Download Classical and operant conditioning are two important concepts

Classical and operant conditioning are two important concepts central to behavioral psychology.
While both result in learning, the processes are quite different. In order to understand how each
of these behavior modification techniques can be used, it is also essential to understand how
classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ from one another.
Let's start by looking at some of the most basic differences.
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Behavior Modification
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Classical Conditioning
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First described by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist
Involves placing a neutral signal before a reflex
Focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviors
Operant Conditioning
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First described by B. F. Skinner, an American psychologist
Involves applying reinforcement or punishment after a behavior
Focuses on strengthening or weakening voluntary behaviors
How Classical Conditioning Works
Even if you are not a psychology student, you have probably at least heard about Pavlov's dogs.
In his famous experiment, Ivan Pavlov noticed dogs began to salivate in response to a tone after
the sound had been repeatedly paired with the presentation of food.
Pavlov quickly realized that this was a learned response and set out to further investigate the
conditioning process.
Classical conditioning involves pairing a previously neutral stimulus (such as the sound of a bell)
with an unconditioned stimulus (the taste of food). This unconditioned stimulus naturally and
automatically triggers salivating as a response to the food, which is known as the unconditioned
response.
After associating the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, the sound of the bell alone
will start to evoke salivating as a response. The sound of the bell is now known as the
conditioned stimulus and salivating in response to the bell is known as the conditioned response.
How Operant Conditioning Works
Operant conditioning focuses on using either reinforcement or punishment to increase or
decrease a behavior. Through this process, an association is formed between the behavior and the
consequences for that behavior. For example, imagine that a trainer is trying to teach a dog to
fetch a ball.
When the dog successful chases and picks up the ball, the dog receives praise as a reward. When
the animal fails to retrieve the ball, the trainer withholds the praise. Eventually, the dog forms an
association between his behavior of fetching the ball and receiving the desired reward.
The Differences Between Classical and Operant Conditioning
One of the simplest ways to remember the differences between classical and operant
conditioning is to focus on whether the behavior is involuntary or voluntary. Classical
conditioning involves making an association between an involuntary response and a stimulus,
while operant conditioning is about making an association between a voluntary behavior and a
consequence.
In operant conditioning, the learner is also rewarded with incentives, while classical conditioning
involves no such enticements. Also remember that classical conditioning is passive on the part of
the learner, while operant conditioning requires the learner to actively participate and perform
some type of action in order to be rewarded or punished.
Today, both classical and operant conditioning are utilized for a variety of purposes by teachers,
parents, psychologists, animal trainers and many others. In animal training, a trainer might utilize
classical conditioning by repeatedly pairing the sound of a clicker with the taste of food.
Eventually, the sound of the clicker alone will begin to produce the same response that the taste
of food would.
In a classroom setting, a teacher might utilize operant conditioning by offering tokens as rewards
for good behavior. Students can then turn in these tokens to receive some type of reward such as
treat or extra play time.
Compare and contrast Classical and Operant Conditioning. Are
References
In order to examine classical and operant conditioning, it necessary to first define the subject
from which they are derived, that is learning. “Learning is any relatively permanent change in
behaviour produced by an experience.” Classical and Operant conditioning are two of several
theories on learning which take the behaviourist approach. “Classical conditioning is an
association of one event with another that results in a pattern of behaviour.” Operant
conditioning however, is “learning that takes place as a consequence of behaviour.” This essay
will attempt to examine the differences and similarities between classical and operant
conditioning, and thereafter, will examine situation where neither classical nor operant
conditioning are present.
Classical conditioning is most commonly associated with Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov
(1849-1936). It was during his research on digestion in dogs that his discoveries led him to
investigate a dog’s tendency to salivate in response to a stimulus, a reflex action that was
involuntary. Pavlov rang a bell (conditioned stimulus) each time the dog was offered food
(unconditioned stimulus). The dog gradually began to associate the ringing of the bell with the
food, and so every time Pavlov rang the bell the dog salivated (conditioned response) weather or
not food was present.
Operant conditioning is most often allied with B.F. Skinner who developed Thorndike’s law of
effect. Skinner showed that by identifying responses and rewards then it is possible to produce
model chains of behaviour. Skinners experiment consisted of a hungry rat in a box with a lever in
it. Whenever the level was pressed a food pellet was delivered. While the rat was investigating
its new surroundings, it accidentally pressed the lever and a food pellet was delivered. The rat
began to press the lever more and more frequently and food pellets were delivered. The food
acted as the reinforcement for the be...
1. Classical conditioning vs. Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning vs. Operant conditioning Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
are different learning methods. ... Both classical and operant conditioning are basic forms of
learning. ... Stimulus discrimination is another phenomena that occurs with classical and operant
conditioning. ... Classical and operant conditioning ar...
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2. Classical operant and observational conditioning
Classical, operant, and observational are all types of conditioning and learning. ... Classical
conditioning was discovered by accident by Russianphysiologist Ivan Pavlov. ... After studying
classical conditioning in dogs and other animals, psychologists became interested in how this
type of learning might apply to human behavior. ... Psychologists now know that classical...
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3. Classical & Operant Conditioni
A COMPARISON BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING.This essay
outlines the basic principles of classical and operant conditioning and considers the similarities
and differences between these two models of learning.CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGClassical
conditioning is so named after the experimental procedure devised by the physiologist, Ivan
Pavlov (1849-1936), when he changed h...
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4. Compare And Contrast Microsoft Dos With Unix
Compare And Contrast Microsoft Dos With UnixCompare and Contrast Microsoft DOS with
UNIX Arthur Bennis Microcomputer Operating Systems CGS 1560 INTRODUCTION As is
suggestive of its name, an operating system (OS) is a collection of programs that operate the
personal computer (PC). ... HISTORY An acronym for disk operating system, the term DOS can
refer to...
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5. Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning Heart rending and anxious feelings merge, as the sound of a dentist's drill
is perceived. This sensation is known as classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a simple
form of learning in which an organism comes to associate events. ... This re...
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6. classical conditioning
The classic examples of classical conditioning are Pavlov's dogs. ... What are common, everyday
examples of classical conditioning? ... With each example of classical condition, you can break
them down into five separate parts that bring you to a conclusion. ... Well if you have this is a
form of operant conditioning. ... I also have gave
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7. Contrast DOS to Unix
Compare and Contrast Microsoft DOS with UNIXArthur BennisMicrocomputer Operating
SystemsCGS 1560 INTRODUCTIONAs is suggestive of its name, an operating system (OS) is a
collection of programs that operate the personal computer (PC). ... There are a number of
different types of operating systems with varying degrees of complexity. ... However, as more
sophisticated&#...
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8. The Cat and the Drawer
Operant ConditioningTrying to change a behavior that is learned is and never will be easy. But
through classical or operant conditioning this process might become a little bit easier. Classical
conditioning is a simple form of learning in which organisms comes to associate or anticipate
events. Operant conditioning is a simple form of learning in which an or...
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9. Comparing operating systems
Comparing Microsoft Operating Systems : 95/98/NTThis report is centered on the similarities
and differences of the three major operating systems provided by Microsoft during the previous
decade. ... All three of these programs are Windows based, they operate by letting you issue
commands by clicking&...
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10. Classical Conditioning in Advertising
Classical Conditioning in AdvertisingClassical Conditioning is defined as "a type of learning in
which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another
stimulus"(Weiten). ... By just turning on the television and watching a few commercials you are
sure to see quite a few examples of Classical Conditioning. ... But ...
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11. The Four Types of Learning
The four types of learning are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning, and
cognitive learning. ... Emotional Conditioning also is apart of classical conditioning. ... Skinner
founded Operant Conditioning. ... Most learning is done through operant conditioning because it
is learning done by experiences.The brain learns more with operant conditioning...
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12. Four types of learning
The four types of learning are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning, and
cognitive learning. ... Emotional Conditioning also is apart of classical conditioning. ... Skinner
founded Operant Conditioning. ... Most learning is done through operant conditioning because it
is learning done by experiences.The brain learns more with operant conditioning...
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13. WHAT ARE THE CONDITIONS GOVERN
To fully explain the conditions governing Classical Greek Theatre it is first necessary to go back
in history to understand it's origins. Greek Theatre was born over 2,500 years ago - 2,000 years
before Shakespeare - in its earliest form it took the form of religious rites,involving songs and
dances acted out in honour of the gods, and&#...
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14. Compare and Contrast
Compare and Contrast Paper In comparing and contrasting "Those Winter Sundays" and "Bone
Black" they are very similar in that they both talk about a father and his family. ... Comparing the
two there is not much but they do share a common interest in that they both are hard working
fathers. In conclusion the two stories have&#...
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15. Comparing and Contrasting PCs and Mainframes
Comparing and Contrasting PCs and MainframesThe purpose of this paper is to compare and
contrast PCs and mainframes. The first part of the paper will compare the mainframe and the PC
to each other. ...
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16. Operating Systems
What is an operating system? The first important program, which runs on a computer, is
Operating System. Every general-purpose computer must have operating system installed on it to
run other programs. ... The application program has to be written to run on a specific operating
system. ... Most people know operating systems or OS, but not
everyone
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17. Behaviour Modification
Behaviour modification involves psychological methods for changing observable behavioural
patterns, based on classical and operant conditioning.Classical conditioning is where something
that at first does not stimulate behaviour in someone goes on to do so by the introduction of a
stimulus that can elicit such a reaction. ... An example of how behaviour modification might h...
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18. Technical Operations Management
Term Paper Technical Operations Management Submitted to: xxxxxxxxxxx By:
xxxxxxxxxxxxxx ...
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19. operating systems
On the nature and development of Operating SystemsIntroductionI have been asked to do an
assignment on the nature and development of Operating Systems. ... This in turn was a cut down
version off CP/M operating system.I have had little experience with CLI's only having used them
over ten years ago.The last big development in operating systems was
to
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20. Compare and contrast two diffe
Compare and contrast two different perspectives in Sociology.Sociological theories and
perspectives aim to explain or understand the way in which society functions. ... This essay will
compare and contrast the perspectives of functionalism and Marxism, outlining their key points
and evaluating their usefulness as a sociological approach.Firstly we will look at
Functionalism,
...
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21. Conditioning Lab
In the lab session, we experienced operant conditioning where one is conditioned to a stimulus,
and then reinforced based on that stimulus. ... This segment was timed and allowed the
experimenter to view a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus. ... This resulted partly
because the subject had become conditioned to the specific task and thus elicit...
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22. Compare and Contrast
Compare and Contrast Managing and Management Teams: Why they succeed or fail are two
books that this will try to compare and find the similarities in the books. ... *Team Worker: cooperative, relationship focused, sensitive and diplomatic. ...
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23. Gary Condit
Condit, A democrat from California received a grand jury subpoena for undisclosed documents
related to the disappearance of federal intern Chandra Levy. ... Condit acknowledged a close
relationship with Levy but has denied being involved in her disappearance. ... A poll on CNN
show that Seventy percent of the people asked felt that Condit has some connection to...
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24. Man versus machine
Compare and Contrast North Indian Classical music to Western classical musicWestern Classical
music is renowned for its perceptual grouping processes, basic standard format and easy
recognition due to such musical dimensions as pitch, duration, ornamentation and timbre.
Western classical music represents a chronological period, in succession to the Baroque period,
and w...
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26. Compare and contrast financial
Compare and contrast financial institution structures of the U.K. and U.S. ... In the 1970s,
competition tended to be stifled by the operation of the building societies' cartel and by direct
monetary controls placed on the retail banks. ... The changed conditions meant that retail banks
could increase their lending for house-purchase if they wish. ....
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27. Buyer Behaviour
This has been done in the past by Nike, by associating itself with top athletes such as Michael
Jordan it is classical conditioning at its best Nike associating itself with top athletes. ... The
information at the bottom third of the ad complies with the instrumental conditioning train of
thought as does the whole perception of the ad. ... It also an...
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28. compare and contrast the diffe
In my essay I compare and contrast the different ideas of de Vaca and Handsome Lake about
Christianity. ... First of all he believes in God and he is thankful to Christianity and the protection
of people by God in every conditions. ... Handsome Lake's religious approach to the Indians is
quite different when compared de Vaca. ... Although this is si...
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29. women of ancient greece
The Women of Greece: A Transition from Ancient Power to Classical Subservience For the most
part, women in today's society hold a position equal to that of a man; however, this has not
always been the case. ... Thus dominant role of women portrayed in Ancient Greek mythology
and artwork is in direct contrast to the more subservient role of&#...
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30. Condit vs. the Media
Condit vs. the MediaThere is a girl missing. ... Congressman Condit became less of a suspect in
Chandra Levy's disappearance and more as a politician who made bad decisions morally and
politically. ... Did Condit ever have a chance in the bitter battle between right to privacy and the
country's insatiable curiosity to know the dirty details? ... The
...
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31. compare and contrast on Frost
Compare and Contrast on RobertFrost "Provide, Provide" and PeterMeinke " Advice to My
Son"Robert Frost' s "Provide, Provide" and Peter Meinke's "Advice To My Son", these two
poems deserve to be compared. ... This difference will be readily apparent if you compare the
final lines of Frost and Meinke in each poem.Frost&#...
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32. Compare contrast the pearl
Compare and Contrast EssayEven in a world, seemingly of peace and simplicity, conflict may
arise. ... His wants and desires, personality traits, and roles in the community can be compared
and contrasted as the book goes on.The personality of Kino is not one of complexity, but one that
takes some thinking to understand. ... Through the duration of...
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33. Crucible compare and contrast essay
Reverend Hale and Reverend Parris can surprisingly be compared and easily contrasted. Abigail
Williams and Elizabeth Proctor can be contrasted without difficulty but also can be compared. ...
(Miller, 132).As can be seen, there are few comparisons between these two, but many contrasts.
... This quote is said after Abigail had accused Elizabeth of wi...
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34. Windows 2000
Windows 2000 and Linux Compare and ContrastWhen deciding on an operating system to use
there are many things that should be looked at, such as the hardware, software that is available
for the operating system, the total cost involved, which includes hardware and software, what
type of user interface is available, and what it is doing in the m...
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35. Compare/Contrast Realist Literature with Romantic Fiction
Compare and Contrast Realist Literature with Romantic FictionRealist literature is an approach
to writing that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity. ...
(Cunningham, p. 452)"Romanticism can be seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm,
harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified Classicism in general...
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36. Comparison and Contrast
For my first compare and contrast assignment (#2), I did the Egyptian figure "torso of a general"
and the Greek "Marble statue of Kouros." ... For my second compare and contrast assignment
(#3), I did the Egyptian head "Man with a shaven head" and the Roman "Portrait of a woman." ...
The woman looks l...
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37. compare & contrast romeo & jul
Compare and Contrast: Romeo + Juliet vs. ... I will give some of the comparisons and the
contrasts between the two. ...
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38. Compare and contrast of juvenile and criminal justice system
Compare and Contrast PaperJuvenile Justice Vs. Adult Justice SystemJuvenile justice system is
different in many aspects when charging a juvenile compared to an adult offender. ... This only
allowed under certain conditions (Steinhardt, 2002).From the beginning to the end we have
discussed the criminal justice system and the juvenile justice system. Now we w...
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39. classical macro economics
CLASSICAL MACROECONOMICSClassical macroeconomics is the theory and the classical
model of the economists Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John Mills and Jean Baptiste Say. Below
the assumptions of the classical macroeconomics are described.1. ... The firm can not change
some of its aspects of operation. ... No one would be privy to some special information providing
t...
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40. Comparing and Contrasting Private and Public Schools
First, one of the six areas in which one can compare and contrast public and private schools is
curriculum. ... Then, another one of the six areas in which one can compare and contrast public
and private schools is cost. ... Then, another area to compare and contrast public and private
schools is admission. ... Then, another area to compare a...
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41. Compare and Contrast Bball
But I'm writing this paper to compare and contrast the game of football to the wonderful game of
basketball.Basketball is a sport in which you need a lot fundamental's. ... Basketball players are
often the nicest as far as communicating with fans, football they are so much meaner I guess for
the simple fact they are mean on the field so ...
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42. Comparison of operating Systems
Windows has also evolved a long way from 16bit OS to 32-bit operating system. ... A
comparative study of these three operatingsystems in context of the important features like user
interface, filemanagement, memory management, security implementation would help usdiscern
the similarities and differences between them.User Interface MS-DOS was a
purely
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43. Comparing and Contrasting the Internet to Print
Comparing and Contrasting the Internet to Print The differences between the Internet and Print
Journalism are clear immediately upon glancing at either of the two. ... I will compare the
differences between the two in three areas; 1.Content 2. ... Stories are at the users fingertips no
matter when they were ...
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44. Conditioning
Conditioning and It's EffectsFor my paper I wanted to examine the idea of conditioning and
focus mainly on the emotional aspect of it.Continuing affects us in several ways. ... His
conditioned response to antibiotics in the past,became a conditioned reaction to all forms of
medicine. ... I believe this is what conditioned him to respond the way he...
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45. Compare and Contrast Essay
Compare and Contrast Essay"To be, or not to be," Hamlet by William Shakespeare. Is life worth
living, or is it better just to give up and leave the living behind. This was the theme of
Shakespeare's play as well as in "A Raisin in the Sun" by Lorraine Hansberry. Although they
have very different ...
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46. Compare and Contrast (MOVIE AND BOOK)
Compare and Contrast There are a lot of differences between the book and the movie. In the
book Atticus was a very old man and in the movie Atticus is really young. The book says that
kids were embarrassed that Atticus was so old, but in the movie he was younger than other kid's
father. In the movie...
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47. Comparative Essay
Comparative Essay on The Moonstone and The Great GatsbyA novel is a classic when
considered to be historically memorable, and has lasting interest or significance. It can also be
called "classic" if it is the first of its kind, or includes special literary or historical
associations.When The Moonstone was first published, T.S. ... This in its&#...
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48. Operation Barbarossa
"Operation Barbarossa"On June 22, 1941 Operation Barbarossa took the Soviets by surprise. ...
The Germans were quick in forcing Russia to surrender due to the harsh conditions of the
approaching Russian winter.Operation Babarossa was the codename used for the invasion of the
Soviet Union by Hitler and his men. ... This figure is minuscule if compared
to
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49. China/India Compare & Contrast
The Difference Between Classical China and Classical IndiaClassical China and Classical India
were truly great civilizations known for their contributions to modern China and India. ... In
Classical China, the ruling powers were three different dynasties, or family of emperors. ... The
Untouchables could compare to China's "mean" people. ... These levels of socie...
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50. Compare and Contrast Essay
Compare and Contrast EssayThe two essays, "A Nation of Welfare Families," and, "The Way to
Wealth," have conflicting main themes. ...
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51. Compare And Contrast Mariana And Lady Of Shalott
Compare And Contrast 'Mariana' and 'Lady Of Shalott'Both of the poems feature contrast
between light and darkness, in Mariana the poem straight away starts with a dark perspective
whereas in lady of shalott the poem starts with a summery seasonal imagery with the 'lilies'
blowing by the light wind. ... This is in contrast to lady of sha...
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52. Love & basketball (compare&contrast essay)
Compare & Contrast EssayAs one can infer from the title, the movie Love & Basketball is about
love and basketball. ... There are two areas of the movie that Caro's and Berardinelli's review
compare and an area both reviews contrast. ... Another aspect, which Caro's review and
Berardinelli's review compare, is the directing aspect&#...
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53. Comparing Emerson and Thoreau
Comparing Emerson and ThoreauEmerson and Thoreau are the most compared and contrasted
authors of all time and here is just one more comparison. ... This quote portrays summer, which
contrasts with winter.Emerson and Thoreau have many things in common as well as many things
different thus their opinions on things differ. ... Over all these two authors are the...
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54. Comparing and Contrasting Yoder with Ginsburg
Comparing and Contrasting Yoder with GinsburgAt face value, the cases of Yoder and Ginsburg
appear quite different to me. ...
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55. Felicity Conditions
Felicity Conditions of the Utterance "I warn you not to smoke."... The following felicity
conditions must apply to the utterance "I warn you not to smoke." : general condition,
prepositional content condition, preparatory condition, sincerity condition and essential
condition.General conditions: General conditions must apply to all types of illocutions.&...
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56. flowers for alergon
Compare and Contrast EssayFlowers for AlgernonCharlieCharlie is a character from the story
"Flowers for Algernon" and the movie "Charlie". ... The doctor's who perform the operation was
a female and a male. ... Then Charlie refuses to take the operation. ... Charlie has the operation
and writes progress reports. ... This was a classic story with
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57. police departments
Police departments today operate on what is called a control principle. The control Principe is a
branch of a theory that was developed by two classical theorists Max Weber and Frederick R. ...
What these two theorists came up is called the Classical organization Theory. These two theories
came up with two distinct theories that explain how departments
or
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58. Operation Husky
Therefore, the Allies commenced planning for an amphibious invasion to liberate Sicily, which
was, code-named Operation Husky . ... The primary documents concerning Operation Husky
were useful in understanding the planning that takes place for a military operation, but they had
limitations. To fully understand the invasion of Italy it is necessary to compare ...
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59. Classical and Romantic Operas
Classical and Romantic OperasW. ... He was one of the first composers in Classical Era who
showed new ideas in music writing. ... The libretto was written by Friedrich Kind (1768-1843)1,
and the end of the opera was changed to a happy ending, compared to original story. ... Suddenly
contrast change in Max's aria, which have very worried ...
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60. Dubstep and Classical Music
Today I want to compare two music groups that are similar in many ways that people don't see.
Dubstep and classical music are completely different in their own ways that we hear. ... When
people listen to classical music they say they hear the sympathy of the whole band within the
piece of art. ... A famous composer of the electronic based&...
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61. Childhood Safety
Operating SystemsThe operating system , also referred to as the OS, is the most important
software on the computer. ... The kernel then loads further parts of the operating system as
necessary. ... When an operating system relies on a lot of input from the user, then it is known as
an Interactive Operating System. ... User friendliness wil...
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62. The Entrepreneurial Revolution: A Contrast between Franchis
Comparison and Contrast PaperThe Entrepreneurial Revolution: A Contrast between Franchises
and Network Marketing OpportunitiesAn "entrepreneurial revolution" has been sweeping
America throughout the past decade as millions of people are remaking themselves as
entrepreneurs and salespeople. ... Although there is a high startup cost associated with
purchasing a franchise, the ...
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63. Compare and contrast Gatsby and Tom
Compare and contrast Gatsby and TomIn the Great Gatsby, the characters of Tom and Gatsby
are more alike then they appear to be. ...
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64. Compare and Contrast My Mistress
Compare and Contrast: "My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun" & "She Walks In Beauty"
Time has seen an infinite amount of beauty in its long existence. ...
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65. compare and contrast of emily
Emily Dickinson's "A Bird Came Down the Walk--" and "I Dreaded that First Robin So,"
compare and contrast in a number of significant ways. ...
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66. Compare or Contrast Myths
Compare or contrast two major female fertility deities as to character, activities and role in the
myth.In the myths of the ancient world, a great deal of importance is placed on the rhythmical
cycle of birth, maturity, death and rebirth. ...
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67. Classical
Classical Music, popular term for the Western tradition of art music that began in Europe in the
Middle Ages and continues today. ... More narrowly, the "classical" style refers to the work of
the Viennese classical school, a group of 18th-century composers that includes Franz Joseph
Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven, whi...
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68. Why Compare Political Systems
Why we compare Political SystemsComparative politics can be defined as examining political
realities in countries all over the world. It looks at the many ways governments operate and the
ways people behave in political life. To say that comparing political systems is a waste of time
and that we cannot learn anything from this process is a false&#...
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69. Computer Operator
All of this technology needs someone to keep them operational. ... The employer of the Operator
may incorporate other responsibilities that may include system backups, maintaining equipment,
and providing customer support.Computer Operators work in an environment that is
comfortable, where the temperature humidity and dust are controlled to keep machines in
operating condit...
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70. Compare Babe Ruth to Ted Williams
For my compare and contrast paper I am going to compare and contrast two of the best baseball
players of all time. ... This is just a little bit of the contrast between the two players.So in
conclusion, these two players are to two top players of all time. I compared and contrasted the
two players so you would know how they were alike...
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71. Comparing Byrd to Bradford
Comparing the Writing Styles of Bradford to ByrdIn the Elements of Literature English book the
excerpts from the stories of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford and The History of the
Dividing Line by William Byrd can be compared and contrasted in many ways. ... On the other
hand Byrd is in "sharp contrast", in The History of the Dividing Line&#...
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72. Linux operating system
The Linux Operating SystemThe operating system is the most significant fundamental of all the
system programs, it controls all the computer's resources and provides the base upon which the
application programs can be written (Tanenbaum, 1992). ... Unlike other operating systems, the
Linux source code is made available for free on the Internet. ... In co...
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73. Democracy vs Communism
Comparing and Contrasting 2 Different GovernmentsThe two different countries that I chose for
comparing and contrasting their governments are Cuba and Costa Rica. First, I will tell you a
little about each government, and then I will compare and contrast them.Cuba is governed under
a constitution adopted in 1976, which has been amended since. ... B...
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74. compare and contrast White Tee
Compare and contrast 'White Teeth' by ZadieSmith and 'Anita and Me' by Meera SyalZadie
Smith's White Teeth is about three different cultures, and three families spanning three
generations. ... This is a stark contrast between the two novels and the characters found in
them.Both novels explore the importance of family history and background, although...
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75. Holiday Valley and Kissing Bridge-Contrast and Comparison
Nowadays the skiers and snowboarders are comparing and contrasting the quality of the resort
with the prices that the company charges to utilize both their resort and their lifts. ... Therefore
by comparing and contrasting the perks and benefits that both resorts offer to a skier or
snowboarder, the consumer can make an educated decision regarding which resort&...
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76. Comparing and Contrasting Dickinson and Frost Poems
Comparing and Contrasting Dickinson and Frost PoemsAlthough sharing many individual
similarities, both Dickinson and Frost portray their own personal objectives on their hardships,
which is signified as darkness or as night. ... In the Frost poem " Acquainted with the Night"
Frost compares his hardships to the night. ...
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77. Classical and neo-classicla theories
In this paper I will explain classical theories and neo-classical theories. ... Also included in the
paper I will compare both classical theories and neo-classical theories to each other. First off I
will discuss the classical theory. ... The classical theory is the older time thinking. ... I started out
discussing the classical theories. &#...
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78. stress2
Many objects and people these days have the ability to be compared and contrasted. For
example, compare and contrast a dog and cat. ... It is not the subject of comparing a dog and a
cat. This is the time where we compare the writing of a well-known Malcolm X to a college
professor named Wilson Class.We will start with comp...
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79. Comparing and Contrasting C and C++
COMPARING AND CONTRASTING C AND C++Developed by Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell
Laboratories in 1978, C was the language by choice of computer programmers for many years. ...
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80. Compare and Contrast the Impression
Compare and Contrast the Impression given by Blake and Wordsworth'sLondon and Composed
on Westminster Bridgeto show how the Poets havecommunicated their Meanings to youThe two
poems give a excellent visual description of London in very different ways; in Blake's poem he
describes the city as a slum while Wordsworth's poem he describes London as a
beautiful
...
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81. The Comparing and Contrasting of Mr. Rochester and St. John
The Comparing and Contrasting of Mr. Rochester and St. JohnJane Eyre was written by
Charlotte Bronte. Jane Eyre is a book describing the life of Jane Eyre from the time she left Mrs.
Reed to when she marries Mr. Rochester. There are many comparisons between characters in the
book. I will focus on th...
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82. Comparison Essay: FTM & Night
Compare and Contrast EssayNight and Farewell to ManzanarThe book Farewell to Manzanar is
a book about Japanese concentration camps in the US. The book tells the story of one girl and
her family in a place called Manzanar and the conditions they had to fight through. ... Though the
families are eventually torn apart and some members of the families&...
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83. Jane Eyre
Compare and contrast the red room scence from the novelJane Eyre to the video adaptation of
that of the sectionOf the book.In this essay i am going to compare and contrast the red room
scene from the novel Jane Eyre, to the video adaptation of that of the section of the book. ...
Athough if you like reading and enjoy a classical story the...
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84. Compare and Contrast Between Elderly and Young Adults
Compare/Contrast Old/Young There are many similarities as well as differences between elderly
people and young adults. ... Another strong contrast between the elderly and the youth is their
outlook on life. ...
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85. piano sonata in the classical era
The Piano Sonata in the Classical PeriodThe piano sonata was an important part of music during
the Classical period. It characterizes the Classical era's new trend of musical form.Originally, the
sonata was made up of several dance movements, but then in the Classical era, it changed to a
fast-slow movement style, each of the movements bein...
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86. Compare and Contrast
Compare & ContrastEveryone knows how hard it is to find a mate for marriage. ... This text will
compare and contrast some of the advantages and disadvantages of today's version of the
arranged marriage.In most Asian cultures marriage is an important step in the lives of the
parents. ...
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87. Compare And Contrast Virginia Colony with West Indies Colony
Comparing and Contrasting the Virginia Colony with The West Indies ColonyThis essay is
going to tell about how the Virginia Colony and the West Indies Colony had similarities and
differences. ...
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88. 18
Such Pavlovian conditioning is opposed to instrumental or operant, where producing a CR
controls the UCS presentations. ... One of the principles of classical conditioning is extinction. ...
Another principle to classical conditioning is the spontaneous recovery. Supposing that a
response is classically conditioned then extinguished. ... He developed machines for operant
conditioni...
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89. Classic Literature Defined Through Ethan Frome and To Kill a Mockingbird
Classic literature is considered classic because it contains veryspecific elements. ... Another
element of classic literature that is crucial to itssurvival is an important theme. ... Themes are
very important in classic literature as well.Themes in classic literature are usually universal--they
are stories towhich we all can relate. Classic literature ...
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90. operation identification
Operation IdentificationMany individual factors are important in fighting crime from a
preventative standpoint. ... An example of a property identification program is Operation
Identification. Operation Identification is a nationally recognized program and a part of the
Pennsylvania Crime Watch Program. ... Operation Identification is a great way to deter theft of
your b...
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91. Adrienne Rich Comparing And Contrasting Poems
****** ******April 29, 1998Adrienne Rich Comparing and Contrasting Poems."... In this, I
believe Rich is again comparing her life to Weil. ...
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92. Early and Classical Civilization Periods
There are many differences and distinctions between the "early civilization" and "classical
civilization" periods. Some of the distinctions of the classical civilizations include the rise of
empires, central government, and conquest of other nations. ... However, the period of the
"classical civilizations" was a period of empires. ... The classical civ...
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93. association of drugs and pleasure
This example of real life classical conditioning is one that took a negative affect on a close friend
of mine. ... This conditioning occurred because he was too ignorant to realize that it was his
friends and not the drugs that provided the good times.This example is one of classical
conditioning, because it involves the association of two stimuli,&...
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94. linux
The truth is that Windows is not the fastest or the most stable operating system. ... One factor
when comparing operating systems is the cost itself and the cost of the programs that run within
it. ... After DOS came a competitor called the UNIX operating system. ... Microsoft cannot
compare when you look at their programming staff. ... It is an adva...
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95. Compare and Contrast the Writing Style of Two Stories
The main focus of this essay is to compare and contrast the writing styles of the two
stories.Ernest Hemingway's "Soldier's Home" is about a man in conflict with the past and present
events in his life. ... Hemingway contrasted himself with Krebs to let the readers know his
feelings through the character in the story. ...
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96. College Major Compare and Contrast
Compare and Contrast EssayRight now I'm stuck between what major I want to pursue in
college. I'm in my second year of accounting right now, and not only do I like it, but I'm doing
pretty well also. The concepts come easy to me unlike some other things (comma rules for
example). But I don't know if...
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97. Comparing X-Men to The
Comparing X-Men to The ChrysalidsThe movie X-Men will be compared and contrasted to the
novel The Chrysalids. The characters, themes, and settings have many similarities and very few
differences. Both the movie and the novel have similar meanings behind them.Firstly, the
characters in X-Men are very...
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98. Compare and Contrast Between Anthem and a Handmaids Tale
A Compare and Contrast Essay Between Anthen & A Handmaids TaleThe two novels, The
Handmaid's Tale and Anthem, are both haunting, first person tales of personal hardship in a
closed and controlled society. In this essay I will point out many important similarities and
differences between the two books, mainly the setting and the similarities between&...
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99. The Failure of Classical Theory According to Keynes
In addition to its inapplicability, classical theory, he argues, which encourages the market to
strive for the condition of full employment, in which wage rates bring into equilibrium the
supply and demand for labor in conjunction with the point at which subsequent increases in
capital equipment will cease to yield greater returns, inevitably leads to high&#...
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100. Compare and contrast the views
(Machiavelli)Compare and contrast the views of Castiglione and Machiavelli on the prince and
princely government. ...
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101. comparative marketing
The pre-condition for successful measurement of the sales effect of advertising are-good sales
data-variations, over time, in the level of advertisingAn econometric model has a single variable
that I am trying to explain called dependent variable. ... Comparative advertising is an
advertising appeal that consists of explicitly comparing one product brand to a compet...
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102. comparative marketing
The pre-condition for successful measurement of the sales effect of advertising are-good sales
data-variations, over time, in the level of advertisingAn econometric model has a single variable
that I am trying to explain called dependent variable. ... Comparative advertising is an
advertising appeal that consists of explicitly comparing one product brand to a compet...
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103. Vehicle Froost Box
This system is used to informing motor vehicle operators that likely conditions for icy roads are
developing. ... IC1c is a comparator that compares the voltage output of IC1b to the desired
thresholds of 0C and 4C and controls the red/green LED switch over at 4C. ... Once testing
conditions are set up, apply power to the circuit. ... Rep...
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104. Compare and Contrast The Writings of Confucius Hammurabi and The
Book of the Dead
Compare and Contrast The Writings of Confucius, Hammurabi, and The Book of the DeadThree
of the most famous writings from ancient civilizations are the writings of Confucius,
Hammurabi's code of laws, and Egypt's Book of the Dead. ...
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105. Classical Music on Public Radio
All classical 89.9 KBPS-FM is Portland, Oregon area classical radio station that broadcast music
over the internet on their website as well.The first day I listened to music was Monday, October
18 at 10:00 pm at night. ...
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106. The women og Greece A transition from Ancient Power to Classical
Subservient Weakness
The Women of Greece:A Transition from Ancient Power to Classical SubservienceWomen's
conquest for political and socialfreedom is a battle that has gone on for centuries. ... Thus
dominant role of women portrayed in Ancient Greekmythology and artwork is in direct contrast
to the more subservient role of women duringthe classical era in Greece. ... This suggest...
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107. Compare and contrast the aims and achievements of Mazzini an
Compare and contrast the aims and achievements of Mazzini and Garibaldi·Save this essay for
later viewing ·View Saved Essays ·Email this Coursework ·Plagiarism and How to Cite taken
from essaybank.co.uk The unification of Italy came about almost by accident. ...
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108. 12 Angry Men compare/contrast
This essay will compare & contrast the protagonist / antagonist\'s relationship with each other
and the other jurors in the play and in the movie versions of Reginald Rose\'s 12 Angry Men. ...
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109. Classical vs rock
When compared with rock and roll, classical music seems definitely more comprehensive and
soul searching. ... According to my aunt, classical music has many benefits. ... Classical music
has simpler textures and simpler melodies. ... Classical music almost never talks about such
things. ... Classical music to me is seen as a symbol of the past. &#...
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110. Classical Economists vs Utopian Socialists
Malthus's theory was often used as an argument against efforts to better the condition of the
poor. ... These pessimistic doctrines of classical economists earned for economics the nature of
the "dismal science". ... Owen believed that society's ills could be solved by improving their
living and working conditions. ... The people took advantage of these ...
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111. compare and contrast
There are distinct contrasts andcomparisons between these two individuals related to their
perceptions of God. ... Contrasting to Franklin's belief that mancontrols his own destiny but can
make reference throughout to God only when it isneeded. ... This is a contrast to Franklin in that
he used various methodsfor explaining the unimportance of God. ... Bernardin'...
lassical conditioning was stumbled upon by accident by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. ...
Later Pavlov realized he stumbled upon a form of learning now known as classical conditioning,
and devoted the rest of his life to studying it.To study his new, so called "problem" he had to
have a system set up in which he would feed the dog. ...
Comparison of Classical and Operant Conditioning
Classical and operant conditioning share many of the same basic
principles and procedures. For example, Kimble (1961) has pointed out
that the basic principles of acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery,
and stimulus generalization are common to both types of learning. There
are several differences, however, between classical and operant
conditioning. Although a basic feature of operant conditioning is
reinforcement, classical conditioning relies more on association between
stimuli and responses. A second distinction is that much of operant
conditioning is based on voluntary behavior, while classical conditioning
often involves involuntary reflexive behavior. These distinctions are not
as strong as they once were believed to be. For example, Neal Miller
(1978) has demonstrated that involuntary responses, such as heart rate,
can be modified through operant conditioning techniques. It now appears
that classical conditioning does involve reinforcement. And many
classical conditioning situations also involve operant behavior. For
example, let's assume that Tina was conditioned to fear rats like Little
Albert. She would first learn to associate the rat with the loud noise
through classical conditioning. Then presentation of the rat would
produce a fear reaction and Tina would learn to escape from the aversive
stimulus through operant conditioning (negative reinforcement). This is
sometimes called the two-factor theory of avoidance conditioning
(Mowrer & Lamoreaux, 1942).
Classical Conditioning
Acquisition
Operant Conditioning
Acquisition
Extinction
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Spontaneous recovery
Stimulus generalization
Stimulus generalization
Association between stimuli
and responses
Reinforcement
Based on involuntary reflexive behavior
Based on voluntary behavior
Today's students are diverse and require a variety of teaching approaches
to maximize learning. They tend to learn most effectively in different
ways. Learning style refers to the individual's preferred approach to
learning, based on his or her unique background and ability. There are a
number of theories of learning styles. Claxton and Murrell (1987)
described four levels of learning style models. Differences in personality
form the core of learning styles in one model. A second model examines
how personality affects the style of information processing used by the
student. The social interaction model focuses on how the student
behaves in the classroom, whereas the instructional preference the
student has determines whether the teaching style is appropriate for
effective learning. The field dependent--field independent dimension is
one theory of learning style (Witkin, 1976). Those students who are field
dependent (influenced strongly by the environment) prefer interpersonal
interactions that might be found in areas such as social science and
humanities. Field independent (not influenced strongly by the
environment) students prefer areas that involve analytic skills, such as
mathematics and science. These different types of students would learn
best in environments in which their learning styles were matched with
appropriate instructional formats. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is
one test that has been used to identify different learning styles (Myers &
Myers, 1980). Psychological Type information, including MBTI
Anthony Grasha and Sheryl Riechmann proposed six student learning
styles. Competitive students are motivated to do better than other
students and want to win at learning. Collaborative students prefer
working with others as they learn and view the classroom as a social
environment. Avoidant students are not interested in learning and would
prefer to be elsewhere. Participant students enjoy class and take
responsibility for learning what is required. Dependent students view the
teacher as an authority and learn only what is required. Independent
students prefer to think for themselves and are confident of their ability
to learn. Hruska and Grasha (1982) reported that students become more
independent and participate more as they get older. Women tend to be
more collaborative in school than do men, but otherwise sex differences
in learning styles are not usually significant. One learning style approach
that might help explain diversity differences is analytical versus
relational learners (Anderson & Adams, 1992). Individuals with an
analytical learning style tend to focus on sequential details rather than
the overall structure. People with a relational learning style tend to relate
all of the information to the overall structure and focus on the
interactions involved. Although there is more diversity within any
particular group, there is some evidence that white females have a more
relational learning style and white males have a more analytical learning
style. Anderson and Adams (1992) also suggest that African Americans,
Native Americans, and Hispanic Americans tend to have a more
relational style. Gregorc's (1986) model of learning style illustrates how
style of teaching and learning can be matched, even in today's
educational system. Gregorc proposed that students tend to vary on two
dimensions, concrete-abstract and sequential-random. Students with a
concrete-sequential style of learning tend to be organized, task-oriented
individuals who focus on factual details. They need an instructional
program that is structured and provides practical, hands-on experiences.
Students with a concrete-random learning style tend to be independent
risk-takers who focus on experiential components of learning. They need
an instructional program that provides open-ended activities for them to
explore and experiment with different options. Students who have an
abstract-sequential learning style tend to be analytical and focus on
theoretical aspects of learning. They prefer an instructional program that
provides information and allows them to develop concepts and theories.
Students with an abstract-random style of learning tend to be
imaginative, flexible, and global. They need a program of instruction
that involves interpretation of concepts and examples of applications.
Instructors can learn to help students with different styles of learning by
presenting information in a variety of ways. For example, college
instructors might provide an outline of the material for concretesequential students, give concrete-random students problems to solve,
give abstract-sequential students theoretical background information,
and use audio-visual materials for abstract- random students. Most
students can improve if they understand their style of learning and attend
to those activities that help them learn the course material.
perant conditioning has become a very influential area of psychology, because it has successfully
provided practical solutions to many problems in human behavior. Operant principles discovered in the
laboratory are now being employed to improve teaching techniques so that even slow or unmotivated
students can learn faster and better. Behavior modification is the application of operant conditioning
techniques to modify behavior. It is being used to help people with a wide variety of everyday behavior
problems, including obesity, smoking, alcoholism, delinquency, and aggression. For example, people
with the eating disorder anorexia nervosa have been helped to gain weight, and animals such as
primates have been trained to assist physically disabled individuals by feeding and caring for them. It has
been successfully used in child rearing, in school systems, and in mental institutions. One example of a
therapeutic use of behavior modification is the token economy method. A classic study was conducted in
a mental hospital with psychiatric patients who had difficulty performing expected behaviors (Ayllon &
Azrin, 1968). The researchers chose a number of simple grooming behaviors, including face washing,
hair combing, teeth brushing, bed making, and dressing properly. The researchers first recorded
baseline, or normally occurring, frequencies of the behaviors. Then they gave the patients a token every
time the proper behavior was performed. The tokens could be exchanged for food and personal items at
the hospital drugstore. The patients significantly increased the frequency of the desired behaviors when
they were reinforced with tokens. It has even been suggested that the principles of operant conditioning
can be used efficiently to control a society. B. F. Skinner, in his 1948 novel, Walden Two, presented a
utopian society guided by operant conditioning principles. His 1971 book, Beyond Freedom and Dignity,
caused a controversy by presenting his ideas on how operant conditioning could be utilized in an actual
society. Although most people are not willing to accept Skinner's utopian ideal, the principles of operant
conditioning are being applied in our everyday lives.