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Atomic Structure Guided Notes- Key 1. The simplest form of matter is elements a. Matter- the material from which all known physical objects are made 2. Atoms a. Atom is the smallest piece of an element that contains the characteristics of that element b. Atoms have a nucleus that consists of protons and neutrons i. Protons- positively charged atomic particles ii. Neutrons- uncharged, “neutral” atomic particles 3. Atomic Number a. The atomic number is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of an element b. The atomic number identifies the element i. Oxygen Atomic Number= 8, which means there are 8 protons ii. Argon Atomic Number = 18, how many protons? 18 4. Electrons a. Electron Characteristics i. Main focus of this unit because the movement of electrons helps generate electricity ii. Electrons- negatively charge atomic particle iii. Electrons reside in electron clouds and are divided into 7 energy levels iv. Electrons always want to stay in the lowest energy level when possible b. Electron Orbitals i. Areas within each energy level where electrons move around the nucleus of an atom 1. Think of how planets ORBIT the sun ii. 4 different types of orbitals and each can hold a specific amount of electrons 1. S orbital- 2 2. P orbital- 6 3. D orbital- 10 4. F orbital- 14 c. Energy Levels and Orbitals i. ii. 5. Valence Electrons a. Valence electrons are the electrons in the highest energy level of an atom b. They are the “leftover” electrons c. Atoms like to have their valence electrons equal 8 or 0 d. What does this have to do with electricity? i. The number of valence electrons determine if an element will allow electricity to flow e. Electronegativity i. The ability of an atom to draw electrons to itself ii. Why is this important? 1. It is important because an elements electronegativity will help determine if it will determine if the element will allow electron flow or not 6. Conductors and Insulators a. CONDUCTORS b. INSULATORS c. Electrons flow easily d. Electron flow is difficult between atoms between atoms e. 1-3 valence electrons in f. 5-8 valence electrons in outer orbit outer orbit g. Low electronegativity h. High Electronegativity i. Good conductors: Silver, j. Examples: Mica, Glass, Copper, Gold, Aluminum Rubber, Plastic 7. Periodic Table of Elements in Groups a. When talking about electricity the three groups the periodic table of elements can be broken into is metals, metalloids, and nonmetals b. METALS c. METALLOIDS d. NONMETALS e. Good f. Combination of g. Poor Conductors metal and non-metal Conductors properties h. Poor i. Conduct heat and j. Good Insulators electricity better than Insulators insulators, but not as good as metals k. Shiny l. Solids m. Dull Luster n. Malleable o. Semi-conductors p. Brittle q. High Density r. s. Low Density t. Low u. Melt at lower Electronegativity temps v. High Electronegativity 8. Semiconductors a. Contain 4 valence electrons b. Neither good insulator, nor a good conductor c. Can be made a better conductor by doping d. Needed for transistors and microchips