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Ch16 Endocrine – part 2 Endocrine system several separate organs release hormones into capillaries hormones are transported in the blood homeostasis = to return conditions to normal GOAL: appropriate response to change in conditions Endocrine Glands Hypothalamus Pituitary glands Pineal gland Thyroid Parathyroid Thymus Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Medulla Kidney Pancreas Ovary Testes several others learning goals for each hormone – know: it’s effects , functions what stim its release where is it made its target organs increase metabolic rate increase blood calcium decrease blood calcium increase blood sodium decrease blood sodium decrease blood glucose increase blood glucose thyroid hormone thyroxine tri-iodothyronine effects: calorigenic (thermogenic) metabolic growth summary of metabolic hormones thyroxine PTH calcitonin aldosterone atrial natriuretic peptide insulin glucagon epinephrine cortisol growth hormone thyroxine thyroid hormones made by thyroid gland (follicular cells) T4 T3 metabolic rate (cell respiration) body temperature increase protein synthesis (child) increase heart rate and BP nervous system, muscle, skeletal (child) control of T4 production stimulus: TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) TSH produced due to TRH low blood T4 low body temp inhibited by high blood T4 somatostatin Thyroid gland anatomy follicular cells produce thyroid hormones follicles store pre-hormone = colloid parafollicular cells produce calcitonin Thyroid hormone synthesis synthesis by follicular cells I2 added to tyrosines colloid = thyroglobulin + I2 colloid splits into T4 and T3 into blood thyroglobulin iodination storage in lumen cleavage secretion transport TBG thyroxine-binding globulin calcium hormones to increase blood calcium : parathyroid hormone PTH parathyroid gland increase Ca absorption from intestine increase Ca reabsorption from nephron remove Ca from bone stimulus: low blood calcium vitamin D3 calcitriol effects : same as PTH made by skin - kidney - then liver (also dietary) to decrease blood calcium: calcitonin thyroid gland (parafollicular cells) effects: decrease blood calcium deposit calcium into bone stimulus: high blood calcium sodium related hormones aldosterone made by adrenal cortex effects: increases Na+ in blood (increases Osm) increases Na+ absorbed from nephron, intestines increases blood volume , BP stimulus: angiotensin II (stim by low BP) low blood Na, high blood K atrial natriuretic peptide made by atrium effects: opposite of aldosterone stimulus: high BP (blood volume) in atria blood (water) volume Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / vasopressin made by hypothalamus effects: increases blood volume increases water reabsorption from nephron decreases blood Osm increases BP stimulus: high osmolarity , low blood volume aldosterone effects: ANP increases blood volume; increases Osm increases reabsorption of Na+ ; water follows inhibits ADH and aldosterone osmolarity increase osmolarity : aldosterone Na+ in blood decrease osmolarity : atrial natriuretic peptide antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Na+ in blood water in blood BP hormones renin-angiotensin aldosterone epinephrine cortisol thyroxine antidiuretic hormone raises BP raises BP raises BP raises BP raises BP raises BP atrial natriuretic peptide lowers BP renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system RAAS increases systemic BP renin made by kidney if BP is low. renin converts angiotensinogen (liver) angiotensin I ACE converts angiotensin I angiotensin II (ACE = Angiotensin converting enzyme ; ACE is made by lung + blood vessels) angiotensin II causes systemic vasoconstriction which BP aldosterone - which increases blood volume ( BP) ADH – which increases blood volume ( BP) hormone to decrease blood glucose insulin pancreas beta (β) cells increase transport of glucose into cells increase cell respiration increase anabolic processes: increase glycogen synthesis increase protein synthesis increase lipid synthesis stimulus: high blood glucose parasympathetic n.s. digestive hormones hormones to increase blood glucose glucagon made by pancreas alpha (α) cells maintains blood glucose levels fasting blood glucose 80 – 100 mg / 100ml affects liver stimulus: other hormones: epinephrine cortisol growth hormone thyroxine glycogen/ fatty acids glucose low blood glucose, eg. between meals if immediate stress if long term stress for growth for cell respiration, heat Diabetes Mellitus hyperglycemia = high blood glucose Diabetes Mellitus chronic hyperglycemia type 1 Insulin dependent IDDM decreased Beta cells congenital or autoimmune type 2 non Insulin dependent (insulin-resistant) NIDDM decrease Insulin receptors on target cells developed common symptoms glucosuria polyuria polydipsia polyphagia Adrenal gland adrenal cortex outerlayers corticosteroids = steroid hormones made in cortex glucocorticoids cortisol mineralcorticoids aldosterone androgens sex hormones adrenal medulla catecholamines inner layer epinephrine , norepinephrine stress hormones - epinephrine epinephrine , norepinephrine catecholamines made in adrenal medulla effects: “fight or flight” “adrenaline rush” increase heart rate , BP increase respiratory rate ; bronchodilation increase blood to muscles increase alertness increase blood glucose stimulus: Sympathetic nervous system cortisol (glucocorticoid) made in adrenal cortex “the stress hormone” stress hormones - cortisol increase blood glucose for brain increase BP enhances epinephrine effects protein catabolism anti-inflammatory inhibits sex hormones affects memory stimulus: ACTH = glucose sparing more AA for repair limits immune response ; stress insulin-like growth factors insulin thyroxine growth related hormones mitosis increase protein synthesis increase blood glucose same as GH anabolic processes protein synthesis ; growth – brain, muscle cortisol somatostatin decreases protein synthesis inhibits growth hormone growth hormone (somatotropin) somatostatin inhibits growth and sources for growth inhibits insulin growth hormone thyroxine / TSH digestive hormones and processes same as GHIH sex hormones estradiol progesterone follicle (ovary) corpus luteum (ovary) testosterone inhibin interstitial cells (testes) sustentacular cells (testes) androgens made in adrenal cortex converted to estrogen or testosterone RBC production uterine contractions milk production milk release sleep digestive functions hunger control erythropoietin oxytocin prolactin oxytocin melatonin gastrin secretin cholecystokinin leptin hormones w/other functions kidney hypothalamus anterior pituitary hypothalamus pineal gland stomach small intestine small intestine adipose hormones that control other endocrine glands stimulating hormones anterior pituitary control other endocrine glands stimulate growth of gland + hormone production releasing hormones control the anterior pituitary hypothalamus Hypothalamus is the “master gland” hypothalamus controls all hormones of the pituitary gland. controls posterior pituitary w/ neurons via hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract controls anterior pituitary w/ regulatory hormones via hypophyseal portal system Anterior Pituitary – direct hormones growth hormone = somatotropic hormone effects: mitosis protein synthesis increase blood glucose insulin-like growth factors stim: GHRH ; low GH ; exercise PRL prolactin effect: milk production stim PRH ; nursing stimulating hormones – control other endocrine glands GH TSH ACTH FSH LH ICSH Anterior Pituitary controls other endocrirne glands thyroid stimulating hormone thyrotropin adrenocorticotropic hormone corticotropin follicle stimulating hormone folliculotropin luteinizing hormone luteotropin interstitial cell stimulating hormone GH growth hormone somatotropin stimulating hormone effects stimulate target tissue to ant pituitary TSH ACTH FSH LH ICSH GH release hormone ; grow other endocrine glands thyroid thyroxine adrenal cortex cortisol follicle estrogen corpus luteum progesterone interstitial cells testosterone liver insulin-like growth factors hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary there is a regulating hormone for every pituitary hormone hypothalamus growth hormoneRH growth hormoneIH prolactin IH thyrotropicRH corticotropicRH gonadotropicRH gonadotropicIH GHRH GHIH PIH TRH CRH GnRH GnIH ant. pituitary hormone GH inhibit GH PRL TSH ACTH FSH ; LH inhibit FSH, LH negative feedback limits these hormones target gland hormones inhibits the hypothalamus and/or anterior pituitary Grave’s Disease Cretinism Goiter Cushing’s Addison’s Disease Gigantism Acromegaly Pituitary Dwarfism Diabetes Mellitus hormone related diseases hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism (congenital) thyroid tumor due to decreased I2 increased Cortisol decreased Aldosterone , Cortisol increased GH (congenital) increased GH (adult) decreased GH high blood glucose ; insulin