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! WWI vs. WWII Notes p. 9np 1. Political instability and economic devastation in Europe resulting from WWI caused… •MLJ, Vocab, Warm ups, Org. •Intro. Museum Project •WWII Note packet A Worldwide depression… High inflation… Massive unemployment WEIMAR REPUBLIC RULES GERMANY AND FAILS • The victors installed many new democratic governments in Europe after World War I including the Weimar Republic in Germany • Most were overwhelmed from the start and struggled economically A German woman is seen here in 1923 feeding bundles of money into the furnace. . .why? This Konstanz 50 Milliarden (million) Mark overprinted on 5 Mark illustrates the extend of the inflation in Weimar Germany High war debt owed by Germany… Exchange rates, US Dollar to Mark, 1918-1923 Source : Gerald D. Feldman, The Great Disorder, Oxford : UP 1997, p.5 Jan. 1918 Jan. 1919 Jan. 1920 Jan. 1921 Jan. 1922 April 1922 July 1922 Oct. 1922 Jan. 1923 Feb. 1923 5.21 8.20 64.80 64.91 191.81 291.00 493.22 3,180.96 17,972.00 27,918.00 Mar. 1923 Apr. 1923 May 1923 June 1923 July 1923 Aug. 1923 Sept. 1923 Oct. 1923 Nov. 1923 Dec. 1923 21,190.00 24,475.00 47,670.00 109,966.00 353,412.00 4,620,455.00 98,860,000.00 25,260,000,000.00 2,193,600,000,000.00 4,200,000,000,000.00 1 2. FAILURE OF VERSAILLES The Versailles Treaty (above on crutches) took a beating in the U.S. and abroad • The peace settlement that ended World War I (Versailles Treaty) failed to provide a “just and secure peace” as promised • Instead Germany grew more and more resentful of the treaty that they felt was too harsh and too punitive 3. Thus, Political and economic conditions in Europe following World War I led to the rise of fascism and to World War II. The rise of fascism and its dictators threatened peace in Europe and Asia DICTATORS THREATEN WORLD PEACE SAFARI Montage Chap 3 Rise of Totalitarians Notes p. 10np • For many European countries the end of World War I was the beginning of revolutions at home, economic depression and the rise of powerful dictators driven by nationalism and the desire to conqueror more land. Two powerful 20th Century dictators were Stalin & Hitler What is “Fascism ”? “Fascism”? Fascism is a political philosophy in which total power is given to a dictator and individual freedoms are denied Germany and Adolph Hitler Benito Mussolini and Italy Seized power of Italy and banned all opposing political parties and invaded Ethiopia 2 THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY • While Stalin was consolidating his power in the Soviet Union, Benito Mussolini was establishing a totalitarian regime in Italy • Mussolini seized power, taking advantage of high unemployment, inflation and a middleclass fear of Communism Mussolini was a strong public speaker who appealed to Italian national pride • By 1921, Mussolini had established the Fascist Party -- Fascism stressed nationalism and militarism and placed the interest of the state above the interests of the individual Hideki Tojo and Japan • MUSSOLINI MARCHES ON ROME • Despite the fact that King Emmanuel II had already agreed to turn power over to Mussolini (IL DUCE), he staged a mock takeover by marching his black shirts through the streets of Rome in October, 1922 MILITARISTS GAIN CONTROL OF JAPAN The military, led by Hideki Tojo, Tojo, took control of Japan • Halfway around the world, nationalistic leaders were seizing control of the Imperial government of Japan • Like Hitler, they desired living space for their growing population Emperor Hirohito’s reign lasted from 1926-1989 • He began a military buildup with several attacks on China and a dream of controlling the Pacific FRANCO’S FASCISTS WIN CIVIL WAR JAPAN ATTACKS CHINA In 1931, Japan attacked the Chinese province of Manchuria • Swiftly Japan captured the province which is roughly twice the size of Texas • • • • Japanese soldiers in Manchuria Mussolini marches on Rome, 1922 • In 1936, a group of Spanish army officers led by General Francisco Franco, rebelled against the Spanish Republic A Civil War ensued as Hitler and Mussolini supported Franco’s fascists while the western democracies remained neutral Franco’s victory in 1939 established him as fascist leader of a totalitarian Spain The Spanish Civil War led to a closer relationship between the German and Italian dictators Hitler and Mussolini signed an alliance known as the Rome-Berlin Axis Franco admires a military parade in Madrid – 500,000 died in the Spanish Civil War 3 STALIN PLANS A TOTALITARIAN STATE • In the first year of his “5-year plan” Stalin placed all economic activity under strict state control • By 1937, Stalin had achieved his goal– USSR was the world’s 2nd largest industrial power This 1932 poster championed the Soviet Defense industry • By 1939, Stalin firmly established a totalitarian government in the USSR • In a totalitarian state the government suppresses all opposition and has strict control over the citizens who have no civil rights Totalitarianism/ Fascism • The party-state determines what people should believe. – There is no room for individual thinking, private moral judgment, or individual conscience. – The individual possesses no natural rights that the state must respect. • The state regards individuals merely as tools or building blocks that it can use to build a new social order. VS. The Allies Democratic nations – the United States, Great Britain and Canada were known as the Allies. Allies. Later Soviet Union. STALIN MURDERS MILLIONS OF SOVIETS Labor camp workers in Siberia -Stalin sent millions of political prisoners to labor camps These dictators led the countries that became known as the Axis Powers • In his desire to purge (eliminate) anyone who threatened his power, Stalin was responsible for the deaths of 8 – 13 million of his own Soviet citizens • Millions more died of famine caused by his economic policies Explain or describe this picture Allied leaders included… Franklin D. Roosevelt and later Harry S. Truman of the United States… Winston Churchill of Great Britain and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union 4 Rise of Hitler: Early Years Hitler’s World-view: Racial Nationalism • Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) was born in Austria and spent his early life as a failed art student in Vienna, painting picture postcards. – He was an avid reader who was strongly influenced by Social Darwinism. – When World War I began, Hitler was in Munich and volunteered for the German army. He fought bravely, twice receiving the Iron Cross. – The shock of Germany’s defeat intensified his commitment to racial nationalism. To lead Germany to a total victory over its racial enemies became his obsession. NAZIS TAKE OVER GERMANY • Meanwhile in Germany, Adolf Hitler followed a similar path to Mussolini • At the end of WWI he was a jobless soldier drifting around Germany • In 1919, he joined a struggling group called the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazis) • (Despite its name the party had no ties to socialism) Hitler, far left, shown during WWI HITLER’S BELIEFS He alone, who owns the youth, gains the Future! -- Adolf Hitler, speech at the Reichsparteitag, 1935 • Hitler explained • his beliefs in his book, Mein Kampf (My Struggle) • He wanted to unite all German-speaking people under one grand Empire • He wanted racial purity – “inferior” races such as Jews, Slavs and all non-whites were to form a work force for the “master race” – blond, blueeyed “Aryans” Hitler Organizer notes p. 11np • Hitler divided the world into superior and inferior races and pitted them in a struggle for survival. • The Germans were descendants of the ancient Aryan race and possessed superior racial characteristics. As a higher race, the Germans were entitled to conquer and subjugate other races. Germany must acquire Lebensraum (living space) by expanding eastward at the expense of the racially inferior Slavs. – He also sought to destroy the Jews who threatened to contaminate the pure German blood-line. Hitler Gains Power • In 1923, Hitler attempted to seize power in Munich (Beer Hall Putsch or coup). – He failed and was imprisoned for nine months. Ironically, his trial and imprisonment gave Hitler more attention and prestige. – While in prison he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) which explained his world-view. When Hitler left prison in 1924, he tightened his hold on the Nazi party. – The Nazi party grew from 27,000 members in 1925 to 178,000 members in 1929. – The Nazi party still only polled about less than 3 % of the vote and its future seemed bleak as economic conditions improved. LEBENSRAUM • Another element of Hitler’s grand design was national expansion • Hitler called it “Lebensraum” or living space • Hitler believed that for Germany to thrive it needed more land at the expense of her neighbors Hitler posed an immediate threat to Czechoslovakia, Poland, Austria, France, Belgium and the Netherlands 5 Rise of the Nazi Party • The Depression of 1930, however, created the unrest needed for people to increasingly turn to Hitler’s radicalism. • The Nazi party went from 810,000 votes in 1928 to 6.4 million in 1930 and its representation in the Reichstag grew from 12 to 107. • The German public wanted an end to the weak Weimer Republic, a revival of the economy, protection against the Communist threat, and revenge for the Treaty of Versailles. • Hitler promised all of these things and more HITLER GAINS FOLLOWING • Hitler’s ability as a public speaker and organizer drew many followers • He quickly became the Nazi Party leader • Calling himself “Der Fuhrer” (the leader) he promised to return Germany to its old glory Rise of the Nazi Party • In 1932 the Nazi party won 37.3 percent of the vote, far more than any other party but still not a majority. • Aging President Paul von Hindenburg (18471934) was pressured into naming Hitler as Chancellor. • Hitler took office at the beginning of 1933 and quickly moved to assume dictatorial powers. HITLER APPOINTED CHANCELLOR Hitler was appointed chancellor by the aging President Hindenburg of the Weimar Republic • By mid-1932, the Nazis had become the strongest political party in Germany • In January of 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor (Prime Minister) • Once in office he quickly dismantled Germany’s democratic Weimar Republic and replaced it with a totalitarian government Hitler rose to power in part by criticizing the Versailles Treaty as unfair and humiliating to the proud German nation Hitler becomes Dictator: Activity who would you pick? • After a “communist” set fire to the Reichstag in February, Hitler convinced Hindenburg to sign an emergency decree suspending civil rights on the pretext that the state was threatened by internal subversion. – Hitler then used these emergency powers to arrest members of political parties that opposed him. – In the March elections of 1933, Hitler was able to gain a majority of support within the Reichstag and it passed the Enabling Act of 1933, which gave Hitler unlimited dictatorial authority. • Hitler had used the instruments of democracy to destroy the republic and create a dictatorship 6 Nazi Germany: The Leader-State THE THIRD REICH • Once in power, Hitler established the Third Reich, or Third German Empire • The first was during the Middle Ages and the Second came with the Unification of Germany in 1871 • According to Hitler the Third Reich would last 1,000 years • • The Third Reich was organized as a leader-state, in which Hitler, the fuehrer (leader), embodied the “real will” of the German people, commanded the supreme loyalty of the people, and held omnipotent power. • Propaganda had helped the Nazis come to power. Now it would be used to consolidate their hold on the German nation. – The Ministry of Popular Enlightenment – Joseph Goebbels, controlled the press, book publishing, the radio, the theater, and the cinema • Nazi Regime • The Nazi regime became a police state, symbolized by mass arrests, the persecution of Jews, and concentration camps (SA – Stormtroopers or elite military and SS – Gestapo or secret state police led by Heinrich Himmler); however, it did not upset the daily life of the majority of the population. Most Germans believed that the new government was trying to solve Germany’s problems in a sensible and vigorous manner, in contrast to the ineffective Weimer leadership. Hitler & Prosperity • By 1936, the reinvigoration of the economy, stimulated in part by rearmament, had virtually eliminated unemployment. • Just as importantly, it appeared that Hitler was rebuilding Germany’s power in international affairs. 7 AGGRESSION BEGINS IN EUROPE Germany’s Advance Notes • In the early 1930s both Japan and Germany quit the League of Nations • Hitler then began a huge military build-up (in direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles) • By 1936 Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland, a German region bordering France and Belgium that was demilitarized by the Versailles Treaty Where Were the Allied Powers? • The U.S. had rejected the Peace of Paris and was caught up in the Depression; Russia was consolidating its revolution; Britain was caught up in the Depression; France alone was left to hold Germany down. • Also, Nazi propaganda in the U.S. and Britain portrayed Hitler as the best check on Communist Russia. • The British and French feared a new war and went to great lengths to avoid confrontation. France built immense fortifications, called the Maginot Line, but lacked the mobile strike force necessary to counter an aggressive Germany. FDR: WE ARE NEUTRAL AND FRIENDLY • FDR’s polices in the early to mid 1930s reflected a desire to remain out of the growing conflict in Europe • He recognized the USSR diplomatically in 1933 (exchanged ambassadors) • He lowered tariffs • He withdrew armed forces from Latin America American isolationism, isolationism, a legacy from WWI and then the Great Depression is strengthened in 1935, when Congress passed the first “Neutrality “Neutrality Act” Act” The first two acts outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war The third act outlawed arms sales or loans to nations fighting civil wars Isolationists hoped that laws such as this one would keep the country out of war in Europe FDR and his secretary of State Cordell Hull study European political affairs very carefully 8 U.S. NEUTRALITY IS TESTED FDR speech in Chicago, 10/05/1937 • After Japan renewed attacks China in 1937, FDR sent arms and supplies to China • He got around the Neutrality Acts because Japan had not actually declared war on China • FDR promised in a speech in Chicago to “take a stand against aggression” CZECHOSLOVAKIA NEXT d Su et lan en d • Hitler then turned to Czechoslovakia • About 3 million German-speaking people lived in the western border regions of Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland • Hitler built up troops on the border . . . HITLER MAKES A DEAL • • Then, just as an attack on Czechoslovakia seemed imminent, Hitler invited French leader Edouard Daladier and British leader Neville Chamberlain to meet with him in Munich (Italy was there too) In Munich he promised that the annexation of the Sudetenland would be his “last territorial demand” WAR IN EUROPE • Late in 1937, Hitler was anxious to start his assault on Europe • Austria was the first target • The majority of Austria’s 6 million people favored unification with Germany • On March 12, 1938, German troops marched into Austria unopposed • A day later, Germany announced its union with Austria 4. Appeasement • As a result, Britain came up with the policy of appeasement: – Giving in to Germany in the hope that a satisfied Hitler would not drag Europe through another world war. – They thought Hitler simply wanted a peaceful revision of the Versailles Treaty and that he could be contained through concessions. “PEACE IN OUR TIMES!!?” •Chamberlain and Daladier believed Hitler and signed the Munich Agreement in September of 1938 • • • Munich Conference: From left to right; British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, French Prime Minister Eduard Deladier, German Fuehrer Adolf Hitler, Italian leader Benito Mussolini and Italian Foreign Minister Count Ciano at the Munich Conference, September 1938 This agreement turned over the Sudetenland to Germany without a single shot fired Arms Factory on the land Chamberlain returned to England and announced, “I have come back from Germany with peace with honor. I believe it is peace in our time.” 9 APPEASEMENT CRITICS GERMAN OFFENSIVE BEGINS • Critics of Chamberlain included English politician and future Prime Minister Winston Churchill who said Europe had adopted a dangerous policy of appeasement – or giving up principles to pacify an aggressor • Despite the Munich Agreement, Hitler was not finished expanding the German Empire • March, 15 1939: German troops poured into what remained of Czechoslovakia • At nightfall Hitler declared, “Czechoslovakia has ceased to exist” German troops invade Czechoslovakia in March of 1939 Czechoslovakia: The Apex of Appeasement • At the Munich Conference of 1938, Britain and France (not Czechoslovakia) agreed to the German occupation of the Sudetenland. – Deprived of the Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia could not defend against a German attack. Hitler took Czechoslovakia in March 1939. – The take-over of Czechoslovakia was different than the other conquests. This was not about German self-determination it was about hegemony or control of Europe. • With the end of Czech independence, Hitler’s intent to dominate Europe was apparent. NEXT TARGET: POLAND SAFARI Montage chap. 6 • • • • BLITZKRIEG IN POLAND • As day broke on September 1, 1939, the German Luftwaffe (air force) roared over Poland raining bombs on airfields, military bases, railroads and cities • German tanks raced across Polish countryside Hitler next turned toward Germany’s eastern neighbor – Poland Many thought Hitler was bluffing because an attack on Poland surely would bring USSR, Britain and France into war As tensions rose over Poland, Stalin shocked everyone by signing a NonAggression Pact with Hitler Once bitter enemies now Communist Russia and Fascist Germany vowed to never attack each other Partners: Hitler & Stalin BRUTE FORCE: Germans marched through the streets of Polish towns and adorned buildings with swastikas 10 The Nazi Blitzkrieg oh: Blitz • Poland – On September 1, 1939, German troops invaded Poland. Britain and France declared war two days later. – On September 17, Soviet troops invaded Poland from the east. – In less than a month, the Nazi blitzkrieg (lightning war) had captured Poland, which surrendered on September 27. For Hitler, the conquest of Poland was only the beginning. He then captured Denmark and Norway. • In May of 1940, German troops invaded Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg and marched into France. WORLD WAR II BEGINS STALIN ATTACKS EASTERN POLAND • After the Polish invasion, Britain and France declared war on Germany • Too late to save Poland, the Allies focused on getting troops to the front in time to stop Germany’s Blitzkrieg strategy (Lightning War – fast moving tanks and powerful aircraft) • While Hitler was blitzing western Poland, Stalin was attacking the east • Stalin and Hitler had secretly agreed to divide Poland • Later in 1939, Stalin attacked and defeated Finland while Hitler conquered Norway and Denmark STALIN & HITLER ROLL • After occupying Poland, Stalin annexed the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania • Hitler, meanwhile successfully attacked the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxemburg Time was running out on the Allies 11 AMERICA MOVES TOWARD WAR America sold weapons to Allied nations for cash • In September of 1939 (invasion of Poland), Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass a “cash & carry” provision that allowed nations to buy U.S. arms and transport them in their own ships FRANCE AND BRITAIN GO IT ALONE • The Maginot Line (a series of trenches and fortifications built along the eastern France) proved ineffective as Hitler’s troops and tanks detoured through the “impassable” Ardennes wooded ravines in NE France EUROPE 1940- BRITAIN GOES IT ALONE The Fall of France • On June 22, France signed an armistice with Germany, agreeing to German occupation of northern France and the coast. – The French military was demobilized, and the French government, now located at Vichy, in the south (and headed by Marshall Henri Philippe Pétain), would collaborate with the German authorities in occupied France. – Refusing to recognize defeat, General Charles de Gaulle escaped to London and organized the Free French forces. • Britain now stood alone against Germany. KEY Red - Nazi occupied and controlled Purple - Nazi controlled under Mussolini Blue - Free country, supported by the United States Green - Under the control of Josef Stalin of Russia who sided with the Nazis in 1939 Yellow - Neutral, but greatly influenced by Nazis, for example, Spain was under the dictatorship of General Franco who was controlled by Hitler THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN • In the summer of 1940 Germany launched an air attack on England • The goal was to bomb England into submission • Every night for two solid months, bombers pounded British targets: airfields, military bases and then cities • Hitler expected Britain to make peace, however, Britain, led by a new Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, refused to surrender. Mail Call Clip Zvd or SAFARI Montage chap. 3 12 RAF FIGHTS BACK • • • • • • THE AXIS THREAT RISES, BRITAIN GETS OUR SUPPORT Britain held firm during the Blitz despite devastating destruction to English cities. The Royal Air Force fought back bravely with the help of a new device called radar With radar, British pilots could spot German planes even in darkness The British Spitfire Plane was instrumental in downing 175 Nazi planes on September 15, 1940 The British resistance convinced Hitler to postpone the invasion but he continued the bombing attacks. Six weeks later, Hitler called off the attack on England A Spitfire dogs a German Domier Do-17 as it crosses the Tower of London • Axis powers were making great progress across Europe – France fell to Germany in 1940 • The Axis powers were formidable – Germany, Italy and Japan • Hoping to avoid a twoocean war, FDR scrambled to support Britain • He provided 500,000 rifles and 80,000 machine guns and numerous ships U.S. BUILDS DEFENSE • Meanwhile, Roosevelt got Congress to increase spending for national defenses and reinstitute the draft • FDR ran for and won an unprecedented third term in 1940 • The majority of voters were unwilling to switch presidents during such a volatile time in history THE GREAT ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY SAFARI Montage chap. 4 • To support Britain, FDR established a “LendLease Plan” which meant the U.S. would lend or lease arms to nations whose defense was vital to America. It allowed sales or loans to “any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the U.S.” U.S.” March 1941 • America was becoming the “Great Arsenal of Democracy” supplying weapons to fighting democracies FDR pushed for huge defense spending U.S. SUPPORTS STALIN • In June of 1941, Hitler broke the agreement he made with Stalin in 1939 • FDR began sending lend-lease supplies to the USSR • German U-boats traveled in “wolf packs” at night torpedoing weapon shipments headed for the Britain and the USSR • FDR OK’ed U.S. warships to attack German U-boats in self-defense • Late in 1941, FDR and Churchill met secretly and agreed on a series of goals for the war • Among their goals were collective security, disarmament, selfdetermination, economic cooperation and freedom of the seas • This “Declaration of the United Nations” was signed by 26 nations THE ATLANTIC CHARTER FDR, left, and Churchill met aboard the battleship U.S.S. Augusta in Newfoundland waters 13 A Grand Alliance The Big Three – Great Britain (Winston Churchill) – The U.S. (FDR) – The Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin) Strategy for War – Defeat Germany first Invasion of the Soviet Union • It was then that Hitler made his pivotal mistake. He invaded the Soviet Union. Gloomy Prospects for the Allied Powers • By the end of 1942, the Allies faced defeat. – The chain of spectacular victories disguised fatal weaknesses within the Axis alliance: – Japan and Germany fought separate wars, each on two fronts. They never coordinated strategies. – The early defeats also obscured the Allies’ strengths: The manpower of the Soviet Union and the productive capacity of the United States War in the Pacific Japanese Aggression Notes – The obliteration of Bolshevism was a key element of Hitler’s ideology; however, it was a gigantic military mistake. • On June 22, 1941, Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa, consisting of an attack army of 4 million men spread out along a 2,000-mile front in three massive offensives. The German army quickly advanced, but at a terrifying cost. For the next three years, 90 percent of German deaths would happen on the eastern front. Rising tension developed between the U.S. and Japan… because of Japanese aggression in the Pacific… …first, Japan invaded Manchuria and China… and it also invaded French Indochina – another region rich in resources 14 Oil Embargo • U.S. freezes Japanese assets and starts embargo – U.S. cuts off sale of airplane fuel to Japan and cuts back on other natural resources. – Great Britain and the Dutch East Indies also participate in the embargo. • Japan cut off from its major source of oil – 66.4 percent of imports came from Anglo-Americans – Over 80 percent of its oil came from U.S. Japanese Navy’s oil reserves (2 years) – Planned for war after August 1, 1941 – The longer Japan waited the worse its economic and military situation would become Decision for War • “Hull Note” delivered on Nov. 26, 1941 – Basically restated U.S. demands – Prime Minister T j sees note as ultimatum and and proof that further diplomacy was futile. – Japanese public opinion was firmly behind the decision for war. • Late Nov., 1941 – U.S. learns Japanese Armada leaves Japan / lost track of and thought they were headed to attack the Philippines • Dec. 6, Japan breaks off negotiations, refusing to leave China December 7, 1941 • Japan attacks Pearl Harbor in Hawaii – U.S. fleet caught unprepared – 2400 sailors died, 1200 wounded,18 ships sunk, and 160 aircraft damaged and 200 destroyed. – Only the aircraft carriers, by chance on maneuvers, escaped the worst naval defeat in American history. • Later the same day, Japan attacks the Philippines, Guam, and Midway and attacks British forces in Hong Kong and the Malay Peninsula (Singapore) Lost Evidence Video Activity or Pearl Hollywood 20 min Or SAFARI Montage chap.5 • The U.S. demanded that Japan withdraw from China and Indochina • Japan thought that attacking the U.S. would provide them an easy win, and a territory with abundant land and resources to rule once they were victorious. • The U.S. oil embargo against Japan was hurting Japan’s economy 15 Major Combatants Japan Fleet of 6 Aircraft Carriers under the command of Admiral Nagumo and Admiral Yamamoto Aerial Assault Force under the command of Mitsuo Fuchida United States - Pearl Harbor Naval/Army Base under the command of Admiral Husband E. 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"/ " %#%=!"#$=2$# * $%$# =!"% $ " #* B " Japan 81 Fighter Planes 135 Dive Bombers 104 Horizontal Bombers 40 Torpedo Planes At least 5 Midget Submarines United States 108 Fighter Planes (59 not available for flight) 35 Army Bombers (27 not available for flight) 993 Army/Navy Antiaircraft Guns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“Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941 - A date which will live in infamy – the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.” + FDR Infamy Speech: FDR Activity (2 parts)(Honors 3) 20-30 min SAFARI Montage chap. 4 a 18 So what? What is important to understand about this? Global War • FDR – “a date that will live in infamy.” • Dec. 8, 1941 - U.S. declares war on Japan • Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. • With the Japanese attack on the U.S., World War II became a global war. • The U.S. would enter the war against the Axis powers and concentrate on Europe. Discussion Questions oh Interpreting Timelines Political and economic conditions in Europe after World War I led to the rise of fascism and to World War II 1. How did postpost-WWI Europe set the stage for WWII? 2. How did the rise of fascism affect world events following WWI? 3. How did American policy toward events in Europe and Asia change over time? 1. How much do you remember? Which of the following correctly pairs a dictator and the nation he ruled? a. Hitler – Germany b. Mussolini – Spain c. Stalin – Italy d. Tojo - China 19 2. Pearl Harbor is in what state? a. Alaska c. California d. Florida b. Francisco Franco c. Josef Stalin d. Winston Churchill The three Axis or Enemy Powers were… a. Germany, Poland, and Italy b. Germany, Italy, and China c. Germany, Italy, and Japan d. Germany, Spain, and Japan 6. Which of the following was one of the leaders of the 3 Axis Powers during World War II? a. Benito Mussolini b. Hawaii 4. 3. Isolationism can be best described as: 5. What ended U.S. isolationism and brought the country into World War II? a. German UU-boat attacks b. The attack on Pearl Harbor c. The beginning of the lendlend-lease program d. The Munich Pact 7. Which of the following helps to explain the rise of totalitarianism after WWI? a. A movement to lower tariffs to improve trade a. Fierce competition to sell manufactures b. A focus on the U.S. and its internal affairs b. Misery caused by world depression c. Trading with only “select” countries d. A violation of the 18th amendment c. Strong democratic traditions d. The end of colonialism 20 8. Which of the following was one of the leaders of the Allied Powers during World War II? a. Benito Mussolini b. Francisco Franco c. Josef Stalin d. Adolph Hitler 10. What was the effect of the high war debt owed by Germany from World War I? 9. An accurate characterization of the Soviet Union’s role in World II would be: a. Consistently neutral. b. Fighting on the side of the Allies, after initially being neutral. c. Fighting with the Allies after beginning as a member of the Axis. d. Fighting with the Axis powers the entire war. Pause to discuss: LEADERS of WWII a. Left winning countries benefiting from large amounts of reparation money b. Left Europe politically unstable and economically devastated c. Affected only parts of Europe d. Affected America only, had no impact on Europe THE UNITED STATES IN WORLD WAR II Major Battle Notes Turning Points Notes WWII Chronology Quiz AMERICA TURNS THE TIDE History Alive Activity Honors 4 Academic 2 20-30 min. 21 MOBILIZING FOR DEFENSE SAFARI Montage chap. 6 AMERICANS RUSH TO ENLIST • After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, they thought America would avoid further conflict with them • The Japan Times newspaper said America was “trembling in their shoes” • But if America was trembling, it was with rage, not fear • “Remember Pearl Harbor” was the rallying cry as America entered WWII WOMEN JOIN THE FIGHT • Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall pushed for the formation of the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) • Under this program women worked in noncombat roles such as nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, and pilots A PRODUCTION MIRACLE • Americans converted their auto industry into a war industry • The nation’s automobile plants began to produce tanks, planes, boats, and command cars • Many other industries also converted to warrelated supplies • After Pearl Harbor five million Americans enlisted to fight in the war • The Selective Service expanded the draft and eventually provided an additional 10 million soldiers ALL AMERICANS FOUGHT SAFARI Montage chap. 7 • • • • • Despite discrimination at home, minority populations contributed to the war effort 1,000,000 African Americans served in the military 300,000 Mexican-Americans 33,000 Japanese Americans 25,000 Native Americans 13,000 Chinese Americans These “Golden 13” Great Lakes officers scored the highest marks ever on the Officers exam in 1944 LABOR’S CONTRIBUTION • By 1944, nearly 18 million workers were laboring in war industries (3x the # in 1941) • More than 6 million of these were women and nearly 2 million were minority 22 MOBILIZATION OF SCIENTISTS MANHATTAN PROJECT • The most important achievement of the OSRD was the secret development of the atomic bomb • Einstein wrote to FDR warning him that the Germans were attempting to develop such a weapon • The code used to describe American efforts to build the bomb was the “Manhattan Project” • In 1941, FDR created the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) to bring scientists into the war effort • Focus was on radar and sonar to locate submarines • Also the scientists worked on penicillin and pesticides like DDT FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TAKES CONTROL OF INFLATION • • WAR PRODUCTION BOARD With prices of goods threatening to rise out of control, FDR responded by creating the Office of Price Administration (OPA) The OPA froze prices on most goods and encouraged the purchase of war bonds to fight inflation Ration Stamps WWII Poster encouraging conservation • To ensure the troops had ample resources, FDR created the WPB • The WPB decided which companies would convert to wartime production and how to best allocate raw materials to those industries • The WPB also organized nationwide drives to collect scrap iron, tin cans, paper, rags and cooking fat for recycling • Additionally, the OPA set up a system of rationing • Households had set allocations of scarce goods – gas, meat, shoes, sugar, coffee THE WAR FOR EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA • • Days after Pearl Harbor, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill arrived at the White House and spent three weeks working out war plans with FDR They decided to focus on defeating Hitler first and then turn their attention to Japan • Defeat of the Axis Powers • The turning point of the war came in 1942-43. • Allied victory in North Africa was followed by an invasion of Italy, which stopped the Axis powers’ string of victories. • The decisive theater of war, however, was the eastern front. 23 THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC The power of the German submarines was great, and in two months' time almost two million tons of Allied ships were resting on the ocean floor. Efforts were soon made to restrict German subs' activities. • After America’s entry into the war, Hitler was determined to prevent foods and war supplies from reaching Britain and the USSR from America’s east coast • He ordered submarine raids on U.S. ships on the Atlantic • During the first four months of 1942 Germany sank 87 U.S. ships • In the first seven months of 1942, German U-boats sank 681 Allied ships in the Atlantic • Something had to be done or the war at sea would be lost • First, Allies used convoys of ships & airplanes to transport supplies • Destroyers used sonar to track U-boats • Airplanes were used to track the U-boats ocean surfaces • With this improved tracking, Allies inflicted huge losses on German Uboats THE EASTERN FRONT & MEDITERRANEAN Battle of Stalingrad was a huge Allied victory • Hitler wanted to wipe out Stalingrad – a major industrial center • In the summer of 1942, the Germans took the offensive in the southern Soviet Union • By the winter of 1943, the Allies began to see victories on land as well as sea • The first great turning point was the Battle of Stalingrad ALLIES CONTROL UBOATS U-426 sinks after attack from the air, January 1944. Almost twothirds of all U-boat sailors died during the Battle of the Atlantic. Turning Points of the War: The Battle of Stalingrad • The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point of the war. The German Army (Wehrmacht) had already lost 2 million men on the eastern front. • Then winter set in and the Germans were wearing summer uniforms • In 1942-43, a German army of over 300,000 was defeated and captured at the Battle of Stalingrad. • The Soviets lost more than 1 million men in the battle (morethan twice the number of deaths the U.S. suffered in all the war) • The Germans then lost the battle of Kursk and began a long retreat. • The Red Army crossed into Poland in January 1944. 24 THE NORTH AFRICAN FRONT “Operation Torch” – an invasion of Axis -controlled North Africa --was launched by American General Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1942 • Allied troops landed in Casablanca, Oran and the Algiers in Algeria • They sped eastward chasing the Afrika Korps led by German General Edwin Rommel (the desert fox) • American tanks roll in the deserts of Africa and defeat German and Axis forces CASABLANCA MEETING Allied troops landed in Casablanca, Oran and the Algiers FDR and Churchill in Casablanca • FDR and Churchill met in Casablanca and decided their next moves • 1) Plan amphibious invasions of France and Italy • 2) Only unconditional surrender would be accepted TUSKEGEE AIRMEN • Among the brave men who fought in Italy were pilots of the all-black 99th squadron – the Tuskegee Airmen • The pilots made numerous effective strikes against Germany and won two distinguished Unit Citations • Never lost a bomber! 25