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E5PANOL
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Saying What You Have: The Verb tener
II
To talk about what you have, use tener.
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tengo 10.( tenemos
" tienes
teiieis
tie,he"'" henen
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Tener is also used to talk about a person's age. .
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;W.,'05 anos
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fiene
Tiene quince aiios.
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Expressing Possession Using de
To refer to the possessor of an item, use de.
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el hermano de papa
los hijos de Javier
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...)
r::;fo
cy b,fl--
of
r:ot\••.
i-' c;-
Expressing Possession: Possessive Adjedives
Possessive adjectives tell who owns a thing or describe a relationship
between people or things. Possessive adjectives agree in number with
the nouns they describe.
Singular Possessive
M~
_ rm
nu
~aur
-
yuestro(a)
tLl
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1_
. .,Lsu.
fH5,ne,,'joUl\)U
su
sU
th~rl~~
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nuestr~
nuestraLebuel~
r
. ctives
o(a) <:N<"
t
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V"\DUy)
nuestro(a) and vuestro(a)
they describe.
sus..
·sus
~
. de mf;;- de.nbsotros(as) ". ,
de ti .",de vosotro~(aS)
de listed, el, eiicl deustedes, ellos(as)
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Giving Dates: Day and Month
To give the date, use this phrase:
Es el + number + de + month
Hoy es el once de noviembre.
r-
Exception: the first of the month:
Es el primero de noviembre.
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must also agree in gender
you
f need..to emphasize, or. clari.fy the m.ean.ing of su or
the adjective with: de + pronoun or the person's name.
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r'mls - uestros(as)"
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tus ,.:.•vtJestros(as)"·
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sus ·_;~s
+ pI U'~I.
es
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Using Definite Artides with Specific Things
Familiar and Formal Greetings
All Spanish nouns have masculine or feminine gender.
Familiar greeting: LComo estas1
Use with:
a friend, a family member, someone younger
el chico
la chica
In Spanish, the definite article that accompanies a noun will match its
gender and number.
~
Masculine Singular
Masculine Plural
Feminine Singular
Feminine Plural
...v e. ,.
~el chico
los chicos .•.' -l-h
la chica
\ II
las chicas
Formal greeting:
Use with:
lComo esti usted?
a person you don't know, someone older, someone
for whom you want to show respect
Tu is a familiar way to say you.
Usted is a formal way to say you.
Desaibing People: Subject Pronouns and the Verb ser
Using Indefinite Artides with Unspecified Things
A noun sometimes appears with an indefinite
the noun's g~~der an~ nu~
\,
un chico urifqilCa~,l
~t"t
linus .chic6S urias chicas
,
"
RaLillieva una camiseta.~\Sbf"\
article, which matches
"
IG...(\
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To discuss people, you often use subject pronouns. To describe a
person or explai~ who h~she is, use ser.
~.)(O
yo soy
tLi er~
.usted es
evella es
nosotros(as) soinils
vosotros(as) sois
ustedes son
ellos(as) son
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Using ser de to Express Origin
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Adjectives describe nouns and match the noun's gender. Adjectives
usually follow nouns.
To say where a person is from use:
ser + de + place
David es de San Antonio,
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Feminine adjectives often end in -a.
Most adjectives that end in -e match both genders.
Using Verbs to Talk About What You like to Do
To talk about what you like to do, use the phrase:
Me gusta
+ infinitive
(the basic form of a verb)
Using Adjectives to Describe: Number
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Adjectives also match the number of the nouns they describe. •
To make an adjective plural, add -5 if it ends with a vowel,' -es if it ends
with a consonant
Me gusta correr.
Te gusta correr.
Le gusta correr,
ne gusta correr?
LLe gusta correr?
When an adjective describes a group with both genders, use its
masculine form.
To say someone doesn't like something. use no.
No me gusta correr.
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Using Adjedives to Describe: Gender
Masculine adjectives often end in
•
~S
'\..; '0..'
Many adjectives that end with a consonant match both genders.
sus, replace
J-
PF\G1NA
Some add -a to become feminine.
nuestro~
nuestras ~
• ','
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Saying What You Are Going to Do: ir a...
To talk about the future, you say what you are going to do. Use the
phrase: ir + a + infiniljve
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v9Y a,<~~,vamo~ a
vas ;jn'vais a
va a '.io1 ~an a
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Present Tense of Regular -er and -ir Verbs
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Regular verbs that end in -er or -ir work like oar verbs.
Regular -er verbs have the same endings as -lr verbs except in the
nosotros(as) and vosotros(as) forms. The letter change matches the
verb ending: -er verbs = ernos, eis / -ir verbs = !mos, Is
-It
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C<;
e
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comer
to eat
vivir
to live
com~
comemos
c(jm~
com@..
vivo
vivimos
Vives
v~·'
vlV~
viven
com~
com~ .
.-
Regular Present Tense Verbs with Imgular
yo Forms
These verbs have regular present tense forms except for an irregular
yo form.
conocer
to know, to be
familiar with
conozco
hacemos
haceis
Hat~~Jhacen
heces ~
Like hacer and conocer, oir (to hear) has an irregular yo form in the
present tense.
Three of its forms require a spelling change where the i becomes a y.
The nosotros(as) and vosotros(as) forms have accents.
~
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Vl
oigo
oyes.
oye
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olmos
ols
oyen
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Using the Verb oir
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When a person is the object of a verb, the personal a is used after the
verb, except for the verb tener.
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to make, to do
hago
conocemos
conoceis
conocen
conoces
.conoce
hacer
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-ro do
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~ \-tow
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Saying Where You Are Going: the Verb ir
Saying What You Do: Present of oar Verbs
When you talk about where someone is going, use the verb ir (to go).
To talk about things you do, use the present tense. To form the present
tense of a regular verb that ends in oar, drop the oar and add these
endings:
voy'
vas
vamos"
'VaiS.
va'" I). ~ari
+ A +- e\
to--. -\p lO£e,
.
-0,
lo:5
\0.'5
Use adonde to mean where when there
is a verb indicating motion, such as ir.
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Use donde to ask where
someone or something is.
Telling Time
To talk about the current time, use
lQue hora es?
Son las + hour.
Es la una.
iA que hora es la c1ase?
Alas dos.
A la una.
.:..
;~
esta
estudiamos
vosotros(as)
estudiais
usted,
el, ella
estudia
ustedes,
ellos, ellas
estudian
always
every day
often
sometimes
once in a while
a little
rarely
never
These expressions usually go before the verb:
siempre
rara vez nunca
To say where people or things are located, use estar.
.
nosotros(as)
estudias
siempre
todos 105 dias
mucho
a veces
de vel en cuando
poco
rara vez
nunca
Desaibing Location with the Verb estar
,estoy
. estas.
estudio
tu
To talk about how often someone has done something, you use
expressions of frequency.
Use menos + minutes
for the number of minutes
before the hour.
To talk about when something will happen, use
+ event?
yo
Expressing Frequency with Adverbs
Use y + minutes for the number of
minutes after the hour.
LA que hora + verb
Alas + hour
A la + one o'clock
-as, -a, -amos, -als, -an
.
.,
These usually go after the verb:
estarnos
eslais'
mucho
itali.
Asking Questions: Interrogative
poco
Longer phrases can be placed at the beginning or the end of the
sentence.
Words
Expressing Obligation with hay que and tener que
To create a simple yes/no question, use rising voice intonation or switch
the position of the subject and verb.
To talk about things someone must do, use these phrases.
Here are more interrogative words to add to (a)donde and cuantos(as).
ccfuJo
how
por qui'
why
cuiff(es)
which, what
qui'
what
cutlido
when
quitri( es)
who
Use the impersonal phrase
hay que + infinitive
if there is no specific subject.
Use a form of tener
tener que + infinitive
if there is a specific subject.
Interrogative words have an accent on the appropriate vowel.
All questions are preceded by an inverted question m.ark and
followed by a question mark.
One rv-, /J 5 t: _
Ho...ve
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Describing the Weather
To talk about the weather, use
these phrases.
(Que tiempo hace?
Hace...
calor.
frio.
sol.
viento.
buen tiempo.
mal tiempo.
fresco.
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DI
sol.
viento.
Llueve.
Nieva.
Eslil nublado.
."oy
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Dired Objed Pronouns
.~
The direct object in a sentence
receives the action of the verb.
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nos
os
los
la
las
me
te
~~~~
Direct object pronouns are placed
before the conjugated verb or
attached to an infinitive verb.
Necesito sacar fotos.
Las quiero sacar hoy.
Quiero sacarlas hoy.
Saying What Is Happening: Present Progressive
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To say what is happening use the present progressive. To form this
tense, use
present tense of estar
estoy hablando
estas hablando
esta hablando
+ present participle
estamos hablando
estais hablando
estcin hablando
Present Participles
habl -ar + -ando -+ hablando
com -er + -iendo -+ comiendo
escrib -ir + -iendo -+ esaibiendo
;: ~,r.: Pld.,e~,do
<!
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~ clo\fV\' r dVfM'e.ro
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When the stem of an -er or
-ir verb ends in a vowel,
-iendo becomes -yendo.
Ie -er + -yendo -+ leyendo
o -lr + -yendo -+ oyendo
cre -er + -yendo -+ creyendo
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Talking About Playing a Sport: The Verb jugar
Jugar means to play.
juego
-j~e~aS'
"; Juega
iugamos
!uga~..
juegarr
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When you use jugar with the name of a sport you must use
jugar a + sport
Stem-Changing Verbs: e
-+
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·ie
In these verbs the e in the stem
sometimes changes to ie.
e&rrar
empezar
..
ente~der
me;fif'dar
p~nsar
p~rder
preh;rir
querer
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For example:
Pensar means to think or
to plan.
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Saber means to know.
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sabemos
.sabeis
t-
saben
p~."~
+ infinitive
.•..
Estar is used with adjectives to describe how someone feels
ata given moment.
;
w\\e.(\
5
estoy
vsed
S1o.-bnCJ o,
loca.bon
estamos
-tel"l II)
6-lo..4e (}r
, estas estlis
o~o..("'j
esta
estan
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If)
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Remember that adjectives must agree in gen~er and nu~gr with the
nouns they describe.
...-.d-
Saying What Just Happened with acabar de
When you want to say what just happened, use the present tense of
+
acabar
de
+ infinitive
acabo de
acabamos de
acabas de . acabais de .
acaba de . acaban de
Saying Where You Are Coming From with venir
Venir means to come.
-vengo
vienes
viene
venimos
venls
vienen
Saying What Someone Likes to 00 Using gustar
+
infinitive
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Making Compansons
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To say that someone knows how to do something, use:
saber
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Expressing Feelings with estar and Adjedives
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Saying What You Know: The Verb saber
se
sabes
sabe
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When comparing two things, use
these phrases with adjectives:
Use these phrases without
adjectives:
(+) mas <adjective> que...
( -) menos <adjective> que...
(=) tan <adjective> como...
( +) mas que ...
( -) menos que .
( =) tanto como .
Use de with numbers.
mas de cinco
menos de diez
Irregular comparative words:
mayor
menor
mejor
peor
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