Download WHI.05: Ancient Greece: Geography to Persian Wars

WHI.05: Ancient Greece: Geography to Persian Wars
The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient Greece in terms of its impact on Western civilization by
Notes
a)
assessing the influence of geography on Greek economic, social, and political development, including the impact
of Greek commerce and colonies;
b)
describing Greek mythology and religion;
c)
identifying the social structure and role of slavery, explaining the significance of citizenship and the development
of democracy, and comparing the city-states of Athens and Sparta;
d)
evaluating the significance of the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars;
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Essential Understandings of Ancient Greece, Geography to Persian Wars
1.
The physical geography of the Aegean Basin shaped the economic, social, and political development of
Greek civilization.
2.
The expansion of Greek civilization, through trade and colonization, led to the spread of Hellenic culture
across the Mediterranean and Black seas.
3.
Greek mythology was based on a polytheistic religion that was integral to the culture, politics, and art in
ancient Greece.
4.
Many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from ancient
Greek mythology.
5.
Classical Athens developed the most democratic system of government the world had ever seen,
although not everyone could participate in decision making.
6.
It became a foundation of modern democracies.
7.
Contrasting philosophies of government divided the Greek city-states of Athens (democracy) and Sparta
(oligarchy).
8.
The Greeks defeated the Persian empire and preserved their political independence.
Essential Questions about Ancient Greece, Geography to Persian Wars
1. How did the mountains, seas, islands, harbors, peninsulas, and straits of the Aegean Basin shape Greek
economic, social, and political development and patterns of trade and colonization?
2. How did mythology help the early Greek civilization explain the natural world and the human condition?
3. What impact did Greek mythology have on later civilizations and the contemporary world?
4. How did democracy develop in Athens?
5. How did Sparta differ from Athens?
6. Why were wars with Persia important to the development of Greek culture?
Why do I need to know this?
1.
The seeds of much of Western cultural heritage wer planted during this time period.
2.
Many political systems in today’s world mirror the varied forms of government that evolved in
Greece.
Notes
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Ancient Greece
Geography
Balkan Peninsula
1.
2.
3.
4.
Greece is located on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe
Also over 1400 islands
Mild Climate supported an outdoor life (48 degrees in winter and 80 in the summer)
Mountains
a. Cover 75% of Greece
b. Difficult to unite Greeks under a single government, developed small communities instead
c. Made land transportation difficult
d. Poor in natural resources such as timber, metals and farmland
The Sea
1. Greece is bordered by the Ionian Sea (West), the Aegean Sea (East)
a. Both are part of the Mediterranean Sea
2. Important trade routes for the Greeks
Colonization
1. Had to seek new colonies because:
a. They were overpopulated
b. Needed more/better land for crops
c. More grassland for farm animals
a group of Indo-Europeans settled on Greek mainland around 2000 B.C. dominated Greece from 1600 to
1200 B.C.
Mycenae
Trojan War (about 1200 B.C.)
1.
2.
Dorians
Notes
1.
2.
3.
the Trojan prince, Paris kidnapped Helen, the beautiful wife of a Spartan king (Menelaus), brother of
the king of Mycenae (Agamemnon); the Greeks went to war with Troy for 10 years; Greeks pretend
to give up and give Troy a large wooden horse (filled with soldiers); the soldiers open the gate to
Troy and the Greeks destroy Troy
Real Reason – control of the Dardanelles Straits
the Mycenaeans collapsed around 1200 B.C. and the Dorians took over the Greek peninsula
the Dorians were a warrior people and were not interested in trade or culture
created a “Dark age of Greece” no written record exists from 1150-750 B.C.
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Map of Ancient Greece
Greek Homeland in 750 B.C.
Notes
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Ancient Greece
Homer
1.
2.
blind poet who composed epics – narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds
wrote the Iliad and The Odyssey; describe the battle of Troy, the Trojan Horse and the journey home of
King Odysseus
Myths/
Religion
Myths – a traditional stories about Greek gods; a way for the Greeks to explain natural
phenomena, life events, and the power of human passions
Greek Gods – the Greeks attributed human qualities such as love, hate, and jealousy to their gods
Zeus – ruler of the gods, ruled the sky, weather and thunderstorms
Poseidon – god of the seas
Hades – god of the underworld
Hera – Zeus’s wife, often jealous of Zeus’s relationships with other women
Athena – goddess of wisdom and Zeus’s favorite child
Apollo – god of poetry and music, son of Zeus and Leto
Aphrodite – goddess of love and beauty
Rule and
Order in
Greek CityStates
Polis – Greek city-state, made up of a city and its surrounding countryside; was the fundamental political unit
in ancient Greece; designed to promote civic and commercial life
Acropolis – fortified hilltop in the center of most poli
Agora (public center) where male citizens gathered to conduct business
Monarchy – when a king or queen rules a government
Tyrant – powerful individual who gained control of the government by appealing to the poor and the
discontented for support
Aristocracy – a government that is ruled by a small group of noble, land-owning families
Oligarchy – a government ruled a few powerful people, usually by military leaders
Democracy – a government in which all citizens have power
Phalanx – rectangular fighting formation
Hoplites – foot soldiers
Notes
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Forms of Government
Directions: Copy the information from the chart on page 117 into the chart below. Make the chart colorful (one color for
each category). Then answer the questions below.
Monarchy
state ruled by a king
rule is hereditary
some rulers claim divine right
practiced in Mycenae (1450 BC)
Aristocracy
state ruled by nobility
rule is hereditary and based on land ownership
social status and wealth support rulers’ authority
practiced in Athens (594 BC)
Oligarchy
state ruled by a small group of citizens
rule is based on wealth
ruling group controls military
practiced in Sparta (800-600 BC)
Direct Democracy
state ruled by its citizens
rule is based on citizenship
majority rule decides vote
practiced in Athens (461 BC)
1. Which forms of government feature rule based on wealth or property ownership?
Aristocracy and Oligarchy
2. In which form of government do citizens have the most power?
Direct Democracy
3. What form of government was practiced in Sparta? Oligarchy
4. What forms of government were practiced in Athens?
Notes
Aristocracy and Direct Democracy
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Ancient Greece
Sparta
Geography
1. located in the southern part of Greece known as the Peloponnesus
Society
1. built a militaristic state; ruled by an oligarchy
2. rigid social structure
a. Spartans – the elite warrior class, only class considered citizens
b. Perioikoi – free people who weren’t Spartans, not considered citizens, conducted all
business within Sparta; sometimes served as a military reserve
c. Helots – slaves (largest class in Spartan society)
3. valued duty, strength, and discipline over individuality, beauty and freedom
Education
1. education centered around military training
2. at age of seven, boys left home and moved into army barracks
3. girls ran, wrestled, and played sports; learned to put service of Sparta above love, even family
4. from 600 to 371 B.C., the Spartans had the most powerful army in Greece
5. all forms of individual expression were discouraged
6. did not value the arts
Athens
Evolution of the Government
1. Monarchy
aristocracy
tyranny
democracy
2. only free adult males could be citizens – women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded from
citizenship; Athenian women focused on child rearing, weaving cloth, preparing meals, and
managing the household
Important Leaders
1. Draco – wrote the first legal code, punishments were very harsh; included debt slavery
2. Solon – outlawed debt slavery; allowed all citizens to participate and debate policies in the
Athenian assembly; initiated profitable overseas trade, but neglected land reforms
3. Cleisthenes – worked to make Athens a full democracy by reorganizing the assembly to break up
the power of the nobility; created the Council of 500 which proposed laws and counseled the
assembly; members of the Council were chosen by lot (random)
Education
1. boys entered school at age 7, graduated at 18; girls did not receive a formal education
Notes
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Persian War Timeline
Directions: Using pages 118 & 119 in your book, fill in the major battles of the Persian War.
Battle: Battle of Marathon
Battle:
Winner: Greeks (Athenians)
Winner: Persians
490 B.C.
Battle:
Winner:
Battle of Salamis
Greeks (Athenians)
480 B.C.
Notes
Battle of Thermopylae
480 B.C.
Battle:
Winner:
Battle of Plataea
Greeks (Spartans)
479 B.C.
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Persian Wars
Ionia
1.
2.
3.
520 B.C., the Persians conquered Ionia (Greek controlled territory in Anatolia)
Ionian Greeks revolted with the help of Athens
Darius squashed the rebellion and vowed to destroy Athens in revenge
Persian War
Battle of Marathon (490 BC)
1. Greeks won even though they were outnumbered (10,000 Greeks to 25,000 Persians)
2. a young runner Pheidippides raced the 25 miles back to Athens with news of the victory and then
collapsed and died
Battle of Thermopylae (480 BC)
1. Xerxes (Darius’s son) tried to crush Greece – marched into Greece with about 300,000
2. King Leonidas led a group of 300 Spartans and about 7000 other Greeks at Thermopylae held them
for 3 days; all the Greeks were killed, but the Persians lost an estimated 50,000
3. Persians won
Battle of Salamis (480 BC)
1. Themistocles knew to defeat the Persians, he had to attack the Persian navy and supply ships
2. the 360+ Greek ships easily defeated the 1200+ Persians at the Battle of Salamis, ending the threat
of another Persian invasion Greece
3. Greeks Won
Battle of Plataea (479 BC)
1. the Battle of Plataea was the last battle of the war
2. Greeks won
Consequences
of the Persian
Wars
Notes
1.
2.
3.
Greek city-states felt a new sense of confidence and freedom
Athens became the leader of the Delian League – a military alliance of 140 city-states
Athens entered its Golden Age
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Summary
DIRECTIONS: Choose one of the following:
a) write a summary (25-75 words) of what you believe was the most important aspect of the notes/lecture
b) write what you believe to be the most interesting or memorable part of the notes/lecture (25-75 words)
c) draw something that symbolizes the notes/lecture to you (has to be different than your title page)
Notes
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