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Ch16 Endocrine – part 2
Endocrine system
several separate organs release hormones into capillaries
hormones are transported in the blood
homeostasis = to return conditions to normal
GOAL: appropriate response to change in conditions
Endocrine Glands
Hypothalamus
Pituitary glands
Pineal gland
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla
Kidney
Pancreas
Ovary
Testes
several others
learning goals
for each hormone – know:
it’s effects , functions
what stim its release
where is it made
its target organs
increase metabolic rate
increase blood calcium
decrease blood calcium
increase blood sodium
decrease blood sodium
decrease blood glucose
increase blood glucose
thyroid hormone
thyroxine
tri-iodothyronine
effects:
calorigenic (thermogenic)
metabolic
growth
summary of metabolic hormones
thyroxine
PTH
calcitonin
aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide
insulin
glucagon
epinephrine
cortisol
growth hormone
thyroxine
thyroid hormones
made by thyroid gland (follicular cells)
T4
T3
 metabolic rate (cell respiration)
 body temperature
increase protein synthesis (child)
increase heart rate and BP
nervous system, muscle, skeletal (child)
control of T4 production
stimulus:
TSH
(thyroid stimulating hormone)
TSH produced due to
TRH
low blood T4
low body temp
inhibited by
high blood T4
somatostatin
Thyroid gland anatomy
follicular cells produce thyroid hormones
follicles store pre-hormone = colloid
parafollicular cells produce calcitonin
Thyroid hormone synthesis
synthesis by follicular cells
I2 added to tyrosines
colloid = thyroglobulin + I2
colloid splits into T4 and T3
into blood
thyroglobulin
iodination
storage in lumen
cleavage
secretion
transport
TBG
thyroxine-binding globulin
calcium hormones
to increase blood calcium :
parathyroid hormone PTH
parathyroid gland
increase Ca absorption from intestine
increase Ca reabsorption from nephron
remove Ca from bone
stimulus:
low blood calcium
vitamin D3 calcitriol
effects : same as PTH
made by skin - kidney - then liver
(also dietary)
to decrease blood calcium:
calcitonin
thyroid gland (parafollicular cells)
effects:
decrease blood calcium
deposit calcium into bone
stimulus:
high blood calcium
sodium related hormones
aldosterone
made by adrenal cortex
effects: increases Na+ in blood (increases Osm)
increases Na+ absorbed from nephron, intestines
increases blood volume , BP
stimulus:
angiotensin II
(stim by low BP)
low blood Na, high blood K
atrial natriuretic peptide
made by atrium
effects: opposite of aldosterone
stimulus: high BP (blood volume) in atria
blood (water) volume
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / vasopressin
made by hypothalamus
effects: increases blood volume
increases water reabsorption from nephron
decreases blood Osm
increases BP
stimulus:
high osmolarity , low blood volume
aldosterone
effects:
ANP
increases blood volume; increases Osm
increases reabsorption of Na+ ; water follows
inhibits ADH and aldosterone
osmolarity
increase osmolarity :
aldosterone
 Na+ in blood
decrease osmolarity :
atrial natriuretic peptide
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
 Na+ in blood
 water in blood
BP hormones
renin-angiotensin
aldosterone
epinephrine
cortisol
thyroxine
antidiuretic hormone
raises BP
raises BP
raises BP
raises BP
raises BP
raises BP
atrial natriuretic peptide
lowers BP
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system RAAS
increases systemic BP
renin
made by kidney if BP is low.
renin
converts angiotensinogen (liver)  angiotensin I
ACE
converts angiotensin I  angiotensin II
(ACE = Angiotensin converting enzyme ; ACE is made by lung + blood vessels)
angiotensin II causes
systemic vasoconstriction which  BP
 aldosterone - which increases blood volume ( BP)
 ADH – which increases blood volume ( BP)
hormone to decrease blood glucose
insulin
pancreas beta (β) cells
increase transport of glucose into cells
increase cell respiration
increase anabolic processes:
increase glycogen synthesis
increase protein synthesis
increase lipid synthesis
stimulus:
high blood glucose
parasympathetic n.s.
digestive hormones
hormones to increase blood glucose
glucagon
made by pancreas alpha (α) cells
maintains blood glucose levels
fasting blood glucose
80 – 100 mg / 100ml
affects liver stimulus:
other hormones:
epinephrine
cortisol
growth hormone
thyroxine
glycogen/ fatty acids  glucose
low blood glucose, eg. between meals
if immediate stress
if long term stress
for growth
for cell respiration, heat
Diabetes Mellitus
hyperglycemia =
high blood glucose
Diabetes Mellitus chronic hyperglycemia
type 1
Insulin dependent
IDDM
decreased Beta cells
congenital or autoimmune
type 2
non Insulin dependent (insulin-resistant)
NIDDM
decrease Insulin receptors on target cells
developed
common symptoms
glucosuria
polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
Adrenal gland
adrenal cortex
outerlayers
corticosteroids = steroid hormones made in cortex
glucocorticoids
cortisol
mineralcorticoids
aldosterone
androgens
sex hormones
adrenal medulla
catecholamines
inner layer
epinephrine , norepinephrine
stress hormones - epinephrine
epinephrine , norepinephrine
catecholamines
made in adrenal medulla
effects: “fight or flight” “adrenaline rush”
increase heart rate , BP
increase respiratory rate ; bronchodilation
increase blood to muscles
increase alertness
increase blood glucose
stimulus:
Sympathetic nervous system
cortisol (glucocorticoid)
made in adrenal cortex
“the stress hormone”
stress hormones - cortisol
increase blood glucose for brain
increase BP
enhances epinephrine effects
protein catabolism
anti-inflammatory
inhibits sex hormones
affects memory
stimulus:
ACTH
=
glucose sparing
more AA for repair
limits immune response
; stress
insulin-like growth factors
insulin
thyroxine
growth related hormones
mitosis
increase protein synthesis
increase blood glucose
same as GH
anabolic processes
protein synthesis ; growth – brain, muscle
cortisol
somatostatin
decreases protein synthesis
inhibits growth hormone
growth hormone (somatotropin)
somatostatin
inhibits growth and sources for growth
inhibits insulin
growth hormone
thyroxine / TSH
digestive hormones and processes
same as GHIH
sex hormones
estradiol
progesterone
follicle (ovary)
corpus luteum (ovary)
testosterone
inhibin
interstitial cells (testes)
sustentacular cells (testes)
androgens
made in adrenal cortex
converted to estrogen or testosterone
RBC production
uterine contractions
milk production
milk release
sleep
digestive functions
hunger control
erythropoietin
oxytocin
prolactin
oxytocin
melatonin
gastrin
secretin
cholecystokinin
leptin
hormones w/other functions
kidney
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
hypothalamus
pineal gland
stomach
small intestine
small intestine
adipose
hormones that control other endocrine glands
stimulating hormones
anterior pituitary
control other endocrine glands
stimulate growth of gland + hormone production
releasing hormones
control the anterior pituitary
hypothalamus
Hypothalamus is the “master gland”
hypothalamus controls all hormones of the pituitary gland.
controls posterior pituitary w/ neurons
via hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
controls anterior pituitary w/ regulatory hormones
via hypophyseal portal system
Anterior Pituitary – direct hormones
growth hormone =
somatotropic hormone
effects:
mitosis
protein synthesis
increase blood glucose
insulin-like growth factors
stim:
GHRH ; low GH ; exercise
PRL
prolactin
effect:
milk production
stim
PRH ; nursing
stimulating hormones – control other endocrine glands
GH
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
ICSH
Anterior Pituitary controls other endocrirne glands
thyroid stimulating hormone
thyrotropin
adrenocorticotropic hormone
corticotropin
follicle stimulating hormone
folliculotropin
luteinizing hormone
luteotropin
interstitial cell stimulating hormone
GH
growth hormone
somatotropin
stimulating hormone effects
stimulate target tissue to
ant pituitary
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
ICSH
GH
release hormone ; grow
other endocrine glands
thyroid
thyroxine
adrenal cortex
cortisol
follicle
estrogen
corpus luteum
progesterone
interstitial cells testosterone
liver
insulin-like growth factors
hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary
there is a regulating hormone for every pituitary hormone
hypothalamus
growth hormoneRH
growth hormoneIH
prolactin IH
thyrotropicRH
corticotropicRH
gonadotropicRH
gonadotropicIH
GHRH
GHIH
PIH
TRH
CRH
GnRH
GnIH
ant. pituitary hormone
GH
inhibit GH
PRL
TSH
ACTH
FSH ; LH
inhibit FSH, LH
negative feedback limits these hormones
target gland hormones inhibits the hypothalamus and/or anterior pituitary
Grave’s Disease
Cretinism
Goiter
Cushing’s
Addison’s Disease
Gigantism
Acromegaly
Pituitary Dwarfism
Diabetes Mellitus
hormone related diseases
hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism (congenital)
thyroid tumor due to decreased I2
increased Cortisol
decreased Aldosterone , Cortisol
increased GH (congenital)
increased GH (adult)
decreased GH
high blood glucose ; insulin