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Genetics & Heredity Study Guide
1. Why do cells need to produce new cells? For growth, repair, and reproduction
2. What is the result of mitosis? 2 new cells
3. __Heredity____ is the passing of traits from parents to offspring.
4. What trait appears in the first generation? Dominant trait
5. What trait appears in the second generation? Recessive trait
6. ___Traits__ are different forms of a characteristic.
7. What are alleles? Different forms of a gene
8. Instructions for an inherited trait are called _Genes_.
9. Use a Punnett square to determine the possible genotypes of the offspring of a YY x Yy cross.
YY, Yy
10. What does each parent give off to the offspring? One set of genes for each trait
11. What does it mean when an organism is homozygous for a trait? It will have the same alleles; two
dominant or two recessive.
12. _____ Characteristic ____________ is a feature that has different forms in a population.
13. The process that produces sex cells is called ___meiosis_____.
14. What cells are produced during asexual cell reproduction? Body cells
15. How are sex cells different from other human cells? They have half of the number of chromosomes;
23
16. Where are genes located? Sections of DNA located in chromosomes
17. How many cells are produced during meiosis? 4 daughter cells
18. Who was Gregor Mendel? Father of Genetics; scientist that discovered the principals of heredity
19. What are mutations? Changes in the number, type, or order of bases on DNA
20. A tobacco plant with a firefly gene that makes it glow is an example of __Genetic engineering___.
21. Fill in the chart below:
Stage of Mitosis
interphase
prophase
metaphase
Description
DNA copies; Centrioles copy
Chromosomes condense into chromatids;
nuclear membrane breaks apart
Chromatids line up in the center of the cell
and attach to the spindle fibers
Drawing of each stage
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
Chromatids are pulled apart to opposite
ends of the cell
Two new nuclei form around
chromosomes; chromosomes unwind
Cytoplasm divides; two new cells are
produced
22. What is a chromosome? a part of the cell found in the nucleus that contains all of our genetic material (DNA);
made up of 2 identical chromatids, which is made up of chromatin (DNA wrapped around proteins)
23. What is a homologous chromosome? 2 similar chromosomes in a pair
24. ___Cell_____ ___Cycle_________ is the life cycle of a cell.
25. Compare and contrast mitosis vs. meiosis.
Mitosis: body cells; 46 chromosomes in cells; identical cells; asexual reproduction; 1 division
Meiosis: sex cells (gametes); 23 chromosomes in cells; different cells; sexual reproduction; 2 divisions
26. For each picture below, write whether they going through sexual or asexual reproduction.
Bacterium- asexual reproduction
Hydra- asexual reproduction
Strawberry plant- asexual reproduction
Jellyfish- sexual reproduction
27. ___Binary ____ ____Fission______ a method of asexual reproduction in which bacteria splits into two.
28. _______ Budding ______________: happens when a part of the parent organism, such as a hydra,
pinches off and forms a new organism.
29. _____ Fragmentation ________________: parts of the organism, such as a flat worm, break off and a
new organism grows identical to the parent.
30. _____Regeneration _________________: organism, such as a sea star, loses a body part and that part
may develop into a new organism.
31. You can use a __Punnett___ ___ square________ to organize possible offspring combinations.
32. __phenotype_____ is an organism’s appearance.
33. ___genotype___ is the entire genetic makeup of an organism.
34. _probability__ is the mathematical chance that something will happen.
35. Homozygous alleles (ex. PP) are also called __purebred__.
36. Why is it important for chromosomes (DNA) to be copied before cell division?
It is important for DNA to be copied so that each new cell gets its own copy of DNA.
37. If a child has blue eyes and both of her parents have brown eyes, what does this tell you about the
allele for blue eyes? The allele for blue eyes is recessive
38. XX = _Female__ (male or female); XY _Male__ (male or female)
39. Use the Punnett square to answer the question that follows:
?
?
S
SS
SS
s
Ss
Ss
What is the unknown genotype? SS
40. Lisa is dominant homozygous for brown hair. Her husband Dean has blond hair. Create a Punnett
Square for Lisa and Dean’s offspring. What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes for their
children? What percentage of the children will have brown hair? What percentage will have blonde?
Genotypes= Bb
Phenotypes= brown hair
Brown hair= 100%
Blonde hair= 0%
b
B
B
b