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Name:___________________________________ History:_________ The Civil War 1861-1865 ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ Fort Sumter After Abraham Lincoln was elected president in the 1860 election, angry delegates in South Carolina voted to secede from the United States on December 20, 1860. On April 12, 1861 Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter in Charleston, SC. After 33 hours of heavy firing, Union troops surrendered to the Confederates. Although no one was killed at Fort Sumter, it marked the beginning of the Civil War. The Confederate States of America Following Fort Sumter, many southern states followed South Carolina and seceded from the United States in 1861. “Rebels” (Gray uniforms) President: Jefferson Davis Capital: Richmond, VA The Confederate States of America included: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee Border States Although many of their citizens fought for the south, there were 4 Border States that continued to use slave labor that remained in the Union. The border states included: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri The Union The states remaining loyal to the United States were called the Union. “Yankees” (Blue uniforms) President: Abraham Lincoln Capital: Washington, D.C. These states included: California, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Wisconsin Union Advantages & Disadvantages Population: 22 million Richer and more technologically advanced Home to 90% of the nation’s manufacturing More farms than the south (to provide food for troops) Contained most of the country’s iron, coal, copper, and gold Controlled the seas (ports) 21,000 miles of railroad Weakness: 1/3 of United States military officers were southerners ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ Confederacy Advantages & Disadvantages Population: 9 million (4 million-slaves) Large amount of land and coastline to invade Southern pride (felt they were defending their liberty, homes, and traditions) Strong military leadership (Robert E. Lee) Weaknesses: Mississippi River divided the South Southern economy could not support a long war (few factories to produce supplies/guns) Transportation shortfall (few railroads, roads) Battle of Bull Run In July 1861, Southern troops surprised Union soldiers heading to Richmond, VA at a creek called Bull Run. At first, Union victory looked certain. Confederate General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson and his Virginia regiment refused to give up. “Look, there is Jackson with his Virginians, standing like a stone wall.” The rebels held their ground until reinforcements could arrive. Jackson told his men to “yell like furies” as they charged the Union forces. This approach caused the inexperienced Union soldiers to flee in panic back to Washington, D.C. It was a big victory for the South. The Union Blockade In 1861, the Union navy launched its blockade of southern ports. As the blockade shut down most of the southern ports, the Confederacy asked Great Britain for help in protecting its ships. Britain refused. As a result, the South could not export cotton to Europe, nor could it import needed supplies. Dividing the Confederacy Union forces moved to gain control of the Mississippi River in 1862. Union Admiral David Farragut led 46 Union ships up the Mississippi River to New Orleans. Because of the overwhelming force, the city surrendered without a shot being fired. Meanwhile, Union General Ulysses S. Grant led troops south from Illinois to gain more control of the Mississippi. In 1862, Grant won a series of victories that put Kentucky and much of Tennessee under Union control. Grant refused to accept any battle outcome besides “unconditional surrender.” The Battle of Antietam On September 17, 1862, Robert E. Lee sent troops across the Potomac River into the border state of Maryland to persuade them to join the Confederacy. Confederate and Union troops (led by General McClellan) met at Sharpsburg near Antietam Creek. ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ McClellan’s troops outnumbered Lee’s troops, which led to Lee retreating back to Virginia. Of the 75,000 Union troops who fought at Antietam about 2,100 were killed and 10,000 were wounded. Of the 52,000 Confederate troops, 2,770 were killed and 11,000 were wounded. It was the bloodiest day of the Civil War. (More Americans killed than the War of 1812 and Mexican War combined!) The Emancipation Proclamation On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. Emancipation: freeing of slaves The proclamation declared slaves in all Confederate states to be free. The announcement had little immediate effect on slavery because the South simply ignored the document. Slaves living in states loyal to the Union were not affected by the Emancipation Proclamation. The Battle of Gettysburg General Lee felt confident enough to try to invade the north again on July 1, 1863. The Union and Confederate armies met briefly during a skirmish just west of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. After 2 days of holding ground, General Lee ordered an all-out attack on the center of the Union line. Cannons, gunfire, and hand-to-hand combat broke out among the troops. Losses to both armies were staggering: More than 17,500 Union soldiers and 23,000 Confederate soldiers were killed or wounded in three days of battle. Lee withdrew to Virginia, where he would only wage a defensive war on southern soil. Vicksburg The Union wanted to split the Confederacy in half by controlling the Mississippi River. The town of Vicksburg was easy to defend and difficult to capture. Whoever controlled Vicksburg could control the movement on the Mississippi River. In May 1863, General Grant commanded his troops to fire at Vicksburg. For 6 weeks, gunboats shelled the city while Grant’s troops attacked by land. The people of Vicksburg dug caves into the hillsides for protection. Running low on food and supplies, Vicksburg surrendered on July 3, 1863. TURNING POINT FOR THE NORTH!!! The Confederacy was divided!! The Gettysburg Address On November 19, 1863, thousands gathered for the dedication of the new burial ground resulting from the Battle of Gettysburg. ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ After an hour-long speech by another speaker, President Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address, a very brief speech that echoed the Declaration of Independence. Ulysses S. Grant: Total War In May 1864, U.S. Grant invaded Virginia with a force of more than 100,000 men. Lee’s army of 60,000 met them in a dense forest known as “The Wilderness.” In 2 days Grant lost 18,000 men, but he refused to retreat. Grant believed in total war—war on the enemy’s will to fight and its ability to support an army. Grant ordered total war on Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley, saying, “Let that valley be so left that crows flying over it will have to carry their rations with them.” That September, Grant’s army, under the command of General Sherman, reached Atlanta, the South’s most important rail and manufacturing center, and set the city on fire. Sherman’s March through Georgia In November of 1864, Lincoln was reelected as President of the United States. After burning Atlanta, Sherman marched toward Savannah, promising to “make Georgia howl.” His purpose was to destroy the last untouched supply base for the Confederacy. As they marched through Georgia, Sherman’s troops destroyed everything of value: fields, houses, hay, food, livestock. Everything within the 60-mile wide path was destroyed. Sherman captured Savannah, Georgia, where he then turned north to destroy all opposition in the Carolinas. Surrender at Appomattox Court House For 9 months, Grant’s forces battled Lee’s army at Petersburg, the gateway to Richmond. On April 1, 1865, Union forces finally broke through Confederate lines to capture the city and then marched onto Richmond. Grant’s soldiers quickly surrounded Lee’s army. On April 9, 1865, General Lee arrived in the village of Appomattox Courthouse to surrender his army to General Grant. Lee accepted Grant’s generous terms of surrender. Confederate soldiers could go home if they promised to no longer fight. They could take their own horses and mules needed for spring plowing.. Food was sent to Lee’s half-starved men. The Civil War was over—with over 620,000 Americans dead and thousands injured permanently. Just 5 days after the surrender, President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. on April 14, 1865. He died the next day. 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