Download WEIMAR REPUBLIC RULES GERMANY AND FAILS

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WWI vs.
WWII
Notes
p. 9np
1. Political instability and economic
devastation in Europe resulting from
WWI caused…
•MLJ, Vocab,
Warm ups, Org.
•Intro. Museum
Project
•WWII Note
packet
A Worldwide depression… High inflation…
Massive unemployment
WEIMAR REPUBLIC RULES
GERMANY AND FAILS
• The victors installed many
new democratic governments
in Europe after World War I
including the Weimar
Republic in Germany
• Most were overwhelmed from
the start and struggled
economically
A German woman is seen here in 1923 feeding
bundles of money into the furnace. . .why?
This Konstanz 50 Milliarden (million)
Mark overprinted on 5 Mark
illustrates the extend of the inflation
in Weimar Germany
High war debt owed by
Germany…
Exchange rates, US Dollar to Mark, 1918-1923
Source : Gerald D. Feldman, The Great Disorder,
Oxford : UP 1997, p.5
Jan. 1918
Jan. 1919
Jan. 1920
Jan. 1921
Jan. 1922
April 1922
July 1922
Oct. 1922
Jan. 1923
Feb. 1923
5.21
8.20
64.80
64.91
191.81
291.00
493.22
3,180.96
17,972.00
27,918.00
Mar. 1923
Apr. 1923
May 1923
June 1923
July 1923
Aug. 1923
Sept. 1923
Oct. 1923
Nov. 1923
Dec. 1923
21,190.00
24,475.00
47,670.00
109,966.00
353,412.00
4,620,455.00
98,860,000.00
25,260,000,000.00
2,193,600,000,000.00
4,200,000,000,000.00
1
2. FAILURE OF VERSAILLES
The Versailles Treaty (above on crutches)
took a beating in the U.S. and abroad
• The peace settlement that
ended World War I
(Versailles Treaty) failed
to provide a “just and
secure peace” as
promised
• Instead Germany grew
more and more resentful
of the treaty that they felt
was too harsh and too
punitive
3. Thus, Political and economic conditions in
Europe following World War I led to the rise of
fascism and to World War II. The rise of fascism and
its dictators threatened peace in Europe and Asia
DICTATORS THREATEN WORLD PEACE
SAFARI Montage Chap 3
Rise of Totalitarians Notes
p. 10np
• For many European
countries the end of
World War I was the
beginning of revolutions
at home, economic
depression and the rise of
powerful dictators driven
by nationalism and the
desire to conqueror more
land.
Two powerful 20th Century
dictators were Stalin & Hitler
What is “Fascism
”?
“Fascism”?
Fascism is a political
philosophy in which total
power is given to a
dictator and individual
freedoms are denied
Germany
and
Adolph
Hitler
Benito Mussolini
and Italy Seized power of
Italy and banned all opposing
political parties and invaded
Ethiopia
2
THE RISE OF
FASCISM IN ITALY
• While Stalin was consolidating his power in
the Soviet Union, Benito Mussolini was
establishing a totalitarian regime in Italy
• Mussolini seized power, taking advantage of
high unemployment, inflation and a middleclass fear of Communism Mussolini was a
strong public speaker who appealed to
Italian national pride
• By 1921, Mussolini had established the
Fascist Party -- Fascism stressed nationalism
and militarism and placed the interest of the
state above the interests of the individual
Hideki Tojo
and
Japan
•
MUSSOLINI
MARCHES ON ROME
• Despite the fact that King
Emmanuel II had already
agreed to turn power over
to Mussolini (IL DUCE),
he staged a mock
takeover by marching his
black shirts through the
streets of Rome in
October, 1922
MILITARISTS GAIN
CONTROL OF JAPAN
The military,
led by
Hideki Tojo,
Tojo, took control
of Japan
• Halfway around the world,
nationalistic leaders were seizing
control of the Imperial government
of Japan
• Like Hitler, they desired living
space for their growing population
Emperor Hirohito’s reign lasted
from 1926-1989
• He began a military buildup with
several attacks on China and a
dream of controlling the Pacific
FRANCO’S FASCISTS
WIN CIVIL WAR
JAPAN ATTACKS CHINA
In 1931, Japan attacked the Chinese province of
Manchuria
• Swiftly Japan captured the province which is
roughly twice the size of Texas
•
•
•
•
Japanese soldiers in
Manchuria
Mussolini marches on Rome, 1922
•
In 1936, a group of Spanish army
officers led by General Francisco
Franco, rebelled against the Spanish
Republic
A Civil War ensued as Hitler and
Mussolini supported Franco’s fascists
while the western democracies
remained neutral
Franco’s victory in 1939 established
him as fascist leader of a totalitarian
Spain
The Spanish Civil War led to a closer
relationship between the German and
Italian dictators
Hitler and Mussolini signed an
alliance known as the Rome-Berlin
Axis
Franco admires a military
parade in Madrid – 500,000
died in the Spanish Civil War
3
STALIN PLANS A
TOTALITARIAN STATE
• In the first year of his “5-year
plan” Stalin placed all economic
activity under strict state control
• By 1937, Stalin had achieved his
goal– USSR was the world’s 2nd
largest industrial power
This 1932 poster championed
the Soviet Defense industry
• By 1939, Stalin firmly
established a
totalitarian
government in the
USSR
• In a totalitarian state
the government
suppresses all
opposition and has
strict control over the
citizens who have no
civil rights
Totalitarianism/ Fascism
• The party-state determines what people
should believe.
– There is no room for individual thinking, private
moral judgment, or individual conscience.
– The individual possesses no natural rights that
the state must respect.
• The state regards individuals merely as tools
or building blocks that it can use to build a
new social order.
VS. The Allies Democratic nations –
the United States, Great Britain and
Canada were known as the Allies.
Allies.
Later Soviet Union.
STALIN MURDERS
MILLIONS OF
SOVIETS
Labor camp workers in Siberia -Stalin sent millions of political
prisoners to labor camps
These dictators led
the countries
that became
known as the
Axis Powers
• In his desire to purge
(eliminate) anyone who
threatened his power,
Stalin was responsible for
the deaths of 8 – 13
million of his own Soviet
citizens
• Millions more died of
famine caused by his
economic policies
Explain or describe this picture
Allied leaders included… Franklin D.
Roosevelt and later Harry S. Truman of
the United States… Winston Churchill of
Great Britain and Joseph Stalin of the
Soviet Union
4
Rise of Hitler:
Early Years
Hitler’s World-view:
Racial Nationalism
• Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) was born in Austria and
spent his early life as a failed art student in Vienna,
painting picture postcards.
– He was an avid reader who was strongly influenced
by Social Darwinism.
– When World War I began, Hitler was in Munich and
volunteered for the German army. He fought bravely, twice
receiving the Iron Cross.
– The shock of Germany’s defeat intensified his commitment
to racial nationalism. To lead Germany to a total victory over
its racial enemies became his obsession.
NAZIS TAKE
OVER GERMANY
• Meanwhile in Germany,
Adolf Hitler followed a
similar path to Mussolini
• At the end of WWI he was a
jobless soldier drifting
around Germany
• In 1919, he joined a
struggling group called the
National Socialist German
Workers’ Party (Nazis)
• (Despite its name the party
had no ties to socialism)
Hitler, far left, shown
during WWI
HITLER’S BELIEFS
He alone, who owns the
youth, gains the Future!
-- Adolf Hitler, speech at the
Reichsparteitag, 1935
• Hitler explained
• his beliefs in his book, Mein
Kampf (My Struggle)
• He wanted to unite all
German-speaking people
under one grand Empire
• He wanted racial purity –
“inferior” races such as Jews,
Slavs and all non-whites were
to form a work force for the
“master race” – blond, blueeyed “Aryans”
Hitler Organizer notes p. 11np
• Hitler divided the world into superior and inferior
races and pitted them in a struggle for survival.
• The Germans were descendants of the ancient
Aryan race and possessed superior racial
characteristics. As a higher race, the Germans were
entitled to conquer and subjugate other races.
Germany must acquire Lebensraum (living space)
by expanding eastward at the expense of the
racially inferior Slavs.
– He also sought to destroy the Jews who
threatened to contaminate the pure German
blood-line.
Hitler Gains Power
• In 1923, Hitler attempted to seize power in Munich (Beer
Hall Putsch or coup).
– He failed and was imprisoned for nine months. Ironically,
his trial and imprisonment gave Hitler more attention and
prestige.
– While in prison he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
which explained his world-view. When Hitler left prison in
1924, he tightened his hold on the Nazi party.
– The Nazi party grew from 27,000 members in 1925 to
178,000 members in 1929.
– The Nazi party still only polled about less than 3 % of the
vote and its future seemed bleak as economic conditions
improved.
LEBENSRAUM
• Another element of
Hitler’s grand design was
national expansion
• Hitler called it
“Lebensraum” or living
space
• Hitler believed that for
Germany to thrive it
needed more land at the
expense of her neighbors
Hitler posed an immediate threat
to Czechoslovakia, Poland,
Austria, France, Belgium and
the Netherlands
5
Rise of the Nazi Party
• The Depression of 1930, however, created the
unrest needed for people to increasingly turn to
Hitler’s radicalism.
• The Nazi party went from 810,000 votes in 1928 to
6.4 million in 1930 and its representation in the
Reichstag grew from 12 to 107.
• The German public wanted an end to the weak Weimer
Republic, a revival of the economy, protection against the
Communist threat, and revenge for the Treaty of
Versailles.
• Hitler promised all of these things and more
HITLER GAINS
FOLLOWING
• Hitler’s ability as a
public speaker and
organizer drew many
followers
• He quickly became the
Nazi Party leader
• Calling himself “Der
Fuhrer” (the leader) he
promised to return
Germany to its old glory
Rise of the Nazi
Party
• In 1932 the Nazi party won 37.3 percent of the
vote, far more than any other party but still not a
majority.
• Aging President Paul von Hindenburg (18471934) was pressured into naming Hitler as
Chancellor.
• Hitler took office at the beginning of 1933 and
quickly moved to assume dictatorial powers.
HITLER APPOINTED
CHANCELLOR
Hitler was appointed chancellor by
the aging President Hindenburg of
the Weimar Republic
• By mid-1932, the Nazis had
become the strongest political
party in Germany
• In January of 1933, Hitler was
appointed Chancellor (Prime
Minister)
• Once in office he quickly
dismantled Germany’s
democratic Weimar Republic
and replaced it with a
totalitarian government
Hitler rose to power in part by criticizing the
Versailles Treaty as unfair and humiliating to the
proud German nation
Hitler becomes Dictator:
Activity who would you pick?
• After a “communist” set fire to the Reichstag in February,
Hitler convinced Hindenburg to sign an emergency decree
suspending civil rights on the pretext that the state was
threatened by internal subversion.
– Hitler then used these emergency powers to arrest members of
political parties that opposed him.
– In the March elections of 1933, Hitler was able to gain a
majority of support within the Reichstag and it passed the
Enabling Act of 1933, which gave Hitler unlimited dictatorial
authority.
• Hitler had used the instruments of democracy to destroy the
republic and create a dictatorship
6
Nazi Germany:
The Leader-State
THE THIRD REICH
• Once in power, Hitler
established the Third
Reich, or Third German
Empire
• The first was during the
Middle Ages and the
Second came with the
Unification of Germany
in 1871
• According to Hitler the
Third Reich would last
1,000 years
•
• The Third Reich was organized as a leader-state, in
which Hitler, the fuehrer (leader), embodied the
“real will” of the German people, commanded the
supreme loyalty of the people, and held omnipotent
power.
• Propaganda had helped the Nazis come to power. Now it
would be used to consolidate their hold on the German nation.
– The Ministry of Popular Enlightenment – Joseph Goebbels, controlled
the press, book publishing, the radio, the theater, and the cinema
•
Nazi Regime
• The Nazi regime became a police state,
symbolized by mass arrests, the persecution of
Jews, and concentration camps (SA –
Stormtroopers or elite military and SS –
Gestapo or secret state police led by
Heinrich Himmler); however, it did not upset
the daily life of the majority of the population.
Most Germans believed that the new
government was trying to solve Germany’s
problems in a sensible and vigorous manner, in
contrast to the ineffective Weimer leadership.
Hitler &
Prosperity
• By 1936, the
reinvigoration of the
economy, stimulated in
part by rearmament, had
virtually eliminated
unemployment.
• Just as importantly, it
appeared that Hitler was
rebuilding Germany’s
power in international
affairs.
7
AGGRESSION BEGINS IN
EUROPE
Germany’s Advance Notes
• In the early 1930s both
Japan and Germany quit
the League of Nations
• Hitler then began a huge
military build-up (in direct
violation of the Treaty of
Versailles)
• By 1936 Hitler sent troops
into the Rhineland, a
German region bordering
France and Belgium that
was demilitarized by the
Versailles Treaty
Where Were the Allied Powers?
• The U.S. had rejected the Peace of Paris and was caught
up in the Depression; Russia was consolidating its
revolution; Britain was caught up in the Depression;
France alone was left to hold Germany down.
• Also, Nazi propaganda in the U.S. and Britain portrayed
Hitler as the best check on Communist Russia.
• The British and French feared a new war and went to
great lengths to avoid confrontation. France built
immense fortifications, called the Maginot Line, but
lacked the mobile strike force necessary to counter an
aggressive Germany.
FDR: WE ARE
NEUTRAL AND
FRIENDLY
• FDR’s polices in the early to
mid 1930s reflected a desire to
remain out of the growing
conflict in Europe
• He recognized the USSR
diplomatically in 1933
(exchanged ambassadors)
• He lowered tariffs
• He withdrew armed forces
from Latin America
American isolationism,
isolationism, a legacy from WWI and then
the Great Depression is strengthened in 1935, when
Congress passed the first “Neutrality
“Neutrality Act”
Act”
The first two acts outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war
The third act outlawed arms sales or loans to nations fighting
civil wars
Isolationists hoped that laws such as this one would
keep the country out of war in Europe
FDR and his secretary of State Cordell
Hull study European political affairs
very carefully
8
U.S. NEUTRALITY IS
TESTED
FDR speech
in Chicago,
10/05/1937
• After Japan renewed attacks China in 1937, FDR sent
arms and supplies to China
• He got around the Neutrality Acts because Japan had not
actually declared war on China
• FDR promised in a speech in Chicago to “take a stand
against aggression”
CZECHOSLOVAKIA NEXT
d
Su
et
lan
en
d
• Hitler then turned to Czechoslovakia
• About 3 million German-speaking people lived in
the western border regions of Czechoslovakia
called the Sudetenland
• Hitler built up troops on the border . . .
HITLER MAKES A
DEAL
•
•
Then, just as an attack on
Czechoslovakia seemed
imminent, Hitler invited
French leader Edouard
Daladier and British
leader Neville
Chamberlain to meet
with him in Munich
(Italy was there too)
In Munich he promised
that the annexation of the
Sudetenland would be his
“last territorial demand”
WAR IN EUROPE
• Late in 1937, Hitler was
anxious to start his assault on
Europe
• Austria was the first target
• The majority of Austria’s 6
million people favored
unification with Germany
• On March 12, 1938, German
troops marched into Austria
unopposed
• A day later, Germany
announced its union with
Austria
4. Appeasement
• As a result, Britain came up with the policy
of appeasement:
– Giving in to Germany in the hope that a
satisfied Hitler would not drag Europe
through another world war.
– They thought Hitler simply wanted a
peaceful revision of the Versailles Treaty
and that he could be contained through
concessions.
“PEACE IN
OUR
TIMES!!?”
•Chamberlain and Daladier
believed Hitler and signed
the Munich Agreement in
September of 1938
•
•
•
Munich Conference: From left to right; British Prime
Minister Neville Chamberlain, French Prime Minister
Eduard Deladier, German Fuehrer Adolf Hitler, Italian
leader Benito Mussolini and Italian Foreign Minister
Count Ciano at the Munich Conference, September 1938
This agreement turned over the
Sudetenland to Germany without a
single shot fired
Arms Factory on the land
Chamberlain returned to England
and announced,
“I have come back from Germany with
peace with honor. I believe it is peace
in our time.”
9
APPEASEMENT CRITICS
GERMAN OFFENSIVE
BEGINS
• Critics of Chamberlain
included English
politician and future
Prime Minister Winston
Churchill who said
Europe had adopted a
dangerous policy of
appeasement – or giving
up principles to pacify
an aggressor
• Despite the Munich
Agreement, Hitler was
not finished expanding
the German Empire
• March, 15 1939: German
troops poured into what
remained of
Czechoslovakia
• At nightfall Hitler
declared,
“Czechoslovakia has
ceased to exist”
German troops invade
Czechoslovakia in March of 1939
Czechoslovakia: The Apex of
Appeasement
• At the Munich Conference of 1938, Britain and
France (not Czechoslovakia) agreed to the German
occupation of the Sudetenland.
– Deprived of the Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia could
not defend against a German attack. Hitler took
Czechoslovakia in March 1939.
– The take-over of Czechoslovakia was different than the other
conquests. This was not about German self-determination it
was about hegemony or control of Europe.
• With the end of Czech independence, Hitler’s intent to
dominate Europe was apparent.
NEXT TARGET: POLAND
SAFARI Montage chap. 6
•
•
•
•
BLITZKRIEG IN POLAND
• As day broke on
September 1, 1939,
the German
Luftwaffe (air
force) roared over
Poland raining
bombs on airfields,
military bases,
railroads and cities
• German tanks
raced across Polish
countryside
Hitler next turned toward
Germany’s eastern neighbor –
Poland
Many thought Hitler was bluffing
because an attack on Poland surely
would bring USSR, Britain and
France into war
As tensions rose over Poland, Stalin
shocked everyone by signing a NonAggression Pact with Hitler
Once bitter enemies now
Communist Russia and Fascist
Germany vowed to never attack
each other
Partners: Hitler & Stalin
BRUTE FORCE: Germans marched
through the streets of Polish towns and
adorned buildings with swastikas
10
The Nazi Blitzkrieg oh: Blitz
• Poland
– On September 1, 1939, German troops invaded Poland.
Britain and France declared war two days later.
– On September 17, Soviet troops invaded Poland from the
east.
– In less than a month, the Nazi blitzkrieg (lightning war) had
captured Poland, which surrendered on September 27. For
Hitler, the conquest of Poland was only the beginning. He
then captured Denmark and Norway.
• In May of 1940, German troops invaded Belgium, Holland,
and Luxembourg and marched into France.
WORLD WAR II BEGINS
STALIN ATTACKS EASTERN
POLAND
• After the Polish invasion,
Britain and France
declared war on
Germany
• Too late to save Poland,
the Allies focused on
getting troops to the front
in time to stop Germany’s
Blitzkrieg strategy
(Lightning War – fast
moving tanks and
powerful aircraft)
• While Hitler was blitzing
western Poland, Stalin
was attacking the east
• Stalin and Hitler had
secretly agreed to divide
Poland
• Later in 1939, Stalin
attacked and defeated
Finland while Hitler
conquered Norway and
Denmark
STALIN & HITLER ROLL
• After occupying Poland,
Stalin annexed the Baltic
States of Estonia, Latvia
and Lithuania
• Hitler, meanwhile
successfully attacked the
Netherlands, Belgium and
Luxemburg
Time was running out on the
Allies
11
AMERICA MOVES
TOWARD WAR
America sold weapons to Allied
nations for cash
• In September of 1939
(invasion of Poland),
Roosevelt persuaded
Congress to pass a
“cash & carry”
provision that allowed
nations to buy U.S.
arms and transport
them in their own ships
FRANCE AND BRITAIN GO
IT ALONE
• The Maginot Line (a series
of trenches and
fortifications built along
the eastern France) proved
ineffective as Hitler’s
troops and tanks detoured
through the “impassable”
Ardennes wooded ravines
in NE France
EUROPE 1940- BRITAIN GOES IT ALONE
The Fall of France
• On June 22, France signed an armistice with
Germany, agreeing to German occupation
of northern France and the coast.
– The French military was demobilized, and the
French government, now located at Vichy, in the
south (and headed by Marshall Henri Philippe
Pétain), would collaborate with the German
authorities in occupied France.
– Refusing to recognize defeat, General Charles
de Gaulle escaped to London and organized the
Free French forces.
• Britain now stood alone against Germany.
KEY
Red - Nazi occupied and
controlled
Purple - Nazi controlled
under Mussolini
Blue - Free country,
supported by the United
States
Green - Under the control
of Josef Stalin of Russia
who sided with the Nazis
in 1939
Yellow - Neutral, but
greatly influenced by
Nazis, for example, Spain
was under the dictatorship
of General Franco who
was controlled by Hitler
THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN
• In the summer of 1940
Germany launched an air
attack on England
• The goal was to bomb
England into submission
• Every night for two solid
months, bombers pounded
British targets: airfields,
military bases and then
cities
• Hitler expected Britain to
make peace, however,
Britain, led by a new Prime
Minister, Winston
Churchill, refused to
surrender.
Mail Call Clip Zvd or
SAFARI Montage chap. 3
12
RAF FIGHTS
BACK
•
•
•
•
•
•
THE AXIS THREAT RISES,
BRITAIN GETS OUR SUPPORT
Britain held firm during the Blitz despite
devastating destruction to English cities.
The Royal Air Force fought back
bravely with the help of a new device
called radar
With radar, British pilots could spot
German planes even in darkness
The British Spitfire Plane was
instrumental in downing 175 Nazi
planes on September 15, 1940
The British resistance convinced Hitler
to postpone the invasion but he
continued the bombing attacks.
Six weeks later, Hitler called off the
attack on England
A Spitfire dogs a German
Domier Do-17 as it crosses
the Tower of London
• Axis powers were making
great progress across
Europe – France fell to
Germany in 1940
• The Axis powers were
formidable – Germany,
Italy and Japan
• Hoping to avoid a twoocean war, FDR
scrambled to support
Britain
• He provided 500,000 rifles
and 80,000 machine guns
and numerous ships
U.S. BUILDS DEFENSE
• Meanwhile, Roosevelt got Congress to increase spending
for national defenses and reinstitute the draft
• FDR ran for and won an unprecedented third term in 1940
• The majority of voters were unwilling to switch presidents
during such a volatile time in history
THE GREAT ARSENAL
OF DEMOCRACY
SAFARI Montage chap.
4
•
To support Britain, FDR
established a “LendLease Plan” which meant the
U.S. would lend or lease arms to nations whose
defense was vital to America. It allowed sales or loans to “any country
whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the U.S.”
U.S.” March 1941
• America was becoming the “Great Arsenal of
Democracy” supplying weapons to fighting
democracies
FDR pushed
for huge
defense
spending
U.S. SUPPORTS STALIN
• In June of 1941, Hitler broke the agreement he made with
Stalin in 1939
• FDR began sending lend-lease supplies to the USSR
• German U-boats traveled in “wolf packs” at night
torpedoing weapon shipments headed for the Britain and
the USSR
• FDR OK’ed U.S. warships to attack German U-boats in
self-defense
• Late in 1941, FDR and
Churchill met secretly
and agreed on a series of
goals for the war
• Among their goals were
collective security,
disarmament, selfdetermination, economic
cooperation and freedom
of the seas
• This “Declaration of the
United Nations” was
signed by 26 nations
THE
ATLANTIC
CHARTER
FDR, left, and Churchill met aboard
the battleship U.S.S. Augusta in
Newfoundland waters
13
A Grand Alliance
The Big Three
– Great Britain (Winston
Churchill)
– The U.S. (FDR)
– The Soviet Union
(Joseph Stalin)
Strategy for War
– Defeat Germany first
Invasion of the Soviet Union
• It was then that Hitler made his pivotal mistake. He
invaded the Soviet Union.
Gloomy Prospects for the Allied
Powers
• By the end of 1942, the Allies faced defeat.
– The chain of spectacular victories disguised fatal
weaknesses within the Axis alliance:
– Japan and Germany fought separate wars, each
on two fronts. They never coordinated
strategies.
– The early defeats also obscured the Allies’
strengths: The manpower of the Soviet Union and the
productive capacity of the United States
War in the Pacific
Japanese Aggression Notes
– The obliteration of Bolshevism was a key element of Hitler’s
ideology; however, it was a gigantic military mistake.
• On June 22, 1941, Hitler launched Operation
Barbarossa, consisting of an attack army of 4 million
men spread out along a 2,000-mile front in three massive
offensives. The German army quickly advanced, but at a
terrifying cost. For the next three years, 90 percent of
German deaths would happen on the eastern front.
Rising tension developed between the U.S. and
Japan… because of Japanese aggression in
the Pacific…
…first, Japan invaded Manchuria and China…
and it also invaded French Indochina – another
region rich in resources
14
Oil Embargo
• U.S. freezes Japanese assets and starts embargo
– U.S. cuts off sale of airplane fuel to Japan and cuts back
on other natural resources.
– Great Britain and the Dutch East Indies also participate in
the embargo.
• Japan cut off from its major source of oil
– 66.4 percent of imports came from Anglo-Americans
– Over 80 percent of its oil came from U.S.
Japanese Navy’s oil reserves (2 years)
– Planned for war after August 1, 1941
– The longer Japan waited the worse its economic and
military situation would become
Decision for War
• “Hull Note” delivered on Nov. 26, 1941
– Basically restated U.S. demands
– Prime Minister T j sees note as ultimatum and and
proof that further diplomacy was futile.
– Japanese public opinion was firmly behind the
decision for war.
• Late Nov., 1941 – U.S. learns Japanese Armada
leaves Japan / lost track of and thought they
were headed to attack the Philippines
• Dec. 6, Japan breaks off negotiations, refusing to
leave China
December 7, 1941
• Japan attacks Pearl Harbor in
Hawaii
– U.S. fleet caught unprepared
– 2400 sailors died, 1200
wounded,18 ships sunk, and 160
aircraft damaged and 200
destroyed.
– Only the aircraft carriers, by
chance on maneuvers, escaped the
worst naval defeat in American
history.
• Later the same day, Japan attacks
the Philippines, Guam, and
Midway and attacks British
forces in Hong Kong and the
Malay Peninsula (Singapore)
Lost Evidence Video Activity or Pearl Hollywood 20 min
Or SAFARI Montage chap.5
• The U.S. demanded that Japan withdraw
from China and Indochina
• Japan thought that attacking the U.S. would
provide them an easy win, and a territory
with abundant land and resources to rule
once they were victorious.
• The U.S. oil embargo against Japan was
hurting Japan’s economy
15
Major Combatants
Japan
Fleet of 6 Aircraft Carriers
under the command of
Admiral Nagumo and
Admiral Yamamoto
Aerial Assault Force under
the command of Mitsuo
Fuchida
United States
- Pearl Harbor Naval/Army
Base under the command
of Admiral Husband E.
Kimmel and Lt. General
Walter C. Short
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Japan
81 Fighter Planes
135 Dive Bombers
104 Horizontal Bombers
40 Torpedo Planes
At least 5 Midget
Submarines
United States
108 Fighter Planes (59
not available for flight)
35 Army Bombers (27 not
available for flight)
993 Army/Navy Antiaircraft Guns
16
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“Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941
- A date which will
live in infamy – the
United States of
America was suddenly
and deliberately
attacked by naval and
air forces of the
Empire of Japan.”
+
FDR Infamy Speech:
FDR Activity (2 parts)(Honors 3)
20-30 min
SAFARI Montage chap. 4 a
18
So what?
What is important to understand about
this?
Global War
• FDR – “a date that will live in
infamy.”
• Dec. 8, 1941 - U.S. declares war
on Japan
• Germany and Italy declare war on
U.S.
• With the Japanese attack on the
U.S., World War II became a
global war.
• The U.S. would enter the war
against the Axis powers and
concentrate on Europe.
Discussion Questions
oh Interpreting Timelines
Political and economic conditions in Europe
after World War I led to the rise of fascism and to
World War II
1. How did postpost-WWI Europe set the stage
for WWII?
2. How did the rise of fascism affect world
events following WWI?
3. How did American policy toward events
in Europe and Asia change over time?
1.
How much
do you
remember?
Which of the following correctly pairs
a dictator and the nation he ruled?
a. Hitler – Germany
b. Mussolini – Spain
c. Stalin – Italy
d. Tojo - China
19
2.
Pearl Harbor is in what state?
a. Alaska
c. California
d. Florida
b. Francisco Franco
c. Josef Stalin
d. Winston Churchill
The three Axis or Enemy Powers
were…
a. Germany, Poland, and Italy
b. Germany, Italy, and China
c. Germany, Italy, and Japan
d. Germany, Spain, and Japan
6.
Which of the following was one of the
leaders of the 3 Axis Powers during
World War II?
a. Benito Mussolini
b. Hawaii
4.
3.
Isolationism can be best described as:
5. What ended U.S. isolationism and
brought the country into World War II?
a. German UU-boat attacks
b. The attack on Pearl Harbor
c. The beginning of the lendlend-lease program
d. The Munich Pact
7.
Which of the following helps to explain
the rise of totalitarianism after WWI?
a. A movement to lower tariffs to improve
trade
a. Fierce competition to sell manufactures
b. A focus on the U.S. and its internal affairs
b. Misery caused by world depression
c. Trading with only “select” countries
d. A violation of the 18th amendment
c. Strong democratic traditions
d. The end of colonialism
20
8.
Which of the following was one of the
leaders of the Allied Powers during
World War II?
a. Benito Mussolini
b. Francisco Franco
c. Josef Stalin
d. Adolph Hitler
10. What was the effect of the high war
debt owed by Germany from World
War I?
9.
An accurate characterization of the
Soviet Union’s role in World II would
be:
a. Consistently neutral.
b. Fighting on the side of the Allies, after
initially being neutral.
c. Fighting with the Allies after beginning as a
member of the Axis.
d. Fighting with the Axis powers the entire war.
Pause to discuss:
LEADERS of WWII
a. Left winning countries benefiting from large
amounts of reparation money
b. Left Europe politically unstable and
economically devastated
c. Affected only parts of Europe
d. Affected America only, had no impact on
Europe
THE UNITED STATES IN
WORLD WAR II
Major Battle Notes
Turning Points Notes
WWII Chronology Quiz
AMERICA
TURNS THE
TIDE
History Alive Activity
Honors 4
Academic 2
20-30 min.
21
MOBILIZING FOR DEFENSE
SAFARI Montage chap. 6
AMERICANS RUSH TO ENLIST
• After Japan attacked Pearl
Harbor, they thought
America would avoid
further conflict with them
• The Japan Times
newspaper said America
was “trembling in their
shoes”
• But if America was
trembling, it was with rage,
not fear
• “Remember Pearl Harbor”
was the rallying cry as
America entered WWII
WOMEN JOIN THE FIGHT
• Army Chief of Staff
General George
Marshall pushed for the
formation of the
Women’s Auxiliary
Army Corps (WAAC)
• Under this program
women worked in noncombat roles such as
nurses, ambulance
drivers, radio operators,
and pilots
A PRODUCTION MIRACLE
• Americans converted
their auto industry into a
war industry
• The nation’s automobile
plants began to produce
tanks, planes, boats, and
command cars
• Many other industries
also converted to warrelated supplies
• After Pearl Harbor
five million
Americans enlisted to
fight in the war
• The Selective Service
expanded the draft
and eventually
provided an
additional 10 million
soldiers
ALL AMERICANS FOUGHT
SAFARI Montage chap. 7
•
•
•
•
•
Despite discrimination at
home, minority populations
contributed to the war
effort
1,000,000 African
Americans served in the
military
300,000 Mexican-Americans
33,000 Japanese Americans
25,000 Native Americans
13,000 Chinese Americans
These “Golden 13” Great Lakes officers
scored the highest marks ever on the
Officers exam in 1944
LABOR’S CONTRIBUTION
• By 1944, nearly 18
million workers were
laboring in war
industries (3x the # in
1941)
• More than 6 million
of these were women
and nearly 2 million
were minority
22
MOBILIZATION OF
SCIENTISTS
MANHATTAN PROJECT
• The most important
achievement of the
OSRD was the secret
development of the
atomic bomb
• Einstein wrote to FDR
warning him that the
Germans were
attempting to develop
such a weapon
• The code used to
describe American
efforts to build the bomb
was the “Manhattan
Project”
• In 1941, FDR created the
Office of Scientific
Research and
Development (OSRD) to
bring scientists into the
war effort
• Focus was on radar and
sonar to locate
submarines
• Also the scientists
worked on penicillin and
pesticides like DDT
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TAKES
CONTROL OF INFLATION
•
•
WAR
PRODUCTION
BOARD
With prices of goods
threatening to rise
out of control, FDR
responded by
creating the Office of
Price Administration
(OPA)
The OPA froze prices
on most goods and
encouraged the
purchase of war
bonds to fight
inflation
Ration
Stamps
WWII Poster
encouraging
conservation
• To ensure the troops had
ample resources, FDR
created the WPB
• The WPB decided which
companies would convert to
wartime production and
how to best allocate raw
materials to those industries
• The WPB also organized
nationwide drives to collect
scrap iron, tin cans, paper,
rags and cooking fat for
recycling
• Additionally, the OPA set
up a system of rationing
• Households had set
allocations of scarce goods –
gas, meat, shoes, sugar,
coffee
THE WAR FOR EUROPE AND
NORTH AFRICA
•
•
Days after Pearl Harbor, British Prime
Minister Winston Churchill arrived at
the White House and spent three weeks
working out war plans with FDR
They decided to focus on defeating
Hitler first and then turn their
attention to Japan
• Defeat of the Axis Powers
• The turning point of the war came in 1942-43.
• Allied victory in North Africa was followed by an invasion
of Italy, which stopped the Axis powers’ string of
victories.
• The decisive theater of war, however, was the eastern
front.
23
THE BATTLE OF THE
ATLANTIC
The power of the German submarines was
great, and in two months' time almost two
million tons of Allied ships were resting on
the ocean floor. Efforts were soon made to
restrict German subs' activities.
• After America’s entry into
the war, Hitler was
determined to prevent
foods and war supplies
from reaching Britain and
the USSR from America’s
east coast
• He ordered submarine
raids on U.S. ships on the
Atlantic
• During the first four
months of 1942 Germany
sank 87 U.S. ships
• In the first seven months of
1942, German U-boats sank
681 Allied ships in the
Atlantic
• Something had to be done or
the war at sea would be lost
• First, Allies used convoys of
ships & airplanes to
transport supplies
• Destroyers used sonar to
track U-boats
• Airplanes were used to track
the U-boats ocean surfaces
• With this improved
tracking, Allies inflicted
huge losses on German Uboats
THE EASTERN FRONT &
MEDITERRANEAN
Battle of Stalingrad was a huge
Allied victory
• Hitler wanted to wipe out
Stalingrad – a major
industrial center
• In the summer of 1942, the
Germans took the offensive
in the southern Soviet
Union
• By the winter of 1943, the
Allies began to see victories
on land as well as sea
• The first great turning
point was the Battle of
Stalingrad
ALLIES
CONTROL UBOATS
U-426 sinks after attack from the
air, January 1944. Almost twothirds of all U-boat sailors died
during the Battle of the Atlantic.
Turning Points of the War: The
Battle of Stalingrad
• The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point of
the war. The German Army (Wehrmacht) had
already lost 2 million men on the eastern front.
• Then winter set in and the Germans were wearing
summer uniforms
• In 1942-43, a German army of over 300,000 was
defeated and captured at the Battle of Stalingrad.
• The Soviets lost more than
1 million men in the battle (morethan twice the
number of deaths the U.S. suffered in all the war)
• The Germans then lost the battle of Kursk and
began a long retreat.
• The Red Army crossed into Poland in January
1944.
24
THE NORTH
AFRICAN FRONT
“Operation
Torch” – an
invasion of Axis -controlled
North Africa --was launched
by American General
Dwight D. Eisenhower in
1942
• Allied troops landed in
Casablanca, Oran and the
Algiers in Algeria
• They sped eastward chasing
the Afrika Korps led by
German General Edwin
Rommel (the desert fox)
•
American tanks roll in the
deserts of Africa and defeat
German and Axis forces
CASABLANCA MEETING
Allied
troops
landed
in Casablanca,
Oran
and the
Algiers
FDR and Churchill in
Casablanca
• FDR and Churchill met
in Casablanca and
decided their next moves
• 1) Plan amphibious
invasions of France and
Italy
• 2) Only unconditional
surrender would be
accepted
TUSKEGEE
AIRMEN
• Among the brave men
who fought in Italy were
pilots of the all-black
99th squadron – the
Tuskegee Airmen
• The pilots made
numerous effective
strikes against Germany
and won two
distinguished Unit
Citations
• Never lost a bomber!
25