the quotes tell you abont Greek culture and ideals. In what ways doyou thiuk Greek values still inHuence us today? TORY " nus As you read abont ancient Greece-its history, culture, and forms of govenunent-uote what roles these ideals played in Greek society eve!- ~iety? pendent com1l1unities within each little valley and its snrrounding mOllntains. Most Greeks gave their loyalty to these local c01l1l11unities. In ancient times, the uneveu terrain also made Jalld trausportation dimenlt. Early Greek roads were little l110re than dirt paths. For example, the city-state of Sparta was only about 60 miles from Olympia, the site of the OlympiC Games. Yet it took Spartans almost seven days to travel that distance. Milch of the land itself was stony and only a small part of itapproximately 20 percent-was 110 about three-fourths the Jand into a mllnchains ran mainly Balkau peninsllia. Chapter ,5 ~," ·.'1 t .( arable, or suitable [or fanning. Nestled at the base of a mountain range, this coasta1 Greek city has a rugged shoreline. ! vcenae, a warrior-king ruled the surrounding villages and farms. Similar Mvcenaean alace-folts dotted the southem part of Greece. Influential and militaristic n;lers conoiled the Mycenaean commuuities in towns such as Tiryns and Athens. These kings aminated Greece hom about 1600 to 1200 B.C. ulture ~_. . ~! Mediterranean EOGRAPHY SKlllBUllDER: Interpreting Maps Movement Based on the map, how did Greek traders conduct most of their trade? Human-Environment Interaction How might the topography or surface features of Greece have affected communications among early Greek settlements? Tiny but fertile valleys covered about one-fourth of Greece. The small streams that watered these valleys were not suitable for large-scale inigation projects. \Vith so little fertile farmland or fresh water for irrigation, Greece was never able to support a large population. It is estimated that no more than a few million people lived in ancient Greece at any given time. Even this small population couldn't expect the land to support a life of luxUlY. As a result, the Greeks based their diet on basic staple crops such as grains, grapes, and olives. A desire for more living space, grassland for raising livestock, and adequate farmland may have been Elctors that motivated the Greeks to seek new sites for colonies. The Climate Clinwte was the third important environmental inflllellce on Greek civilizatioll, Greece has a varied climate with temperatures averaging 48 degrees Fahrcnheit in the winter and so (legrees Fahrenheit in the slimmer. In ancient times, these moderate temperatures supported an outdoor life I()r mauy Greek citizens. Meu spent much of their leisme time at outdoor public events, They met often to discuss public issues, exchange news, amI take an active part in civic life. Mycenaean Civilization Develops As Chapter 3 explained, a largc wave of Indo- Emopeans migrated hom the Eurasian steppes to Enrope, India, and Southwest Asia, Some of these people who settled on the Greek mainland aronnd 2000 B.C. were later kno,,"l as Mycenaeans, The name came Ii'om their leading city, Mycenae (my-SEE.nee). Mycenae was located on a steep, rocky ridge and surrounded by a protcctive wall up to 20 feet thick. The fOltified city of Mycenae could withstand almost any attack. From :hapter 5 and Trade The nobles who lived within the I())tresses enjoyed a life of sur- rising splendor. They feasted ill great halls ,35 feet wide and 50 feet long. During banuets, the firelight from a huge circular hearth glittered on a dazzling variety of gold ,itchers and silver cups. When the royal Mycenaeans died, they were bmied ,,~th their richest treasures. \Vanior-kings won their enormous wealth by controlling local production and commercial trade. They also led their armies in search of plunder. However, few other Mycenaeaus had the wealth of the warTior-kings. \Vealthy lungs of the Bronze Age (2000-1100 B.C.) wielded bronzc weapons and drank from cups of gold. The comIlion pcople us cd tools madc limn less cxpcnsive materials such as stonc and wood. Most werc farmers, but others worked as weavers, goat herders, or stoncmasons. The wanior-kiugs of Mycenae also invaded Crete. The Minoan ch~lization had flourished on Crete for GOO years. The civilization ended ablllptly and mysteliously in 1400 B.C. The Mycenaean invasions prevented the Minoans from rebuilding. However, the Mycenaeans preserved elements of Minoan culture by making it part of their m'~l lives. From their contact with the Minoans, the l'vlycenaeans saw the value of seaborne trade. Mycenaean traders sailed to islands in the Aegean, coastal towns of Allatolia, and to cities in S)~ia, Egypt, Italy, and Crete. The Minoans influenced Mycenaean culture in other ways as well. The Mycenaeans adapted the Minoan wliting system to the Greek language and decorated vases with Minoan designs. Their legacy survived in the form of legends. These legends later formed the core of Greek religious practice, mt, politics, and literature. 'Vestern civilization has roots in these early Greek chilizations. Greek stories tell of their army's capture of the legendary city o!Troy. Some scholars think that the hollow wooden horse of Western literature may actually have been a gigantic siege engine or battering ram. The Trojan War About 1200 B.C. the Mycenaean kings fought a ten-year war against Troy, an independent trading city located in Anatolia. According to legend, a Greek army besieged and destroyed Troy because a Trojan youth had kidnapped Helen, the beautiful ,,~fe of a Greek king. For many years, histOlians thought that the legendary stories told of tile Tm,jan War were totally fictional. Then around 1870, a German archaeologist, Heinrich Schliemann, began excavating a hill in nOlthwcstern Turkey. He found the remains of nine layers of city life, oue of which may date from this time perind. His discoveries suggest that the stolies of the Trojan \Var may have been bascd on real cities, people, and events. In 1988, another German histOlian, Manfred Korfinann, excavated an ancient mmitime cemetery near the hill believed to be the site of ancient Troy. AJthough some scholars disagree, Korfmann believes the Trojan \Var was a struggle for control of a crucial waterway in the Aegean Sea. In any event, the attack on Troy was probably one of the last campaigns of the Mycenaeans. Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians Not long after the Trojan 'Var; Mycenaearl civ~lization collapsed. Around 1200 B.C., sea raiders attacked and burned palace after palace. At Mycenae, a layer of ashes from a tenible fire covered the entire palace site. According to traditiou, a new group of people, the Dodans (DAWR;ee.uhllZ), Jlloved into this war-torn couutryside. The DOlians spoke a dialect of Greek and were distant relatives of the Bronze Age Greeks. The Dorians were far less advanced than the Mycenaean Greeks. The centralized economy collapsed and trade eventually came to a standstill vvith their an'ival. Most Classical Greece 113 THINK important to historians, Greeks appear to have temporarily f()rgotten the mt of wliting during the DOJian Age. No written record exists from the 400-year period belween 1 LSO and 7.50 B.C. v\lithout written records, little is known about this period of decline. THROUGH B. l\1aking Inf~rences was HISTO~Y Why the oral tradition during the Dorian Epics of Homer Lacking writing, the Greeks of this time learned ahout the Trojan \Var through the spokeu word. Their greatest st(JI)teller, according to Greek tradition, was a hlindman named Homer. Little is known of his personal life. Some historians Age important to later historians? believe Homer composed his epics, narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds, betweeu 750 and 700 B.C. The Trojan \Var forms the backdrop for Homer's two great epic poems, Tile Iliad amI Tile Odyssey. The heroes of The Wad are waniors: the fierce Greek, Achilles (uh·KIHL·eez), and the courageous and nohle Hector of Troy. lu the ()lIowing drlllnatic excerpt, Hedor's wife begs him not to fight Achilles: I marble ·e of mus, a ,or onemster, in ; The A VOICE FROM THE PAST "0 Hector, your courage will be your destruction; and you have no pity on your little son or on me, who will soon be your widow ... if I lose you, it would be better for me to die .... " Then tall Hector ... answered, "Wife, I too have thought upon all this, But I would feel deep shame if like a coward I stayed away from battle. All my life I have learned to be brave and to fight always in the front ranks of the Trojans, winning glory for myself .... " HOMER, The Iliad v. Hedor's response to his wife gives insight into the Greek heroic ideal of "rete (ar.uh.TAY), meaning virtue and excellence. A Greek could display this '\ ideal on the battlefield, in combat, or in athletic contests. Homer's other epic, Tile Ocilrssey, concerns the adventures of Odysseus (oh.DIH.see.uhs). Odysseus uses his wits and trickery to defeat the --x: Trojans. Much of this epic is set after the war. It concenls his ten-year joumey home and the strange and mysterious lands Odysseus visits along the way. Greeks Create Myths The Greeks developed a rich set of myths, or tradi- tional stories, about their gods. Through these myths, the Greeks sought to understand the mysteJies of nature and the power of human passions. Myths explained the changing of the seasous, for example. Greeks attJibuted human qualities, such as love, hate, and jealousy, to their gods. The gods quarreled and competed \\~th each other constantly. However, unlike humans, the gods lived forever. Zeus, the ruler of the gods, lived on Mount Olympus with his \\~fe, Hera. lIera was often jealous of Zeus' relationships with other wOlllen. Athena, goddess of wisdom, was Zeus' daughter and Ids [\Vorite chi],], The Greeks thonght of Athena as the gnardian of cities, especially of Athens, which was named in her honor. You \\~Il learn about Athens and other eities in Section 2. Section oRMS & NAMES entify V1ycenaeans TrojanWar Dorians Homer epics sea myths 0 3. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS 2. TAI<ING NOTES Re-create the graph below on your paper and fillin examplesof how geographyaffected early Greekcivilization. Geographic land climate Feature Assessment Effects Why didthe lack of writing represent a setback to the developmentof Greekcivilization? Cultural Interaction Whyd( you thinkthat early Greekepics and mythsare so weii knownan studied in today's society? THINK ABOUT • Minoanand Mycenaean accomplishments • uses of writing • other forms of communication . Chapter ,5 4. ANALYZING THEMES THINK ABOUT • arete • Greekideals compared to idea in today's world • early Greeks' purpose of storytelling SETTING THE STAGE After the sea peoples invaded mainland Greeee around ]200 ILC., the Dorians 1Il00TrIinto thC' area. Greek civilization experienced a period of dedine during thC' Dorian perioc!. After many centuries, Dorians and Mvcenac':ms alike identified less with the eultun' of' their ancestors and more with th,>ir loeal city-statC', By 7,50 B.C. the Gre"'" saw the rise of powerful city-states. Rule and Order in Greek City-States By 1,50 B.C., the city-state, or polis, was the fundamental political unit iu aneieut Grcece. A polis was made up of a city and its sUITolnHling eouutryside, which included numerous villa?:es. Most eit)'-states eoutrolled betweC'n ,50 and -SOO square miles of territmy. The)' were often home to fewer than 20,000 residC'nt'. At the agora (the public center). or on a !')J'tified hiJItop called an aeropolis (uh-KHAHI'·ull'lihs), l11alecitizens gathered to conduct business. Greek Political Structures There were many ways to rule a Greek polis. In some citY-stales, much like Ji\'cr-valley ci\ilizations. kin?:s or monarchs ruled in 'J government callcd a momU'chy. In timC', some city-states adopted an aristoeracy (,\H,"h,STAHKmh·see), a government ruled bv a small group of nohle, land-OIming bmilies. These Vel)' )ich families often gained political power after working in a kin?:" militmy cavahy. LatCJ; as trade expanded, a new dass of wealthy merchants and artisans cmergeel in some cities. '\lhen these gronps became elissatisfied \\ith mistocratic rule, they sometimes took power or shared it with the nobiJity They I(mned an oligarchy, a go"ernment mleel by a few powerfllipeople. The idea of representati\'e go"ernment also began to take root ill many city-states. Re?:arelless of its political stmclure, cach polis enjoyed a dose-knit commnnity. !vIost Greeks looked tlown on all non-Creek 1()J'('i?:m,rs, whom tbey consick-red barharians. A New l<ind of Army Emerges DlII'ing the Dorian Age, on Iv the rich cOllld an())'(1 hronze spears, sbielels, breastplates, alld ~hariots. Iron l::ter rel;Iaced bronzc in tbe 1llal111f~lctllreof weapons. Harder than bronze, iron \\'as lnon' com mOil and therefore eheaper. Soon, ordinary citizens cOllld aff()!'(l to ann and defend tlwl)lsclVl's. The shift frolll bronze to iron weapons maele possible a new kil](1 of army COIlIposeel of Jlwrcbants, artisans, anel smailialldowners. Citizens were expccted to defend the polis. Foot soldiers, called hoplitcs, stood side by side, holding a spear iJl one hand and a shield in the othe!'. Tbis fearsome formation, or phalanx (F'AY·lanks), was the most powerful fighting {()rce ill the ancient world. Armed with spears, shields, and protective headgear, Greek foot soldiers marched into battle. Artists often recreated scenes like the one pictured above on Greek pottery. Tyrants Seize Power No ruler eoultl ignore the power of the citizcr.-soldiers. In mallY city-states, unemployed bnncrs anel debt-)ielden artisans joined in rev· lIt against the Classical Greece 115 I II nobles. Powerfi,l indi\iduals. called lyranls, gaim·d control oj' till' go""nuncnt bvappeal- IIII·················~·····.... 1 -Athens I Builds ing to the poor and the discont<'nted [,)r snpport. The rule of some dty-statcs passed from one tV!"antto tlw m,xt as c01npetiug gronps took po\ver. Other cities, however, {(HllId new ways of govcrning. AlIlCmg these city-states were two of tl"" most powerful. Sparta and Athens. Located in thl' southern part of Gn'ece known as the Peloponnesns (l'I':III ..llh.p"h.1\' EEsns). Sparta was nearly cnt 01'1'fi'01n the n'st oj' Greece by thc Gulf of Coriuth. (S['e the map ou pag" 112.) Unlike other city-states. Spmia bnilt a lnilitarv state. 'TLIGRrON :'.~. > •.••••• ' •• '. urior-Women s of an armyoffierce nen calledAmazonshave lers forcenturies.Legend ,e Amazonsfoughtand Ihiletheir husbands cleaned. Skilledarchers Dominates Messenians While oth"r city-states J()Ilmled Political Developments in Athens Like other city-states, Athens went through a power struggle between lich awl poor. However, Athenians avoided civil war by making timely reforms. Athenian reformers tried to create democracy, rule by the people. In Athens, citizens participated directly in political decision making. Not everyone in Athens had a part in this new I,mn of political participation. Only hee adult males counted as eitizens. \Vomeu, slaves, and foreigners living in Athens were excluded from citizenship and had few rights. Slaves f'Jrlned about one-third of the Athenian population. They worked in mines, farmed fields, and did housework. coloni"s abroad. Sparta conquered neighborlng Messenia around 72.S B.C. and took over the laud. The Mcssenians became helols (HEll L· uhts), peasants {,)rced to slay ou the land they worked. Each yeal; the Spartans demanded half of thee helots' yearly crop. Around 600 B.C .. the Messenial1S, who outnnmbered thl' Spartans eight to one. revolted. The Spartans jnst barely pnt dm\1J the revolt, amI then declieated themselves to the creation of a strong city-state. women, Amazons were Sparta's killbeforemarrying. uries historiansdismissed Amazonsas fantasy. vever,Russianand rchaeologistsunearthed idence.In Pokrovka. , they dug up44burial ;idethey foundthe f womenburiedwith iron daggers. ts thinkthese ancient / have inspiredGreek ·se findshave also cast 1the roles ofwomen longago. An assembly, composed of all free adult males, elected ot1kials lUlcl voted on major issues. The seeoml gronp was the Conncil of Elders. It proposed laws on which the assembly voted. Five ele<:ted off1cials called ephors carried out the laws the council passed. These men controlled edueation amI prosecnted court cases. In addition, two kings ruled over Sparta's militmy. Like its political structure, Sparta's population was diverse and consisted of several social groups. The first were citizellS descended from the original inhabitants of the region. This group included the ruling families who owned the laml. A second group, noncitizens hut free, worked in commerce and inclnsl1y. The helots, near the hottom Government and Society Two groups gm'erued Sparta. In general, Atbenian women focused their attention on child reming, weaving cloth, preparing meals, anel managing the household. In this excerpt, a Greek histOlian describes what a husband expected from his wife: Background The kings of Sparta were not monarchs in the traditional sense but hereditary military A VOICE FROM THE PAST You will need to stay indoors .... The greatest joy of all will be to prove yourself ... a better helpmate to myself and to the children, a better guardian of our home, so will your honor increase .... [By being dutiful] you will enjoy your food, grow vigorous in health, and your complexion will in very truth be lovelier. leaders. of Spartan society, were a little higher than slaves. Smne also served as household servants or worked for the citizen hoplite warriors. XENOPHON, Spartan Education rlll army in Greece, bnt they paid a high price for that position. All forms of individual expression were discouraged. As a reslllt, Spartans did not value the arts and had practically no time 1'01' artistic expression. Spartans valned duty, strength, and discipline over individllality, beauty, and freedom. )te1' 5 Oeconomicus For men, daily life centered around military training. Traiuiug was rigorous. At the age of seven, hoys left home and moved into army barracks. 'Vearing no shoes, they marched in light tllllieS dnriug the clay and slept on hard benches at night. Trainees glllped down meager meals or coarse blaek porridge. Such schooling prodllced tough soldiers. Spartan girls also led hanly lives. Although they did not reeeive military training, they ran, wrestled. amI played sports. Like the hoys, they also learned to pllt serviee to Sparta above even love or ramily. As adults, women managed the ramily estates while their husbands serVl'd the polis. Althougb Spartall womell did 1I0t have the right to vote. their roles ill Spartall sodety smprisecl meu frolll other Greek citystates. This was particlilarly trlle in Athl'ns, where dtizens expc'cted womell to remain ont of sight alld qllietly raise children. From aronud600 ulltil :371 B.C., the Spartaus had the most power- 'I' In adelition to baving no part in government, tle to do with the dty's intellectual life. women had very lit- .i !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! •••••• ,~ _ ~"_ Located on a rocky hill in eastern Greece, Athens lay to the north of Sparta. (See the Illap on page 112.) In outlook and valnes, Athens contrasted 5ha'1)ly with Spluia. An amhassador Ii'om the city-state of Corinth once compared the Spartans to the Athenians in a speech to the Spartan assembly. He told the Spartans that though they had the strongest army in Greece, they were too cautions. lIe also said that the Spartans lacked imagination and cmiosity. Athenians, he said, were always eager to learn new ideas because they had been erlncated to think and act as Fornl!i"ofGovernment fi'ee people. , t: ' ' Sparta Builds a Military State Sparta a Limited Democracy :1 .. - .. ' , .. ."", ' .. ..... ' .. , .,' ,'.', ••• ·-....iI' . . _ •. :,>,,' ..... I i ,f;,'; ,r ~~~"-~' ·)t"iM .. ~"\. ~t~, '''..:... , • State ruled bynobility • Ruleis hereditary and based on land own'"rship • Socialstatus and wealth support rulers' authority • Practiced in Athens (594 B.C.) . ~ . ~ .' • 'J • " ,.~~~\~t~1!~A.~~11mt~')I D~~ • State ruled bya smallgroup of citizens • Ruleis based on wealth • Rulinggroup controls military • Practiced in Sparta (800-600 B.C.) • State ruled byits citizens • Ruleis based on citizenship • Majorityrule decides vote • Practiced in Athens 1461 B.c.1 SKlllBUllDER: Interpreting Charts 1. Which forms of government Spartan women, such as the runner below, took part in athletic contests. I 1 ~ . • State ruled by a king • Ruleis hereditary • Some rulers claimdivineright • Practiced in Mycenae (1450 B.C.) Solon's Political and Economic Reforms Hepeated clashes feature rule based on wealth occurred between the mistocrats who governed Athens and the COII'or property ownership? mon people. A gronp of peasants ('oiled an attempt by an Athenian 2. In which form of government do citizens have the most nobleman namecl Cylon (SI.lullll) to establish a tyranny. In return, power? they demanded a Wlitten code of laws. In 621 B.C., the Greek ]awmaker Draco wrote the first legal code, dealing mainly with contra<:ts and propeliy ownership. Draeo's code inclnded snch nnfair practices as debt slavelY, in wbich small Iilnners worked as slaves to repay their debts. As a result, conflicts between the aristocrats' and the poor continued. To prevent civil war, in 594 B.C. the aristocrats chose a trusted statesman named Solon (SO·luhn) to head the government. Athenians gave him full power to reform the law. Solon ontlawed debt slavel)'. He allowed all eitizens to participate and debate policies in the Athenian assembly. In another politieallIlove, Solon introduced the legal concept that any citizen could bring charges against wrongdoers. In addition, his economic reforms benefited many. For example, by encouraging the export of grapes and olives, Solon initiated a profitable C)verseas trade and demand for these products. Although Solon initiated political and economic changes, he neglected land reforms. At the end of his rule, fighting erupted benveen wealthy landowners amI the poor Classical Greece 117 hlrlners. Around .546 B.C., a nobleman and militlll)' leader named Pisistratns (py-SIS. truh.tuhs) seized power and hecame one of Athens' first tyrants. Sceking power at the expense of the nohles, hc provided fnnds to help peasants buy hmn erl'tipment. He financed this ref()]"Jnby a t'l' 011 agricultnral prodnction. Pisistratus also lanncheel a tllassive hnilding program that gave jobs to the poor anel earned hinl their sLlpport. Spartans' valiant sacJifice-ali were killed-lllade a great itnprcssio]1 on all Greeks. Meanwhile, in Athens, the citizens Re"forms of Cleisthenes Beginning in .50S B.C., thc Athenian leader Clcisthenes (KLYS.thuh.NICI>:Z) intr()(lucecl (in-ther refartlls. He workeel to make Athens a hIll debated how best to dek,ml the city. Themistoclps, an Athenian statesman, convinced Athenians to evacuate the democracy by reorganizing the assembly to break up the power of the nobility. IIe also increaseel the power of the assembly hy al10wing al1 citizens to snhmit laws f()!' dehate and passage. Cleisthcnes then created the Conneil of Five Ilrmdred. This hody proposcd laws and counseled the assemhly. Conncilmemhers were chosen hy lot, or at random. \Vhile these re!(JI"lnsallowed Athenian citizens to participate in a limiled democracy, only one-fifth of Athenian resilients were IINECTtoTODAY actualcitiwns. :'·,·j·\""",·;"_a .iI a secret path around the elil1s. Fearing defeat, the Spartans held the pass while the other Greek {(m:es retreated. The 1 THIlIK IHROUGH HIS10RY B. Contrasting would How you comp;:He the ideals of Spartan and Athenian city and fight at sea. He positioned the Greek fleet in a narrow chmmd near the island of Salamis (SAL·uh·1IIihs), a few miles southwest rl Athens. After society? setting fire to Alhens, Xerxes sent his warships to block hoth ends or the channel. lIoweveJ; the channel was too • Vlodern Marathons The Persian Wars the word marathon refers Danger of a helot revolt led to Spmta hecoming a militmy state. )t race of 26miles,385yards. Danger of revolution among poveJty-stricken [,mners led to Athens the largest and best knownis stan Marathon.The historyof becoming a democracy. Thc greatest danger of all-invasion hy Jelingrace dates back to the Persian annies-moved Sparta and Athens alike to their greatest glory. 1 Wars and Pheidippides'run larathonto Athens. Battle at Marathon The Pel'sian Wars, he tween Greece and the " runningat top speed Persian Empire, began in Ionia on the coast of Anatolia. Greeks had lroximately25miles, long been settled there, but around .520 B.C., the Persians conquered 'pides arrivedin Athens.He the area. \Vhen Ionian Greeks revolted, Athens sent ships anel soldiers I "Rejoice,we conquer,"and Iydied.Hisheroic run to their ail!. The Persian king Dmius defeated the rebels and then d officialsat the 1896Olympic vowed to destroy Athens in revenge .. in Athensto add a 26·mile In 490 B.C., a Persian (leet canie,l 2.5,000 men across the Aegean Ion to their competition. Sea and landed northeast of Athens on a plain called Marathon. There, 908,officialsin London lengthenedthe race. King 10,000 Athenians, neatly arranged in phalanxes, waited {'orthem. Vastly d VIIdecided he wanted it to outnumbered, the Greek soldiers charged. The Persians, who wore Jt WindsorCastle-385 yards light armor and lacked training in this land of land comhat, were no Ie city's OlympicStadium.The match f()]' the disciplined Greek phalanx. After several hours, the belowshows LameckAquita Persians fled the battlefi,'ld. The casualties repOlte'Uy mnnbered ya, who won the 1997Boston 10nwith a time of 2 hours, 10 6AOOPersians and only 192 Athenians. ·s, 34seconds. Though the Athenians won the land battle, their city IIOWstood defensc!ess. According to tradition, army leaders chose a young runner naJucclPheiclippides (f)'.DIP.uh.DE:Ez) to race back to Athens. lIe hrought news of the Persiau defeat so that Athenians would not give up the city without Thebes. ¥ Mara~:u) narrow to permit the Persian Aeet to maneuver well. Greek ships drove their hatteling rams stmight into the wooden hulls, punching holes in the Persian warships. Xerxes watched in horror as Inure than one-third of his Aeet sank The Sa'r~~i~ • Athens N o I A 100 Miles Srrrollic ....J._, Culf 200 Kilometers o 3,1"!'J Spartans defeated the rest of the Persian army at a third hattle on the plain of Plataea (pluh.TEE.uh) in 479 B.C. .. . . .. . t By wh a t rou tes d'dI th e p'erSlans Greece?Explain why. Consequences of the PersIan Wars With the Persian threat ended, all the 1. M ovemen . Ch Dose _ t 0 a tt ac k i Greek city-states felt a new sense of 2. location Where did most of the battles of the Persian Wars confidence amI freedom. Athens, in occur? How mIghtSKILLBUILDER: their CItIzensbe affected? Interpreting Maps particnlar, basked in the glOJ)' of the .-------.----------------.----.----.-.--------. Persian defeat. After the war, Athens became the leader of an alliance of 140 citystates called the Dclian (DEE·lee·nhn) Leagne. The league drove the Persians from the territories snrrounding Greece and ended the threat or future attacks. Soon thereafter, Athens began to use its powerfuluav)' to control the other league members. The prestige of victorv and the wealth of the empire set the stage for a dazzling hurst or creati,'ity in AtheJlS. The city was entering its brid~ golden age. a fight. Splinting the distance from Marathon to Athens, Pheidippides dc!ivered his message. collapsed, and dicd. The Greek army soon set off rapidly aud were actually waiting in Atheus when the Persian ships sailed into the harbor. The Persialls ljuickly sailed away in retreat. Se!:tion ,IVIES 2. TAICING NOTES rEOGRAPliY 0 Thermopylae and Salamis Tc)] years later, in 4RO B.C., Darius the Great was dead. lIis sou and successor Xerxes (ZUnK·seez) tried to crush Greece. Xerxes assembled au euormous invasion I(Jrce of ship' aud ull'n. By tlwn, however. the Greeks were hadly divided. Some city-states agreed to fight the Persiaus. Others thought it wiser to let Xerxes ,]estroy Athens and retmn home. Some Greeks even f()JJght on the Persian side. Consequently, Xerxes' army met no resistance as it ularche,] down the eastern coast of Greece. ~tt!e._J iiirstl third battle =r::= ! 1I Assessment 3. CONTRASTING Create a time lineofthe major battles ofthe Persian Wars in Greece, using a chart such as the one below.Foreach battle, includethe victor. , Howwas livingin Athens different from livingin Sparta? THINK ABOUT • roles of citizens • type/formof government 4. THEME ACIIViTY Power and Authority Draw a cartoon or write a political monologueabout democracy from an Athenianslave's pointof view. • societal values __L_ fourth battle Pretend that you are a newspaper reporter in ancient Greece. Write appropriate headlines for each battle. \Vheu Xerxes came to a narrow mouutain pass at Thennopylae (thnr.MAIIP·uh·lee), 7,000 Greeks, including 300 Spartans, hlocked his way. The Persian king underestimated their power. They (JUght for three days bc!(Jre a traitor told the Persians about Classical :;hapter .5 'l t C,'CCCC 119 T zens who served in the assembly established all the important government policies that affected In a speech for the killed in the Athens. Few the otherpolis. city-states practiced thisslain stylesoldiers of government. In Athens, male citi- I first year of the Peloponnesian \Var, Pericles expressed his great HISTORYMAKEUS pride in Athenian democracy: t4~;\VOICE FROM THE PAST ~oLr constitution is calle? a democracy because power is in the hands not itbf,all1inority but of the whole people. When it is a question of settling f;~~ivate disputes, everyone is equal before the law; when it is a question ~ 0f,putting one person before another in positions of public responsibil~ity,.yvhat counts is not mell1bership in a particular class, but the actual r."aI.JHitY,which~heman possesses. No one, so long as he has it in him to ~\;~Sf service to the state, is kept in political obscurity because of poverty. ~t~~:~IClES;' Funeral Oration SETTING THE STAGE Dming Athens' golden agc, drama, sculptme, poetry, philosophy, architectme, and science all reachcd new heights. For 50 years (froln 4f>0to 430 B.C.), Athens experienced a growth in intellectual and artistic learning. The artistic amI Athenian Empire Pericles tried to enlarge the wealth alld power of Athens. He used the money ham the Delian League's treasUl)' to build Athens' 200-ship navy into the strongest in the Mediterranean. litenu)' legacies of this time continue to iuspire and instruct people around the world. A strong navy was important because it helped Athens strengthen the safety of its empire. Athenian prospelity depended on gaining access to its surrounding waterways. It needed overseas trade to obtain supplies of grain and other raw materials. Pericles' Three Goals for Athens A \\~se and able statesman muned Perides led Athens during its golden age. Honcst and fair, l'erides held outo popular support for 32 years. He was a skillful politician, an inspiring speaker, aud a respected general. He so dominated the liIe of Athens from 461 to 429 B.C. that this period often is called the Age of Perides. Hc had three goals: (1) to strengthen Athenian democracy, (2) to hold and strengthen amI (3) to glorify Athens. Stronger Democracy Glorifying Athens Pericles also used money from the empire to beautify Athens. \Vithout the Delian League's approval, he persuaded the Athenian assembly to vote huge sums of the league's money to buy gold, ivory, and marble. Still more money went to a small army of artisans who worked for 15 years (447-432 B.C.) to build one of architecture's noblest works-the Pmthenon. the empire, To strengthen democracy, Perides increased the nl1nlber of paid public officials. Earlier, only wealthier citizens coukl afford to hold public omce because most positious were unpaid. Peticles increased the munber of officials who were paid salaties. Now even the poorest could serve if elected or chosen by lot. Consequently, Athens had more citizens engaged in self~government than any other city-state. This reform made Athens one of the most democratic governments in history However, political rights were still limited to those ,,~th citizcnship status. The introduction of direct democracy, a form of government iu which citizens rule directly and not through representatives, • Juries varied in size • No attorneys; no appeals; one-daytrials SKlllBUllDER: Interpreting The Parthenon, a mastel1Jiece of craftsmanship and design, was not novel in style. Rather, Greek artisans built the 23,OOO-scjuare-foot building in the traditional style that had been used to create Greek temples for 200 years. In ancient times, this temple built to honor Athena contained examples of Greek mt that set standards I'lr future generations of artists around the world. was an important legacy of Peridean • Citizens:male; 18 years old; born of citizenparents • Politicalpower exercised • Lawsvoted on and proposed bycitizens directlyby assemblyof allcitizens • Threebranches of government • Leader chosen by lot • Legislativebranch • Executivebranch composed passes laws of a council of 500 men • Executivebranch Greek Styles in Art Greek Sculpture \Vithin the Parthenon stood a giant statue of Athena, the goddess of wisdom and the protector of Athens. Periclcs entrusted much of the work on the temple, inclnding the statue of • Citizens:bornin UnitedStates or completedcitizenshipprocess • Representatives carries out laws • Judicialbranch conducts trialswith paidjurors elected to propose and vote on laws • Electedpresident • Executivebranch made up of elected and appointed officials • Juries composed of 12 jurors' • Defendants and plaintiffshave attorneys; long appeals process Charts 1, What does this chart suggest to you about the origins of U. S. democracy? Pericles 4947-429 B.C. Pericles came from a rich and high-rankingnoble family.His aristocratic father had led the Athenianassembly and fought at the Battleof Salamis inthe Persian Wars. Hismotherwas the niece of Cleisthenes,an influentialstatesman. Wellknownfor his political achievements as a leader of Athens, some historianssay Pericles the man was harder to know.One historianwrote, [Pericles]no doubt, was a lonely man. Among the politicians, including his supporters, he had no friend. He avoided all social activity ... [and] he only went out [of his home] for official business. _. Athena, to the sculptor Phidias (FIDH·ee·uhs). The great statue of the goddess not only contained precious materials snch as gold and ivory, it stood 38 f,eel tall! Phidias and other sculptors during this golden age aimed to create figures that were graceful, strong, and perfectly formed. Their /'Ices showed neither langhter nor anger, only serenity. Greek sculptors also tried to capture the grace of the idealized human body in motion. Their values of onlel; balance, and proportion hecame thc standard of what is called classical aJ-t. Classical works such as the Parthenon and the statue of Athena showcased the pride that Athenians had for their city. (See HistolY Through Art, page 122.) Greek Drama The Greeks invented drama and bnilt the first theaters in the west. Theatrical pro:luctions in Athens were both an expression of civic pride and a tribute to the gods. 2. What is the main difference between Athenian democracy and democracy in the United States? Classical Greece 121 I ~ __ .1 ! Actors used color/ill costumes, masks, and sets to dramatizc stories a],outleadership, justice, aud the duties owed to the gods. As part of their civic duty, wealthy citizens bore the cost If)]' producing the plays. The Greeks wrote two kinds of drama-tragedy and comedy. cllitecture d Sculpture Tragedy A tmgedy waS a serions drama about conmlon themcs snch as lovc, hate, war, or betrayaL Tbese dramas featnred a main character, or tragic hero, The hero usually was an important person and ~Jften gifted with extraordimuy abilities, A tragic Haw-an error in judgment or persomJity de((~ct-llsually caused the hero's downl,JL Often this flaw was hllbJis, or excessive Plide. In ancient times, Greece had three notable dramatists who wrote tragedies: Aeschylus (EHS,knh,lnhs), Sophocles (SAlIF,uh,kleez), and Emipidcs (yoo,HIP,nh,J)lmz), Aeschylus wrote more tJum SO plays, of which seven sUl'vive, His nlost Lunous work is thc trilogy 11w Oresteia (ohr,cs,STEE,uh), Imscd on the El11111y of Agamemnon, commander theuon, the 11I0stmagnificent building ,cropohs, shows the classical Greek ,'balance amI proportion in art. thenoll is so hannoniol1s \vith it appears to grow c1irectly out rock. Its architects knew f: of the ~;reeks at Troy Sophocles wrote about 100 plays, including the tragedies Oedi/J/{s rical principles and how to them to please the cye. Its 4Ci columns Ican slightly inward. , painted scnlptnral friezes ,tivc rdiel' panels) and statues d the rectangular bnilding. statues form, Inside a huge statue holding theater B.C. Hundreds during performances were during sponsored 01 theaters their gods the marhle 01 Athena, stood 40 leet in lull battle high figure 01 the original the lifth century in idealized temple nearly the goddess a six-foot is a copy Theater at Delphi depicted human It portrayed statue, high. armor, 01 victory. This which vanished Comedy In contrast to Greek tragedies, a comcdy contained scenes filled witb slapstick sitnations and crude humor, Many Greek comedies were satires, or works that poked fun at a subject Playwrights often made fuu of customs, politics, respected Spartans and Athenians Go to War Tensions between Athens and Sparta had been building for years. Hostilities became especially stiong as Athens evolved from a limited city-state to a vast naval empire. Many people in both cities thought war was inevitable. Instead of tl)ing to avoid conIlict, leaders in both Athens and Sparta pressed f()r a war to begin, as both groups of leaders believed their own city had the advantage. A.O. the lifth by the state. were built, such as this one preserved at Delphi in central Greece. Notice how this theater is set directly , hillside. ,\ ~ ~ t Greek century the King and Antigone,in his Emipides, portrayals of women plays, anthor of the play Medea, olh~n featured sympathetic ~. people, or ideas of the time, Aristophanes (AH·ih·STAHF.uh.neez) wrote the first great comedies of the stage, including The Birds an,1 Lysistrafa. For example, Lysistrata, named for its female lead, portrayed the women of Athens forcing their husbauds to end the Peloponnesian War. The fact tlmt Athenians could listen to criticism of themselves showed the heedom and openness of public discussion that existed in demoIi cratic Athens. ~, Athena in the Parthenon Public I· ~ into the natural The masks setting used 01 the by the actors in tragedies and comedies became lavorite subjects In Greek art .. Summarizing What are the main things you associate with classi, cal Greek art? Give examples from buildings and sculpture shown on this page. Connect to Today Researching local Look around community and artworks your to find buildings that show Greek inlluences. Work in small groupS to develop a guidebook to these treasures. ~iN.i~~~~g_EE-NN-fci:fiQ[1 Peloponnesian War Sparta declared war against Athens in 4,31 B.C. \Vhen the Peloponnesian 'Val' between th", tw,> tHy-states began, Athens had the strongest sea powe. in Greece. Sparta had the advantage on land because the inland city could not easily be attacked by sea. Pericles' strategy was to avoid land battles with the superior Spartan army aud wait for an opportunity to strike Sparta's allies li'om the sea. Eventnally the Spartans marched into Athenian territOlY. They swept over the countryside, bmning the Atheuiaus' local (f)()(1 supply. Pelicles responded by 11linging residents (i'om the snrroumling countryside inside the safety of Athens' city walk The cily was safe Ii-om hunger as long as ships could sail into port with [oDd from Athenian colonies and other foreign slates. Sparta Gains the Edge However, two events spelled disaster for Athens. In the second year of the war, a li'ightful plague killed roughly one-third to two-thirds of Athens' population, including Pericles. In 415 B.C., Athens snHered a second disaster. The Athenian assembly sent a huge fleet ean)ing 27,000 solcliers to destroy the p01ls of .' ' , SPCJTt.1GHT ON, ~" I,. _.~.' ',' ' The Plague An unidentified disease struck Atbens during the height 01 the war. The disease caused a terrible in 430 plague B.C. According to Thucydides (thoo·SIO·ih·DEEZI. the plague's symptoms included high fever, inflamed eyes, sore throat, coughing, extreme thirst, vomiting, and red blisters on the skin. As the disease their spread, eyes some Many thousands The lollowing Thucydides' one like sheep men lost or toes. is from of the Wars: became nursing died. excerpt account Peloponnesian They victims or their fingers infected another .... lay one The temples Bodies upon by and died of dying another .... ... were full of corpses of those in them. who had died Classical Greece 123 f Syracuse, one of Sparta's wealthiest allies, The expedition suffered an unmistakable recalled: "They [the Atheuians] defeat in 41,3 B.C. The Athenian histOlian Thueydides were destroyed witb a total destruction-their was not destroyed, and few out of many returned Atbens fended ofT Spartan and its allies surrendered, War Brings fleet, their army-there Political attacks for another Changes Aftcr home," a terribly that weakened Finally, in 404 B,C" Athens nine years, 27 years !I. was nothing Somehow, l' y of war, Athens had lost its empire, power, and wealth, In addition, geueral confidence in democratic govcrnment began to Falter. One leader after another proved weak, corrnpt, or traitorous, The assembly oftcn changed its decisions and did not stick to a single political program, Philosophers Search for Truth Socrates In this time of questioning and uncertainty, several great thinkers appeared. They were determined to seek the truth, no matter where the search led them, The Greeks called such tbinkers philosophers, their philosophy put togetber in an orderly pIe can understand One group gods, these laws through and other that there is the measure many of tbe citizens These Greek (1) The uuiverse to absolute thinkers and uncbanging traditional questioned values, powerful thinkers in history. He encouraged laws, and (2) peu- questioning the existence was no universal of all tbings, people's standard , .. " These unexmilined were Sopbists of the traditional of trnth, radical Greek saying "Man amI dangerous [the ideas to of Atbens, THIIIK npeiian lrom the lurV A.D. lUte to the ther Plato .mtheleft) aches his rs. Socrates Unlike One of the strongest the Sophists, However, character. critics of the Sophists he believed that absolute was Socrates standards (SAHK·ruh.TEEz). did e:dst for truth Inferences and justice. In :399 B.C., when Socrates was about Socrates admired him deeply. The majority this strange old man amI his ideas. 70 years old, he was bronght rupting the youth of to trial for "cor- of Athens" IIISTORY and "neglect- would Born into a wealthy Athenian family, Plato had careers as a wrestler and a poet before he became a philosopher. He studied with Socrates. After his teacher died in 399 B.C., Plato left Greece and traveled to North Africa and Italy. He later returned to Athens and founded a school called The Academy in 387 B.C. The school lasted for approximately 900 years. ft was Plato who once stated, "Philosophy begins in wonder." Aristotle, the son of a physician, was one of the brightest students at Plato's academy. He came there as a young man and stayed for 20 years until Plato's death. In 335 B.C., Aristotle opened his own school in Athens called the lyceum. The school eventually rivaled the Academy. Aristotle once argued, "He whD studies hDw things Driginated and came intD being ... will achieve the clearest view of them." Why start questioning ditional particular Athens' insight beliefs traat this ings dominated from the mling philosophic class would importance were Aristotle The philosopher Socrates thought in Europe belieC thought, np to his time. applied for Athens hecause they I()rced people to think abont thcir values amI actions. The Around and his own pupil, Aristotle A student of Socrates, wrote dOll11 the conversations and knowledge. He invented his methocl Aristotle a method to problems One of Aristotle's RCl'"lJlic. a pcrfectly democracy. his most famous work for arguing method accepted ,MES JCY society. 2. TAKING rnling class. The person 0 Using a diagram like the one belDw, shDw Pericles' three gDals for Athens, giving examples. War It was not a groups: and the to rules oflogic. physics, His work son of King Philip of Maccdonia. to tntor the 13-year-old prince. the ruler of Assessment 3. FORMING AND SUPPORTING OPINIONS Socrates believed in absDlute standards for truth and justice. SDphists believed that standards Dftruth and justice are in the eye Dfthe behDlder. What is your DpiniDn? Support YDurDpiniDn with reasons and examples. THINK Which gDal had the greatest impact on the mDdern world? Ill' later and biology. nsed today. was Alexander, NOTES In his ideal society, all citizens would fall naturally into three fanners and artisans, waniors, according and of human all the knowledge status as a studcnt abrnptly ended in 336 B.r;., when hc became Yon will learn about Alexander the Great in Section 4. In it, he set forth his vision or governed of the world to summarizing the king's imitation Section The Plato's \\1it- His only rivals in (AR·ih·STAlIT·ulrl). the nature came dose most bmo11S pupils 343 B.C., Aristotle Alexander's Macedonia, "as a means of philosophical investigatioll." Sometime between 38.5 and 380 B.C., Plato wrote philosopher-hing. 1,500 years. in the fields of l'sychoIogy, the basis of the scientific Plato or Socrates Aristotle questioned acting poison. (PLAY·toh), was appro:dmately 28 years old when his teacher died. Later. Plato be chosen for nearly time in history? provides jnry disagreed and condemned him to death. Later, he died after drinking a slow- and intellect philosophers ing the city's gods." In his 0\\11 derense, Socrates said that his teachings were good Plato Aristotle 384-322 B.C. C. Making he encouraged Greeks to go further amI question themselves and their moral IIistorians believe that it was Socrates who once said, "The un examined life is not worth living." Those who understood citizens, however, could not understand THROUGH his students to examine their beliefs. Socrates asked them a series of leading questions to show that people hold many contradictory opinions. This method of teaching by a question-and-answer approach is known as the Socratic method. He devoted his life to gaining selfknowledge and once said, "There is only one good, knowledge; and one evil, ignorance." beliefs One of the most Lunous Plato 427-347 B.C. B.C. Socrates was one of the most based (land, sky, and sea) is logic and reason, tbe Sophists, wbo took a position lie also argued individual] "lovers of wisdom," way, and subject of philosophers, and ideas about justice, was ProtagonLs, meaning on the f()llowing two assumptions: 469-399 ABOUT 4. ANALYZING THEMES Empire Building HDwdoes the cDncept of "hubris" from Greek tragedy apply tD the PelDpDnnesian War? THINK ABOUT • Spartans' and Athenians' DpiniDn of themselves • why "hubris" is a tragic flaw • why the war started • differences in values • purpose of law • circumstances lIith the greatest Classical Greece 125 "'I' II'" I'i "!'1 I", 'il.1 Sports Through Tilne Throughout history, communities worldwide Iii! Ii: have valued athletes "! who fl'l IJ~! possess great physical strength, agility, and balance. In andent times, the Greeks believed that athletic competitions were a way to please the gods amI honor the Olympic dead heroes. One of Greece's Games-continues OlympicS began in 776 H.C. The Greeks city-states so that athletes among different wars between This love of sport lives ou and cultures throughout Oiyrnpics I~I festivals- to the god Zeus, the even suspended could compete. people llIany athletic today. Dedicated the world today. in Gr~ec~ Every four years, some 40,aaO Greeks crowded into the stadium built in Olympia to watch the competitions. The earliest games featured l<)Otraces of abont 200 yards. Later, athletes also competed in wrestling, boxing, jumping, javelin-and discus-throwing events. Athletes were proud of their bodies amI emphasized physical fitness. Myron's famous marble sculpture of a discus thrower is dated about 4S0 B.C. The scnlpture snrvives in this Roman copy (left) of the Greek bronze. in " , )ort thaI is lIati\{' to Japall. Origillally I "HlIilks. it dalC's back to tlH' eighth larily r('llmills strong and today is COll[)OIt of Japan. Dnrillg a nnltch, wrestlers attic each other inside a 1..'5-f()olcircle. \\'eigh mol''' thall :300 1'0llllds. All uS(' } to overpower au oppollellt. : :'~" ·,1" ·S Soccer in Nigeria soccer developed in England llurillg the 1.S0(Js. Fcw items are ueeded to plav the game: a hall. an opell field. amI players who are willing to nlll. The Nigerian soccer player pictured abm'e was a participant iu the 1.\19-1 \Vorld Cup, an iuternational soccer competition. The \Vorld Cup attracts all-star teams hom around the work!. n Olympic chariot racing began in the seventh century B.C. Prizes went to the chariot's owner, not the driver. Olympians received a crown made of wild olive leaves. loser OK GREEK SPORTS ~~~2:JJf, C(~Ui1·tS ~jnWj0X,~(;f} ,. , to the hippodrome to watch horse , Olympic Games. This bronze statue riding bareback at one of these nts. Compare/Contrast Choose two of the sports or games illustrated on this page, such as modern soccer and the Mayan ball game. Then compare and contrastthem. SU: SI(llLL',!liUJfJl HIlf.WF;[]()Y, J.'fIljf!J9l Connect to Today Analyzing Issues Consider the ancient Greek practice of interrupting conflicts to allow athletes to compete. Write a brief editorial Iparagraphl discussing the role of sports and games as a way to promote world peace or reduce hostile behavior. Classical Greece 127 5 Chapter.5 ,', f ~~I ";} ~.0iI:",_,',"." ~':"" r ~ 1~',_~1:",~' ~:~.~ ~~~;y.;r-"r~ :1 Soccer is one of'the IllOst poplllar sports in the \\'0 rl d. Knowll as footbaJi in some countries, otograph or a site at Chich en Hza in I\le\ico shows a stOlJe .yalls once llsed when playing all (lJ1denl game. During the centmy. l\.Jayan athletes played a ball game on walled 1comts. Participants wore prolcctive padding aronnd their 1(1 on one knee. Thc ohject was to get a rnhber ball through 1(' ring withol1t touching it with tjl('ir hands. The ball eOlJ)'t .ld close tics to IhE' Mayans' religiol1s beli('!s. \\'hik the exact (' l1nkuown. the losers \\'ere l1sl1allysacrificed 10 the gods. Victorious , '.' ,i'~~-~II, rtt:, ~ iJ '!i flI ~; Because of his accomplishments over the next 13 years, he became known in history as Alexander the Great. HISTORYMAKE~S Alexander Defeats Persia Althongh Alexander was only 20 years old when he became king in 3.36 B.C., he was well prepared to lead. Under Aristotle's teaching, Alexander had learned science, geography, and literature. Alexander especially enjoyed 1I0mer's description of the heroic deeds performed by Achilles during the Trojan War. To inspire himself, he kept a copy of the Iliad under his pilJow. As a young boy, Alexander learned to lide a horse, use weapons, and command troops. Once he became king, AJexander promptly demonstrated that his military training had not been wasted. vVhen Thebes, a city in central Greece, rebelled, he destroyed the city About 6,000 people were kilJed. The survivors were sold into slavery. Frightened by his cruelty, the other Greek cities quickl)' gave up any idea of rebelJiou. SETTING THE STAGE The Pe!oponnesian \Var severely weakened several Greek citystates. This caused a rapid decline in their military and eeonomic power. To nlllke matters worse, in the 50 years after Sparta dd"eakd Athens in 404 B.C., thc two citystates had continucd to R~ht each other. In the nearhy kin~donl of rvlaccdonia, Kin~ Philip II took note. Philip ,lreallwd of Rrst taking control of Greece. Then Philip planned to move against Persia amI seize its vast wealth. Philip also hoped to avenge the Persian invasion of Greece in 480 B.C:. V" , Philip Builds Macedonia's Power Just north of Greece, the kingdom of Macedonia had rough mountains and a cold climate. The Macedonians were a tough peo- Healizing that he was outnumbered, Alexander surprised his enemies. He ordered his finest troops to break through a weak point in the Persian lines. The army tben charged straight at Darius. To avoid capture, the frightened king Hed, I()llowed by bis panicked army. This victOl)' gave Alexander control over Anatolia. In 359 B.C., Philip II hecame king of Macedonia. Though only 23 years old, he 'Iuiekly proved to be a brilliant general and a ruthless politi, _ ciano Philip transformed the rugged peasants under his command into a well- ~(:! traineel professional army.Philip He organized troops into phalanxes l! men across and 16 deep. used this his heavy phalanx Jormation "\, \l from century B.C. )hilip's lead~ Macedonia ~ a major in the Greek19 world. Alexander nine years that none could was only eight or old, he tamed a horse of his father's manage. grooms Alexander had noticed that the horse, Bucephalus, acted wild because he was afraid of his shadow. By speaking to the horse gently and turning him to face the sun, Alexander was able to ride him. Seeing this, Philip told his son, "You'lI have to find another kingdom; Macedonia isn't going to be big enough for you." Alexander took his father's advice. head region Riding Bucephalus from Greece Valley. When what named at the of an army, he conquered the horse died in Alexander the city of Bucephala it. Maybe a to the Indus is now Pakistan, he was tired Alexander's Ambitions Grow Shaken by his defeat, Darius tried least a dozen cities to negotiate a peaee settlement. He offered Alexander the western third of his empire. Alexander's advisers urged him to accept. However, the rapid eollapse of Persian resistance fired Alexander's ambition. lie rejected Darius's offer and confidently announced his plan to conquer the entire Persian Empire. Then Alexander marched into Egypt, a Persian territory, in :3.32B.C. The Eg)1)tians welcomed Alexander as a liberator. During his stay, he visited the temple of the god Zeus-Ammon. Alexander was crowned pharaoh-a title that Ptolemy used later to begin the Ptolemic pharaoh line. Alexander also founded the city of Alexandria at the mouth of tbe Nile. that were armed with16 IH-foot pikes to pave the way..{()rcavalrv strikes throu~h enemv" lines. " Conquest of Greece The Atheuian orator DClIlosthcnes (dee·1\JAIIS· thnh'NElcz) tried to warn the Greeks of the threat Philip amI his anu)' posed. lIe I dales When after of the name Alexandria. He'd already Once his phalanx had broken thron~h, Philip nscd the fast-movin~ cavalry to , crnsh his disorganizt'd opponents. \Vhen he first used tht'se tactics against northern opponcnts who had invaded Macedonia, Philip's powerful army proved unbeatable. \Vithin a short time, he was preparing to invade Greece. st of King vVith Greece now secure, Alexander felt free to Alexander's victOlY at Granicus alarmed the Persian king, Dadus III. Vowing to crush the Macedonians, he raised a huge army of between ,50,000-75,000 men to face the Macedonians near IssllS. had nO great philosophers, sculptors, or writers. They did, however. have an important resource in their shrewd and fearless kings. I\rmy of Persia eany out Philip's plan to invade Persia. In 334 B.C., he led3,s,000 soldiers across the Hellespont into Anatolia. Persian messengers raced along the Hoyal Hoad to spread the alarm about the invasion. 'Vitbin a short time, a Persian army of about 40,000 men rushed to defend Persia. The two forces met at the Granicus Hiver. Instead of waiting for the Persians to make the first move, Alexander ordered an eJite cavahy unit to attack. Leading his troops into battle, Alexander smashedtbe Persian defenses. ple who lived in mountain villages rather than city-states. The Maeedonian language waS related to Greek. 1\·lost Maeedonian nobles thought of themselves as Greeks. The Greeks, however, looked down 011the Macedonians as nncivilizedl(Jreigners who Philip's Invasion Alexander 356-323 B.C. ur~cd them to unite a~ainst him. Ilowever, the Grcck cities could not agree on auy siugle policy. Finally, in :3:3H13.<:., Athcns and Thehes-two Greek city-states~ioined I()l"(,esa~aiust Philip. By theu it was too late. The Macedonians soundly elef,:,ateeltbe Gn'l,ks at the battle of Chaeronea (KAJl\·uh,NEE·uh). Philip:, H-year-old son Alexander J It,eIa sncccssfillca\'aliy char~c that helpcd win the battlt'. The dekat at Chaeronea I'neled Greek fwed01u and independence. The city-states retained sej[~go\'ernnll'nt in local alhirs. lIowe\'er, Greece itself remaine,l firmly under the control of a succession of {"reign powers-the first of which was Philip:' Macedonia. Althongh Philip planncdto invade Persia next, he never got the chauce. At his daughter's wcdding in :3:36B.C., a {(mner guardsman stabbed him to death. \Vith the snpport of the arm)'. Philip's son Alexander innnediately proclaimed himself king of Macedonia. THINK TIlROUGIIIIISTOR A. Analyzing Causes How did Ih Peloponnesian War pave the way for Philip's conquest Greece? of Conquering the Persian Empire After leaving Egypt, Alexander moved cast into Mesopotamia to confront Darius. The desperate Persiau king assembled an army of 2.50,000 men. The Persian chariots were armed with deadly scythes protruding from the wheel hubs. The two armies collided at Gaugamela (GAw'guh,MEE-Iuh), a small village near the ruins of ancient Nineveh. Alexander launched a massive phalanx att'lek followed by a cavalry charge. As the Persian Jines crumbled, Darins again panicked and fled. Alexander's victory at Gaugamela ended Persia's power. The Macedonian army now marched unopposed into Persia's wealthiest provinces. named at after himself! Vocabularv scythes: razor-sharp knives or blades. Classical Greece Chapt,'r .S ~, 129 332 B.C. \Vithin a short time, Alexander's army occupied the capitals of BaLylon, Sl\Sa, and Persepolis. These cities yielded a huge treasure, which Alexander distributed among liis army. After a stay of sevemlmonths, a flre broke out in Persepolis, Persia's royal capital. Some his- Alexander 1 '''~ 7~~lex~n~~ia, ~~L~~~~~ tE . 3. Alexander's Other Conquests Alexander now reigned as the unchallenged mler of southwest Asia. lIe was more interested in expamliug his empire riding near bottom) e to face in sian paint· two rulers ,«ledthis in real life. Alexander in India In 327 B.C., Alexander amI his army reached and crossed into the Indus Valley. At the IIydaspes Hh'er, a powerful Indian army that in eluded 200 elephants blocked their path. After winning a fierce battle, Alexander's soldiers marched some 200 miles farther, but their morale was low. They had been fighting for 11 years and had marched more than 11,000 miles. They had endured both scorching 327 B.C. soldiers across the Hellespont or Dardanelles into B.C. Anatolia. Alexander's army reached 323 B.C. Alexander caught fever and died at age 32. His the IndusValley. ,,,-~!!J!G"""!,%,!<"'i generalsbegan a power struggle. 323 B.C. 306 B.C.• 312 B.C. Seleucus took Persian r Antigonus I became king of Macedonia. Ptolemy Empire. seizedEgypt and became a pharaoh. deserts and drenching monsoon rains. The exhausted soldiers yearncd to go homc. Bitterly disappointed, Alexander agrecd to tnrn hack. 011 thei I' homeward jOllrney, Alexallder amI his troops crossed a brutally hot desert. E\'eryolle was desperately thirsty Some 0[' the nlen collectcd water ill a helllletwhich they ofh,red to tlwir general. According to Arriall, Alexander saw an opportnnity to inspire his disconraged,"eu by sharing tlwir hardship: years later. Arrian explaius tliat the fire was set in revenge for the Persian Lurning of Athens J50 years hefore. Bnt others doubt that tlie fire was planned. than in governiug it. lIe left the mined Persepolis to pursue Darius and conquer Persia's remote Asian provinces. Darius's tmilled Alexander to a deserted spot south of the Caspian Sea. There he found Darius already dead, nnmlered by one of his provincial governors. Hather than return to Babylon, Alexander continued east. During the next three years, his army longlit its way aewss the desert wastes and mountains of Central Asia. He pushed on, hoping to reach the farthest edge of tlie continent. """"'·'-r·· . ¢~~St..W~¥~ _,,-,. ~~.i/i,\~tH~~tY.f£'Jt~~r.!:'f,£~~:,: __. Alexanderled35,000 l334 torians say Alexander left the city in ashes to signal the total destruction of the Persian Empire. The Greek historian Arrian wrote ahout Alexauder's expeditions ahout ,500 ler and entered Egyptandfoundedthe A THINK THROUGH HISTOR' Analyzing MotivesWhydid B. Alexander continue VOICE ARRlAN, his conquests FROM THE PAST He received it [the water]. and thanked those who had brought it; and ... poured it out in the sight of all the troops; and at this ... the whole army was so much heartened that you would have said that each and every man had drunk that water which Alexander thus poured out. after Anabasis Oarius was dead? By the spring of :32:3B.C., Alexander amI his army had returned west to Babylon. Restless as always, Alexander anuounced plans to organize amI 1mil)' bis enlpire. lIe would construe! new cities, roads, amI harbors and conquer Arabia. However, Alexander never carried ont his plans. One year after his return, be became serionsly i1l with a fe\'er, Elewn clays later, Alexander died-a month short of his :33rcl birthday. Ale),ander's I.egacy As he lay dying, Alexander correctly predicted that his empire would go to the strongest general. His Macedoninn generals fought among themselws uutil three ambitious generals won out. Autigonus (an,TI(;.uh.nus) became king of Macedonia and took control of the Greek city-states. Ptolemy ('IAIlL,uh'\11ce) sf'ized Eg:IJt, took the title of pharaoh, and established a dYl1l1sty.Seleucns (sih,LOO·kuhs) took most of the old Persiau Empire, which became known as the Seleueid empire. IgnOling the democratic traditions of the Greek polis, these rulers amI their descendants governed with complete power o\'er their subjects. Alexan11er's conquests ended the era of iudepcudent Greek eity-st'ttes. As he and his ann\' marched through the Persian Empire, thousands of Greek artists, merchants, and officials (]llowed, Alexander himself adopted Persian dress and customs amI married a Persian won Jan. lIe inclnded Persians amI people li'om other lands in his army. As time passed, Greek s~ttlers thronghont the empire also adopted IW\\' ways. A vibrant Ilew eullure emerged from tbe blend of Greek, Eg!1'tian, and EastC'l'1Icnstoms. .••, .•••.""'t.~ •. iI ~"",..,;op A. 1\1ES l·t.;,p •••. _,~~ .•)U~~, __ .,~ ~"<:"''"'''1'''f>I!i 3. IIYPOHIESIZING 2. TAI<II\IG NOTES Usinga diagramlikethe one below,label how far north, south, east, and west Alexanderruled. ~ Great 0 c20 I: IfAlexanderhad lived,do you think he would have been as successful in rulinghis empire as he was in buildingit? 4. TtIEME ACTlI!ll Y Empire Building In small groups, create an illustratedtime lineof Alexander'sconquests. Includeat least fivemain events. THINK ABOUT -~ south) Which conquests do youthink was the most significant?Why? • skillsneeded for military leadership • skillsneeded to govern an empire • Alexander'sdemonstrated abilities Gla.~sical Creece 131 f galleries. a zoo, botanical gardens, and even a dini1lg hall. The Il1l1Sel11tl was an institute or advanced study. Teachers and students w,>re only a short distance fi'om the nearhy Akxan,lrian Library. Its collection of half a million papvrus scrolls inclllded manv of the masfcrpieces' of ancient literature. As the first tn;e research lihrary in the ;vorld, it helpec] pronlOfc the work of a gifted group of scholars. These scholars greatly respected the earlier works of classical literature and learuil1g. They prodllced conlltlentaries that explained these works. Science and Technology During the Hellenistic period, the center of scholarship gradnally shirtcd away from Athens. Hellenistic scholars, particularly in Alesandria, succeedcd hrillianth' it] preSETTING THE STAGE Alexander the Creat's ambitions were cultural as well as mili- serving Greek and Egy.ptian Icarniug in the scieuces. Uutilthe scic'ntific advances or the 16th ami 17th centuries, scholars in Alexandria provided most of thc scieutific tary and political. lIe started new cities as ontposts of Greek culture. These cities, from E1011tian AlexaJl(lria in the south to the Asian Alexandrias in the east, adopted many Greek patterns and customs. Alier AlexaJl(ler's death, trade, a shared Greek cu1ture, and the Greek language continued to link these cities togethcr. But each region had its own traditional ways of Me, religion, and government that no rnler conld afford to overlook. Alexander's successors gradually began dY1Jasties in each of these lands. They encouraged local traditions while transp1anting Greek culture. Ihstrati on of . Afire at 18 over ilding IS into n harbor. knowledge available to the \Vest. Astronomy Alexaudria's Itlusenm contained a s"lall ohservatory in whieh astronomers could study the planets and stars. One astronoltler, Aristarchus (AI\.ih.STAIIH.kuhs) of Samos, reached two siguificaut scientific conclusions. In (me cOllclusion, he estimated that thc sun was at least 300 times larger than the earth. After Alexander's death, a vibrant new culture emerged. Greek (Hellenic) culture blended with Egyvtian, Persian, and Indian influences. This blending became known as Hellenistic culture. Koine (koy,NAY), the popular spoken language used in Hellenistic cities such as Alexandria, was the direct result of cultura1 blending. The word Iwine came from the Greek word for common. The language was a dialect of Greek. This language enabled educated people and traders from diverse backgrounds to connlHmicate in cities throughout the Hellenistic world. Trade and Cultural Diversity Among the many cities of the Hellenistic world, the African city of AJcxandria became the foremost center of commerce and Hellenistic eivilization. Alexandria occupied a strategic site on the western edge of the Nile delta. Ships from aH around the Mediterranean docked in its spacious harbor. Its warehouses bulged with wheat and other products from the Nile VaHey. Alexandria's thriving commerce enabled it to grow and prosper. By the third century B.C., its diverse population exceeded half a million people. Greek officials, Jewish merchants, and Ei,,')11tian priests mingled in crowded marketplaces with visitors !i'om the rest of Africa, Persia, and India. A1exandria became an international community, with a rich mixture of cUStOlllSand traditions from Egypt and from the Aegean. Alexandria's Greatest Attractions Both residents amI visitors adntired Alexandria's great bcauty. Broad awnues lined with statues of Greek gods divided the city into hlocks. H.I1ers built magnificent royal palaces overlooking the harbor. A llluch visited tomh contai1led Alcxander's elaborate glass coffin. Soaring more than 400 reet over the harbor stood all enormous stone lighthouse called the Pharos. This lighthouse contained a polished bronze mirror that reflected the Jight from a hlazing fire. Alexandria's greatest attractions were its famous museum and library. The museum was a temple dedicated to the Muses, the Greek goddesses of arts and sciences. (The word IIl1lSe1l11l comes from muse.) It contained art of longitude and latitude used on maps and sky charts. Here he is shown marking the Ahhough he greatly undcrestimated the sun's true size, Aristarchns disproved the \\~dcly. held belief that the suu was smallcr than Greece. In another conclusion, Aristarchus proposed that the earth and other planets revokc around the sun. Unfortllnately for science, other astronomers refused to sup- I-Iellenistic Culture in Alexandria Hipparchus invented the system position of a star. port Aristarclms' theories. By the second century A.D., Alexaudria's last renowned astronomer, Ptolemy, incorrectly placed the earth at the center of the solar system. Astronomers accepted this view for the next 14 centuries. Earth "!.) THIIiK THROUGH HISTORY A. Recognizing Causes Why was the culture of the Hellenistic period so different Irom that of classical Greece? -24.860 miles .DE R: Interpreting Charts of modern scientific thought were laid during the Hellenistic period. Greek astronomers' ideas most incorrect compared with modern concepts? ate is closest to modern measurements? How could the Hellenists be so accurate? 1S \Vhile Ilellenistic astroJ\OlJ\ers debated the earth's position jn the solar system, a scbolar named Eratosthenes (EllH·uh·TAIlS·lhuh·NEEz) closely calculated the earth:, true size. Eratosthenes was the director of the Alc:xandrian Librarv. He was also a highly regardcd astronomer, poet, historian, and mathcmatician. l'le skillfully used geometry to compute the earth's circumference at 24,662 miles. Today. we compute the earth's circumference at 24,860 mill'S. His estimate was within 1 percent of onr modern ca1cu1ations. Classical Gr"cce 133 Mathematics and Physics Both Eratosthenes and Aristardlils Epie\lJ'us (EJlP·l.lh.KYUH·uhs) I(nmded the school of thonght ealle,1 Epie\lJ'canism. He taught that the universe was c0111posed of atoms and rnled by gods who had no interest in humans. Epieurus helievc,1 that the only real objects were those that the Bve scnses perceived. He taught that the grc,atest good and the highest pleasure cmne from virtnous conduct ami the absence of pain. Epie\lJ'cans propost'd that the main T nsed a geometry text ':("npiled by Euclid (YOO·klihd). Enelid was a highly reganle,lnJat!J('matician who ope"ed a school of geometry in Alexandria. His hesl-known hook. tbe F;/ell/{'I!(s. contained 46,5 cardnlly presented geomdry propositions and proofs. Mnslim and Emopean nni\'('rsities used the E/(,1/1I'1/18 IIntil well into ti,e IgODs. It is someli mes said thai on Iv the Bih]e has heeen more widdy nsed and studied. goal 01'humans was to achieve Iwnnony of boely anelmind. Toelay, the wonl cpicurelln means one devoted to pursning hnman pleasures. Howcver, during his lifetime, Epicurus advocated moderation Eudid's work is still the hasis fe,r courses in geolllC'try. ece, A.D. and :3~. ArehillJedes also explaiut'd the law or the levcr and Pythagorean Theorem invented tbe c()}npollnd plllley to lilt h,,,,,')' ohjects. Thee writer netry students remember PllItarch descrihed how ArehinJ('des demonstrated to an amlience 3goras for his theorem on the gle but its principleswere or curious onlookers how something heavy can he moved by a small In earlier.Thisformulastates rorce: the square of a righttriangle's tenuse equals the sum ofthe A VOICE FROM THE PAST red lengths of the two Archimedes took a ... ship ... which had just been dragged up on ,iningsides. Chinese land with great labor and many men; in this he placed her usual comematicians knewthis theory plement of men and cargo, and then sitting at some distance, without aps as early as 1100 a.c. any trouble, by gently pulling with his hand the end of a system of tian surveyors put it to pulleys, he dragged it towards him with as smooth and even a motion tical use even earlier. as if it were passing over the sea. owever,the work ofthe school PLUTARCH, Parallel Lives: Marceffus Jgoras founded caught the 3st of later mathematicians. vnis Euclid'sproofin Greek Gifted in both geometly and ph)'sics. Archimedes als() put his I with a Chineseand an Arabic . genius to practical use. He invented the Archimedes screw, a device lation.The Arabswho that raised water from the ground, and a eatapu]t or missile-throwing uered much ofAlexander's maehine. Building on the knowledge of Archimedes, Hellenistic sdre spread Greekmathematical ingto the West.Theformula entists later built a force pump, pneumatic machines, aud even a me knownas the Pythagorean stemn engine. 'em throughoutthe world. i largest known Hellenistic statne was created on the is]anel or Hhodes. Known as the Colossus or Rhodes, this hronze statne stood nlore than 100 It,d high. The colossal statne conld not have stooel with its feet straddling the harbor entrance, as legend snggests. One of the seven wondcrs or the ancient world, the Colossus of Hhodes 1250 THINK THROUGH HISTOil B. Surnmarizing What were some ofJ the main achieve·) , ments of the scien-j tists of the Hellenist;! period? t Like earlier Greek philosophers, Hellenistic scholars helieved that the uni\'erse followed rational prindplcs. The)' felt that philosophy offereel the hest way to understand these prindples. The tcachings or Plato and Aristotle continucd to hc very inflnentia] in lIellenistie philosophy. Tn the third centur)' B.r:.. however, ncw schools of philosophy were eOlleerned with how people should live their ]i\'('s. Two Jnajor philosophies de\'('lopt'l1 during the Hellenistic periocl-Stoicism and Epic\lJ'eanism. 1\ Grcek philosopllcr nanwd Zeno (:3:3.5-26:3 B.C.) Stoicism and Epicureanism l,n 111 ,lecl the school or philosop]'y called Stoicism (STOII·ih·slllz·ullln). Stoics I)('lielrd in a divine power who controlled the universe. T]wv proposed that pcople shou]dli\'(' a virtnons lire in hannon)' with nat\lJ'allaw. Stoics also preached thai vlees snch as human desires. pO\ver, and wcalth were dangerons distractions that should be controlled. StoiciSiu e'plaincd nat\lJ'C amll'rO\ided an dhical approach to lire. The philosophy also promoted socia] unit)' and t'lIco\lJ'aged its ["lIowers to f,)cns on things the)' could control. Its ethical doctrine appcaled to pcop]e of many difterent races. cultures, and cconomic hackgrounds. Chapter ,5 W'LS toppled hy an earth- quake abont 22,5 H,C:. Later. the hronze was sold for scrap. Another great Hellenistic statue was discovered by archaeologists in ] 863, the j,nuons Winged Victory of Sarnothrace. It conl1l1emoratt's a nav,J \ictory by the Greeks against foes who woulel have enslaved them. Hellenistic sculpture moved away from the harmonic balance and idealized femns of the classical Philosophy and Art , A.D. in all things. Realism in Sculpture Like science, selllpture flourish eel eluring the Hellenistic age. Hulers, wealthy nlerchants, and cities all purchased statues to honor the gorIs, commemorate heroes, and portray ordinmy pcople in everyday sitnations. The Another iJnportant Hellenistic sdentist. Archimedes (,111I\·knh.MEE-deez) of Syracllse, stndied at Alexandria. lie aeenrately cstimated the l'<\]lIC'01'pi (rr)-the mtio or the cirellmfl'rem;c of a eirelc to its dian)C'ter. l1e showed its value to he hetweell :3"7:, 800 y age. Seu]ptors created more rea]istie and emotional works. Instead of the serene face amI perrect boely of an idealized man or woman, Hellenistic scnlptors createel more natural works. They Ielt free to eXl)lore new subjects, carving ordinaJ)' people sneh as an ole!, wrinkled peasant woman. By 1.50 B.C., the lTellenistie world was in dedine. A new city, Home, was growing and gaining strt'ngth. Throngh Home, Greek-style drama, architecture, sculpture, religion, and pbilosophy were preserved and eventnally became tbe core of \Vestern civilization. Section ~AMES 2. TAKING NOTES Usinga chart likethe one below, list Hellenisticachievements in each of the followingcategories. Background A stoic has come meal1 someone indifferent fected to , who i Category Rhodes I Achievements astronomy 10 or unaf~ by pail! geometry philosophy art Select one category fromthe chart and make a poster highlightingHellenistic achievements inthat area. 0 Winged Victory of Samothrace is one of the few surviving examples of Hellenistic art. The dramatic statue is now in the louvre in Paris. It shows a winged figure standing on the bow of a ship. Notice how the deep relief makes the wind appear to ripple through her gown. A55eSSment 3. SYNTHESIZING Describe how the growth of Alexander'sempire spread Greek culture. THINK ABOUT • publicvs. private art • realistic vs. ideal representations • the decline ofthe polis 4. AIII.ALYZING THEMES Cultural Interaction The Hellenisticculture brought together Egyptian,Greek,Persian, and Indianinfluences.Howis Americanculture a combinationof differentinfluences? Give examples of those influences. THINK ABOUT • Americanimmigration • geographic regions/influences • your own culturalbackground Classical Gmece 135 IVIS & NAMES explain the importance of each of the following ;sical Greece. 6. Aristotle ojan War Jmer 7. Macedonia )Iis 8. Alexander the Great lalanx 9. Hellenistic 3ssical art 10. Archimedes ! '1 t~l,l~iO(WASSessment REVIEW QUESTIONS tHINKING SECTION1 (pages 111-114) [MEN Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea 11. Why was sea travel so important to early Greece? CHAPTER ACTIVITIES L ~ing that "the measure of man is what 1 power." Would you consider Alexander l !pericles a "better" 12. Why did the Greeks develop myths? SECTION2 (pages 115-119) man? Why? GREEI{ INFLUENCES Project • Write an epic poem (about 2-3 pages) about a legendary battle or hero that you read about in Chapter 5. Use Homer's The Iliad or The Odyssey as a reference. 14. What were the consequences of the Persian Wars' ~ • Design a museum exhibit with the title POWERAND AUTHORITY IN CLASSICAL GREECE.Include a sketch of the exhibit layout and a one-page description of the exhibit. {'.. • Create an imaginary television talk show about this topic: What makes a leader successful? Guests should include people mentioned in this chapter. Prepare a list of questions the host will ask. Videotape the show. SECTION3 (pages 120-125) te about how the values and heritage of ;e have influenced modern society. SECTION4 (pages 128-131) 15. What were Pericles' three goals for Athens? 16. Who were the three renowned philosophers of the golden age? Alexander-Empire r 2. CONNECT t r 18. What was the full extent of Alexander's empire before his death? SECTION5 (pages 132-135) ;~ BUILDINGI Thinking back to Pericles er the Great, what qualifications or ~ do you think are needed for a leader mpire? Why? t G PRIMARY The Spread of Hellenistic Culture SOURCES I'·. 19. What four influences blended to form Hellenistic culture? 20. What did the Epicureans believe? " irig selection from Politics, Aristotle ~iews on where the power of the state His conclusions reflect the idea that t 5 the best path to civic virtue. Read b and then answer the questions ~. f~'~ROM THE PAS T Ji)bhe sovereign power of the side?' ... The state aims to consist as iHi~of those who are alike and [n,dition chiefly class among thethe !bri'.... found The middle is also L~m:~nt, the least eager for change. ~r~o~et, like the poor the possesw~ts."llor do others covet thei rs, as ~vet those of the rich .... Tyranny rg~gfrom an over-enthusiastic zens bring charges of mgdoing; trial by jury 'ansion of citizenship to all free rlt males, except foreigners ~or'from an oligarchy, but much ~fr6m middle class constitutions ... ~',,;).:' ristotle arguing here? 'Iy does this model of an ideal state j to the reality of Athenian democracy? Tee with Aristotle' • Disagreement or earth at center of universe • Accurate estimate of circumference of earth • Euclid's geometry textbook • Development of lever, pulley, pump Learning other facets of classical Greek culture, the influence of classical Greek art and architecture spread throughout the world, including the United States. Create a "Then and Now" board showing examples of art and architecture in the United States that were influenced by classical Greek styles. .f~ ~' Support your UsingJhe and then compare Internet or them the with library, contemporary find examples buildings from classical and art.Greece - • Find examples from classical Greece. Sketch, photocopy, or otherwise render them on a poster board. • Find buildings or other art that show evidence of a classical Greek influence. Photograph or render them on the poster-SOard. • Label the board clearly. Include at least four examples. 3. ~..1';}~"::, ~ct democracy; citizens rule llajority vote ,t1encode of laws TO TODAY: Cooperative ••:I~I'II~ CULTURAL INTERACTION I Like many IILDERS Builder 17. Why was Greece so easily conquered by Macedonia? :::hapter 5 Portfolio ~L INTERACTIONI Copy the web below er. Fill in examples of how classical hfluenced the United States. Democracy and Greece's Golden Age eek language ilhology about gods d goddesses ,mpic Games ilosophers search for truth HISTORY: Unit POWERANDAUTHORITYl Your unit portfolio project focuses on how people in history have gained power and authority. For Chapter 5, you might use one of the following ideas. 13. What were the two most powerful city-states in early Greece? Warring City-States .ge 110, you drew certain conclusions about qualities Greeks valued without knowing Is about their history. Now that you have the chapter, reexamine the artworks and d the Greeks' words. Conduct a class ,!b.;(r{".&~~h~~f'~'.1 rpl~Yi'!lh;;,~~\'Jii'''''cWi!W.17;~ . ,{,._~-~~ LIVING IJID~ INTERPRETING A TIME LINE Revisit the unit time line on page 106. Look at the Chapter 5 section of the time line. Can you find evidence of how geography or a natural phenomenon might have influenced an event? Explain your conclusion. Notice the present-day boundaries that appear on this map of Alexander's empire. block its unification and lead to the formation of separate nations? • What modern nations were once part of this empire? Connect to History Compare Greece's size to the area • How did the physical characteristics of the empire it once controlled. How did it Influence such a large area?