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The Civil War
1861-1865
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Fort Sumter
After Abraham Lincoln was elected president in the 1860 election,
angry delegates in South Carolina voted to secede from the United
States on December 20, 1860.
On April 12, 1861 Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter in
Charleston, SC.
After 33 hours of heavy firing, Union troops surrendered to the
Confederates.
Although no one was killed at Fort Sumter, it marked the beginning of
the Civil War.
The Confederate States of America
Following Fort Sumter, many southern states followed South Carolina
and seceded from the United States in 1861. “Rebels” (Gray uniforms)
President: Jefferson Davis
Capital: Richmond, VA
The Confederate States of America included:
South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia,
Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina,
Tennessee
Border States
Although many of their citizens fought for the south, there were 4
Border States that continued to use slave labor that remained in the
Union.
The border states included:
Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri
The Union
The states remaining loyal to the United States were called the Union.
“Yankees” (Blue uniforms)
President: Abraham Lincoln
Capital: Washington, D.C.
These states included:
California, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas,
Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada,
New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon,
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Wisconsin
Union Advantages & Disadvantages
Population: 22 million
Richer and more technologically advanced
Home to 90% of the nation’s manufacturing
More farms than the south (to provide food for troops)
Contained most of the country’s iron, coal, copper, and gold
Controlled the seas (ports)
21,000 miles of railroad
Weakness: 1/3 of United States military officers were southerners
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Confederacy Advantages & Disadvantages
Population: 9 million (4 million-slaves)
Large amount of land and coastline to invade
Southern pride (felt they were defending their liberty, homes, and
traditions)
Strong military leadership (Robert E. Lee)
Weaknesses: Mississippi River divided the South
Southern economy could not support a long war (few factories to
produce supplies/guns)
Transportation shortfall (few railroads, roads)
Battle of Bull Run
In July 1861, Southern troops surprised Union soldiers heading to
Richmond, VA at a creek called Bull Run.
At first, Union victory looked certain.
Confederate General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson and his Virginia
regiment refused to give up.
“Look, there is Jackson with his Virginians, standing like a stone wall.”
The rebels held their ground until reinforcements could arrive.
Jackson told his men to “yell like furies” as they charged the Union
forces.
This approach caused the inexperienced Union soldiers to flee in
panic back to Washington, D.C.
It was a big victory for the South.
The Union Blockade
In 1861, the Union navy launched its blockade of southern ports.
As the blockade shut down most of the southern ports, the
Confederacy asked Great Britain for help in protecting its ships.
Britain refused.
As a result, the South could not export cotton to Europe, nor could it
import needed supplies.
Dividing the Confederacy
Union forces moved to gain control of the Mississippi River in 1862.
Union Admiral David Farragut led 46 Union ships up the Mississippi
River to New Orleans.
Because of the overwhelming force, the city surrendered without a
shot being fired.
Meanwhile, Union General Ulysses S. Grant led troops south from
Illinois to gain more control of the Mississippi.
In 1862, Grant won a series of victories that put Kentucky and much of
Tennessee under Union control.
Grant refused to accept any battle outcome besides “unconditional
surrender.”
The Battle of Antietam
On September 17, 1862, Robert E. Lee sent troops across the Potomac
River into the border state of Maryland to persuade them to join the
Confederacy.
Confederate and Union troops (led by General McClellan) met at
Sharpsburg near Antietam Creek.
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McClellan’s troops outnumbered Lee’s troops, which led to Lee
retreating back to Virginia.
Of the 75,000 Union troops who fought at Antietam about 2,100 were
killed and 10,000 were wounded.
Of the 52,000 Confederate troops, 2,770 were killed and 11,000 were
wounded.
It was the bloodiest day of the Civil War. (More Americans killed than
the War of 1812 and Mexican War combined!)
The Emancipation Proclamation
On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation. Emancipation: freeing of slaves
The proclamation declared slaves in all Confederate states to be free.
The announcement had little immediate effect on slavery because the
South simply ignored the document.
Slaves living in states loyal to the Union were not affected by the
Emancipation Proclamation.
The Battle of Gettysburg
General Lee felt confident enough to try to invade the north again on
July 1, 1863.
The Union and Confederate armies met briefly during a skirmish just
west of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
After 2 days of holding ground, General Lee ordered an all-out attack
on the center of the Union line.
Cannons, gunfire, and hand-to-hand combat broke out among the
troops.
Losses to both armies were staggering: More than 17,500 Union
soldiers and 23,000 Confederate soldiers were killed or wounded in
three days of battle.
Lee withdrew to Virginia, where he would only wage a defensive war
on southern soil.
Vicksburg
The Union wanted to split the Confederacy in half by controlling the
Mississippi River.
The town of Vicksburg was easy to defend and difficult to capture.
Whoever controlled Vicksburg could control the movement on the
Mississippi River.
In May 1863, General Grant commanded his troops to fire at
Vicksburg. For 6 weeks, gunboats shelled the city while Grant’s troops
attacked by land.
The people of Vicksburg dug caves into the hillsides for protection.
Running low on food and supplies, Vicksburg surrendered on July 3,
1863.
TURNING POINT FOR THE NORTH!!! The Confederacy was
divided!!
The Gettysburg Address
On November 19, 1863, thousands gathered for the dedication of the
new burial ground resulting from the Battle of Gettysburg.
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After an hour-long speech by another speaker, President Lincoln delivered the
Gettysburg Address, a very brief speech that echoed the Declaration of
Independence.
Ulysses S. Grant: Total War
In May 1864, U.S. Grant invaded Virginia with a force of more than 100,000 men.
Lee’s army of 60,000 met them in a dense forest known as “The Wilderness.”
In 2 days Grant lost 18,000 men, but he refused to retreat.
Grant believed in total war—war on the enemy’s will to fight and its ability to
support an army.
Grant ordered total war on Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley, saying, “Let that valley
be so left that crows flying over it will have to carry their rations with them.”
That September, Grant’s army, under the command of General Sherman, reached
Atlanta, the South’s most important rail and manufacturing center, and set the city
on fire.
Sherman’s March through Georgia
In November of 1864, Lincoln was reelected as President of the United States.
After burning Atlanta, Sherman marched toward Savannah, promising to “make
Georgia howl.”
His purpose was to destroy the last untouched supply base for the Confederacy.
As they marched through Georgia, Sherman’s troops destroyed everything of value:
fields, houses, hay, food, livestock. Everything within the 60-mile wide path was
destroyed.
Sherman captured Savannah, Georgia, where he then turned north to destroy all
opposition in the Carolinas.
Surrender at Appomattox Court House
For 9 months, Grant’s forces battled Lee’s army at Petersburg, the gateway to
Richmond.
On April 1, 1865, Union forces finally broke through Confederate lines to capture
the city and then marched onto Richmond.
Grant’s soldiers quickly surrounded Lee’s army.
On April 9, 1865, General Lee arrived in the village of Appomattox Courthouse to
surrender his army to General Grant.
Lee accepted Grant’s generous terms of surrender.
Confederate soldiers could go home if they promised to no longer fight.
They could take their own horses and mules needed for spring plowing..
Food was sent to Lee’s half-starved men.
The Civil War was over—with over 620,000 Americans dead and thousands
injured permanently.
Just 5 days after the surrender, President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth at
Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. on April 14, 1865. He died the next day.
Summary:
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