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1UN I DAD E5PANOL ~ ~" 1 I . I I ------------------------ Saying What You Have: The Verb tener II To talk about what you have, use tener. ;5:J tengo 10.( tenemos " tienes teiieis tie,he"'" henen v-...Q ...3g.= Tener is also used to talk about a person's age. . ~c. ;:;. ;W.,'05 anos "c:: DI _. V~,,"') fiene Tiene quince aiios. DI \ 0 '-' ",t> Q~ S\0('; ~):'O> .rl\'j ",0~ _ , ' ~ ~;,z Expressing Possession Using de To refer to the possessor of an item, use de. ~ el hermano de papa los hijos de Javier "v0-- ...) r::;fo cy b,fl-- of r:ot\••. i-' c;- Expressing Possession: Possessive Adjedives Possessive adjectives tell who owns a thing or describe a relationship between people or things. Possessive adjectives agree in number with the nouns they describe. Singular Possessive M~ _ rm nu ~aur - yuestro(a) tLl 1_. 1_ . .,Lsu. fH5,ne,,'joUl\)U su sU th~rl~~ ~~i~~ ~~~~'~~S nuestr~ nuestraLebuel~ r . ctives o(a) <:N<" t ' 0,", V"\DUy) nuestro(a) and vuestro(a) they describe. sus.. ·sus ~ . de mf;;- de.nbsotros(as) ". , de ti .",de vosotro~(aS) de listed, el, eiicl deustedes, ellos(as) ;::Sl Giving Dates: Day and Month To give the date, use this phrase: Es el + number + de + month Hoy es el once de noviembre. r- Exception: the first of the month: Es el primero de noviembre. (i:) CIl "\:S ~ c •..... ....• It) < It) •....• ~ . 1 '\,\0\) must also agree in gender you f need..to emphasize, or. clari.fy the m.ean.ing of su or the adjective with: de + pronoun or the person's name. -. I I I I I I I I I I r'mls - uestros(as)" I tus ,.:.•vtJestros(as)"· I sus ·_;~s + pI U'~I. es UNIDAD 1 •....,\lR UNIDAD 1 •....,\U Using Definite Artides with Specific Things Familiar and Formal Greetings All Spanish nouns have masculine or feminine gender. Familiar greeting: LComo estas1 Use with: a friend, a family member, someone younger el chico la chica In Spanish, the definite article that accompanies a noun will match its gender and number. ~ Masculine Singular Masculine Plural Feminine Singular Feminine Plural ...v e. ,. ~el chico los chicos .•.' -l-h la chica \ II las chicas Formal greeting: Use with: lComo esti usted? a person you don't know, someone older, someone for whom you want to show respect Tu is a familiar way to say you. Usted is a formal way to say you. Desaibing People: Subject Pronouns and the Verb ser Using Indefinite Artides with Unspecified Things A noun sometimes appears with an indefinite the noun's g~~der an~ nu~ \, un chico urifqilCa~,l ~t"t linus .chic6S urias chicas , " RaLillieva una camiseta.~\Sbf"\ article, which matches " IG...(\ e I To discuss people, you often use subject pronouns. To describe a person or explai~ who h~she is, use ser. ~.)(O yo soy tLi er~ .usted es evella es nosotros(as) soinils vosotros(as) sois ustedes son ellos(as) son S ~f. \ '>(' ""J""" ~e. :..:;e;- :\,\(1 "fl.'>\. . {"' ~,-v o-S- 'tCi." 0- Using ser de to Express Origin ) Adjectives describe nouns and match the noun's gender. Adjectives usually follow nouns. To say where a person is from use: ser + de + place David es de San Antonio, "0*~<p~ -0. 'V' (pJ Feminine adjectives often end in -a. Most adjectives that end in -e match both genders. Using Verbs to Talk About What You like to Do To talk about what you like to do, use the phrase: Me gusta + infinitive (the basic form of a verb) Using Adjectives to Describe: Number l)fQ \ :l Adjectives also match the number of the nouns they describe. • To make an adjective plural, add -5 if it ends with a vowel,' -es if it ends with a consonant Me gusta correr. Te gusta correr. Le gusta correr, ne gusta correr? LLe gusta correr? When an adjective describes a group with both genders, use its masculine form. To say someone doesn't like something. use no. No me gusta correr. p\ S <: ~ IJ9I ~c.s -~ (_~.?<-\ Using Adjedives to Describe: Gender Masculine adjectives often end in • ~S '\..; '0..' Many adjectives that end with a consonant match both genders. sus, replace J- PF\G1NA Some add -a to become feminine. nuestro~ nuestras ~ • ',' I \-L L ,.'~.H UNIDAD 2 ~~~ ------------------------ Saying What You Are Going to Do: ir a... To talk about the future, you say what you are going to do. Use the phrase: ir + a + infiniljve ,~ C"IC:: ••I» .;r...:< L v9Y a,<~~,vamo~ a vas ;jn'vais a va a '.io1 ~an a ::::I _. 3g- ~a.. . ..., I» ..rO-" ~-- ~ P'!:-:;..~Cr' ' ,\.~Y- Present Tense of Regular -er and -ir Verbs ;:; Regular verbs that end in -er or -ir work like oar verbs. Regular -er verbs have the same endings as -lr verbs except in the nosotros(as) and vosotros(as) forms. The letter change matches the verb ending: -er verbs = ernos, eis / -ir verbs = !mos, Is -It °t;;5 €S C<; e ~(l comer to eat vivir to live com~ comemos c(jm~ com@.. vivo vivimos Vives v~·' vlV~ viven com~ com~ . .- Regular Present Tense Verbs with Imgular yo Forms These verbs have regular present tense forms except for an irregular yo form. conocer to know, to be familiar with conozco hacemos haceis Hat~~Jhacen heces ~ Like hacer and conocer, oir (to hear) has an irregular yo form in the present tense. Three of its forms require a spelling change where the i becomes a y. The nosotros(as) and vosotros(as) forms have accents. ~ ~ Vl oigo oyes. oye "1:::! ~ ~I o •...... olmos ols oyen ....• r(1) <: •....• (1) ~ c'ODOCer a o, pe,.-<So() • -to ~'Ylee-t -fmvl\ I;a. r u.)I e I I I I I I I I I I Using the Verb oir tT1 I I I I When a person is the object of a verb, the personal a is used after the verb, except for the verb tener. ..... I I I I I to make, to do hago conocemos conoceis conocen conoces .conoce hacer I I I o~t- -ro do I I I I I I I I ~ 1t'\~IH~blf) ~ \-tow I 50M~\ ~ ~ UNIDAD 2 ,'1",8 ~:~J8 UNIDAD 2 ~ Saying Where You Are Going: the Verb ir Saying What You Do: Present of oar Verbs When you talk about where someone is going, use the verb ir (to go). To talk about things you do, use the present tense. To form the present tense of a regular verb that ends in oar, drop the oar and add these endings: voy' vas vamos" 'VaiS. va'" I). ~ari + A +- e\ to--. -\p lO£e, . -0, lo:5 \0.'5 Use adonde to mean where when there is a verb indicating motion, such as ir. 7 Use donde to ask where someone or something is. Telling Time To talk about the current time, use lQue hora es? Son las + hour. Es la una. iA que hora es la c1ase? Alas dos. A la una. .:.. ;~ esta estudiamos vosotros(as) estudiais usted, el, ella estudia ustedes, ellos, ellas estudian always every day often sometimes once in a while a little rarely never These expressions usually go before the verb: siempre rara vez nunca To say where people or things are located, use estar. . nosotros(as) estudias siempre todos 105 dias mucho a veces de vel en cuando poco rara vez nunca Desaibing Location with the Verb estar ,estoy . estas. estudio tu To talk about how often someone has done something, you use expressions of frequency. Use menos + minutes for the number of minutes before the hour. To talk about when something will happen, use + event? yo Expressing Frequency with Adverbs Use y + minutes for the number of minutes after the hour. LA que hora + verb Alas + hour A la + one o'clock -as, -a, -amos, -als, -an . ., These usually go after the verb: estarnos eslais' mucho itali. Asking Questions: Interrogative poco Longer phrases can be placed at the beginning or the end of the sentence. Words Expressing Obligation with hay que and tener que To create a simple yes/no question, use rising voice intonation or switch the position of the subject and verb. To talk about things someone must do, use these phrases. Here are more interrogative words to add to (a)donde and cuantos(as). ccfuJo how por qui' why cuiff(es) which, what qui' what cutlido when quitri( es) who Use the impersonal phrase hay que + infinitive if there is no specific subject. Use a form of tener tener que + infinitive if there is a specific subject. Interrogative words have an accent on the appropriate vowel. All questions are preceded by an inverted question m.ark and followed by a question mark. One rv-, /J 5 t: _ Ho...ve ...I...I U \e()lf~~c...""c..-~ d. e -\- '\f'>* I ~cobc...~",", de +\ I 'k :f 'If::: r:.. I 1- F'\ + -,",,,:. = 1~\Je("e.'~-r ·\"f;:::. I~. c :Ot»r t'"5 11-0.\ ...r \ '').,- =--- _ :5 UNIDAD 3 ....,\'-8 I I I I I I I I I I I I ------------------------ Describing the Weather To talk about the weather, use these phrases. (Que tiempo hace? Hace... calor. frio. sol. viento. buen tiempo. mal tiempo. fresco. C"IC:: ••• DI ::3 _. 3 g- ~Q. ;:;.~ DI sol. viento. Llueve. Nieva. Eslil nublado. ."oy ~ I Dired Objed Pronouns .~ The direct object in a sentence receives the action of the verb. 10 nos os los la las me te ~~~~ Direct object pronouns are placed before the conjugated verb or attached to an infinitive verb. Necesito sacar fotos. Las quiero sacar hoy. Quiero sacarlas hoy. Saying What Is Happening: Present Progressive "3 .....0 C. tT1 ~ ~ {;l .J:::::? lO::I c:J::) 5' C:::C: ;:::: , •• To say what is happening use the present progressive. To form this tense, use present tense of estar estoy hablando estas hablando esta hablando + present participle estamos hablando estais hablando estcin hablando Present Participles habl -ar + -ando -+ hablando com -er + -iendo -+ comiendo escrib -ir + -iendo -+ esaibiendo ;: ~,r.: Pld.,e~,do <! 1- , ~ clo\fV\' r dVfM'e.ro """' When the stem of an -er or -ir verb ends in a vowel, -iendo becomes -yendo. Ie -er + -yendo -+ leyendo o -lr + -yendo -+ oyendo cre -er + -yendo -+ creyendo I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I UNIDAD I ....,\t8 3 I Talking About Playing a Sport: The Verb jugar Jugar means to play. juego -j~e~aS' "; Juega iugamos !uga~.. juegarr ( I' ~ I I I I .\::> O-~ ~ ) When you use jugar with the name of a sport you must use jugar a + sport Stem-Changing Verbs: e -+ I I ·ie In these verbs the e in the stem sometimes changes to ie. e&rrar empezar .. ente~der me;fif'dar p~nsar p~rder preh;rir querer I I I For example: Pensar means to think or to plan. ....--- I I I I Saber means to know. I I sabemos .sabeis t- saben p~."~ + infinitive .•.. Estar is used with adjectives to describe how someone feels ata given moment. ; w\\e.(\ 5 estoy vsed S1o.-bnCJ o, loca.bon estamos -tel"l II) 6-lo..4e (}r , estas estlis o~o..("'j esta estan ~ ~ If) l Remember that adjectives must agree in gen~er and nu~gr with the nouns they describe. ...-.d- Saying What Just Happened with acabar de When you want to say what just happened, use the present tense of + acabar de + infinitive acabo de acabamos de acabas de . acabais de . acaba de . acaban de Saying Where You Are Coming From with venir Venir means to come. -vengo vienes viene venimos venls vienen Saying What Someone Likes to 00 Using gustar + infinitive 1:1. __ 5£ nadu.(;:: Making Compansons r;~~~ +0 «~t'V"l :> L_ .J_ I I To say that someone knows how to do something, use: saber I 3 Expressing Feelings with estar and Adjedives I Saying What You Know: The Verb saber se sabes sabe ,\U UNIDAD J When comparing two things, use these phrases with adjectives: Use these phrases without adjectives: (+) mas <adjective> que... ( -) menos <adjective> que... (=) tan <adjective> como... ( +) mas que ... ( -) menos que . ( =) tanto como . Use de with numbers. mas de cinco menos de diez Irregular comparative words: mayor menor mejor peor I "0~k. \ I~~ 10 I ()..,.-IDd> ~ I C).-e> ,,",~oh \~ CJ0Stn. r> -1-"'- .- e('(:a.r)tan ~~":l I 0-.e-0-~ .,3 U?t(\.,.-\~ CI-' 10- I I I I v > OpeIOf)D. nca.vri-6... \ ~,o _ chcC6~