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Transcript
1865-1877 Different Views Reconstruction Programs Congress vs. President Southern Resistance Changes in South End of Reconstruction Conclusion After 4 years of war and over 200 years of slavery, could Northerners and Southerners rebuild the South together? Should the South have been treated as a defeated nation or as rebellious states? Should they be punished? How would freed men and women be treated in the Southern states? Did the Dred Scott decision matter? What were some major challenges that former slaves faced? Does racial equality depend upon government action? How would Northerners address the issue of including former slaves as citizens in society? Class reading of letter from Jourdan Anderson, 1865 Please respond in writing to the following questions: 1. What is the most surprising thing about what Jourdan Anderson wrote? 2. Why do you think he wrote the letter? 3. What does this letter tell you about the world in which Jourdan Anderson lived? 4. If you could write a letter back to Mr. Anderson, what are three questions you would ask him? Southern white views Lost cause and loss of power Southern black hopes Independence and land ownership Citizenship and education Reunite with families Lincoln’s plan “with malice toward none and charity toward all” 1. Forgive if pledged Union loyalty (10% plan) 2. New state governments must ban slavery ▪ 13th Amendment = ~4 million slaves free President Andrew Johnson (Tenn., Democrat) “White men alone must manage the South.” Pardoned almost all that asked No plans for former slaves Struggled against Republican Congress Refused to admit Southern Congressmen elected in 1865 Radical Republicans desires 1) Reshape Southern society 2) Create government program to force change ▪ Freedman’s Bureau ▪ Civil Rights Bill of 1866 and 14th Amendment ▪ Military Reconstruction Act ▪ 15th Amendments Central Historical Question Why was the Radical Republican plan for Reconstruction considered “radical”? Freedman’s Bureau Helped former slaves and poor whites ▪ Supplies, food, and medical services Supervised contracts Created schools By 1870, a quarter million black children and adults attended more than 4,000 of these schools in the South. Civil Rights Bill of 1866 Give citizenship and rights to all males "without distinction of race or color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude.“ Johnson vetoed it but Congress overrode the veto 14th Amendment (ratified 1868) Gave citizenship to all men Equal protection of the law ▪ Most transformative Amendment in the Constitution Military Reconstruction Act Confederacy divided into 5 Military Districts ▪ Union Generals ruled each district 2 requirements for Southern states 1. Write a new state constitution (all men can vote) 2. Ratify the 14th Amendment 15th Amendment (1870) Section 1: The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. All “citizens” can vote Congress annoyed at Johnson’s interference Passed the “Tenure of Office Act” Johnson tried to fire his Secretary of War (R.R) Congress “Impeached” Johnson! ▪ Acquitted by ONE vote South invented ways around Reconstruction Black codes Laws that kept blacks in slave-like conditions Gerrymandering Terrorist groups formed Ku Klux Klan (KKK) Who could vote in the South in 1868? No Confederate Veterans! Freemen, White Southerners who opposed secession, Northerners who moved south Ulysses S. Grant (R) was easily elected President African Americans became members of governments 17 elected to Congress (1870-1877) 700 served in Southern legislatures Biggest part of Southern Republican votes Every Southern state readmitted by 1870 New public school system created Most schools “segregated” by race New labor systems Sharecropping and tenant farming ▪ Kept former slaves in debt ▪ Kept South from diversifying its farms or improving economically The South DID benefit from Reconstruction Cities grew Infrastructure repaired Textile mills created However, lower wages than the North & a big cycle of debt with sharecropping and tenant farming Northern support eventually declined as people tired of taxes and government debt Freedmen’s Bureau closed 1872 Grant distracted by corruption and economic collapse Amnesty Act pardoned most former Confederates Democrats re-took Power in South Began to look at White House Election of 1876 close, results disputed Republican = Rutherford B. Hayes Democrat = Samuel J. Tilden Compromise of 1877 Hayes President on 2 conditions 1. Troops withdrawn from South 2. Democrat placed in Hayes’ cabinet As troops left the south, Reconstruction ended. Permanent changes in America Former slaves = citizens with vote (males only) 3 Amendments added Terrorist organizations in America (ex. KKK) Industrialization of South High debt problems “Solid South” Voted Democrat until 1970s!