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LING/JAPN 563 — Structure of Japanese Spring 2017 Dimensions of politeness in Japanese I. Formality, aka performative politeness (1) Expressing politeness (social distance) toward your interlocutors: formality or performative politeness (also called “addressee honorifics”) (a) Kaigi-ga meeting-NOM (b) Kaigi-ga (J&N 1987) Genki informal / ‘direct style’ / ‘short form’ ar-u. exist-NONPAST ar-imas-u. formal / ‘distal style’ / ‘long form’ exist-FORMAL-NONPAST (c) Kaigi-ga goza-imas-u. formal+ / ‘neutral-polite’ / — exist.FORMAL-FORMAL-NONPAST • (2) These three options reflect increasing social distance Formal style is generally marked by: (a) Copula in des- form (b) Verb suffix -mas- (conjugates as irregular verb: -mas-u, -masi-ta, -mas-eN NEG, -mas-yoo) (c) Adjectives: Inflection as usual (tense, negation) followed by copula desu (always in nonpast affirmative form) (3) Performative politeness is the closest counterpart in Japanese to the 2p pronoun politeness systems in European languages (tú/Vd., tu/vous, du/Sie, thou/you, ...) • But note that in Japanese all (main-clause) predicates have to be marked, regardless of whether or not the addressee is a referent of the utterance! II. Honorification involving participants in the clause (“referent honorifics”) (4) Some morphology for the two kinds of politeness marking we are about to see (a) o o - yom-i kake (b) o o - yom-i kake ni ni nar-u nar-u oyomkakenarsi- ~ su- ~ se- su-ru su-ru prefix (HON, HP) ‘read’ ‘hang, suspend; call (phone)’ ‘become’ ‘do’ (irreg.) HONORIFIC (c) What might we propose for the word class of yomi and kake? Additional data: (Ivana & Sakai 2007) sensei-ga o-kak.i-no hon teacher-NOM HP-write-GEN book pro moo o-kaer.i des-u ka? already HP-go.home COP C.QUESTION ‘the book the teacher wrote’ ‘did pro already go home?’ (d) Side note: this supports the view that the /-i-/ that appears on consonant verbs with certain suffixes is a morpheme that has a “zero” counterpart for vowel verbs 1 (5) (6) Some lexical items sensei ‘teacher,’ but also used for writers, politicians, etc. • this is a title: - use as a referent, or as a form of address - use alone or as a suffix to a name watasi 1st person sg “pronoun” • used in male-typical and female-typical speech if formal • characteristic of female-typical speech if informal Under what social circumstances are the o-V-ni nar- and o-V-si- constructions used? • Context: Mariko is speaking these sentences to a friend. Aya is also Mariko’s friend. - The symbol ‘#’ indicates ‘infelicitous’ — grammatical, but inappropriate to the context. - The usual disclaimers apply about the use of -ga on a main-clause subject. (a) (i) (ii) Aya-ga koohii-o non-da. coffee drink-PAST Sensei-ga koohii-o o-nom-i-ni nat-ta. (iii) # Sensei-ga (7) (b) (i) Watasi-ga Aya-o tazune-ta. visit (ii) Watasi-ga sensei-o o-tazune si-ta. (iii) # Watasi-ga sensei-o o-tazune-ni nat-ta. (c) (i) Watasi-ga Aya-ni sono koto-o that matter hanas-ita. discuss (ii) Watasi-ga sensei-ni sono koto-o o-hanas-i si-ta. (iii) # Watasi-ga (iv) Sensei-ga sensei-ni watasi.tati-ni us sono koto-o sono koto-o o-hanas-i-ni nat-ta. o-hanas-i-ni nat-ta. (v) # Sensei-ga watasi.tati-ni sono koto-o o-hanas-i si-ta. Terminology: SSS (“socially superior to the speaker”) o + V(+i) + ni naru o + V(+i) + suru (8) koohii-o o-nom-i sita. (Harada 1976) • used when the _____ is SSS • used when the _____ is SSS What happens when both conditions are met? Tanaka-sensei-ga Yamada-sensei-ni sono koto-o o-hanasi-ni nat-ta. # Tanaka-sensei-ga Yamada-sensei-ni sono koto-o o-hanasi si-ta. 2 (9) How do these subject honorifics (o-V-ni nar-) and object honorifics (o-V si) relate to performative honorifics (formality)? Sensei-ga o-kaer-i-ni # Sensei! Ame-ga rain # Ame-ga nat-ta. / Sensei-ga o-kaer-i-ni nar-imas-ita. nar-u? / Sensei! O-kaer-i-ni nar-imas-u ka? hut-ta. fall / Ame-ga hur-imas-ita. fall-FORMAL o-hur-i-ni natta. / #Ame-ga o-hur-i si-ta. O-kaer-i-ni III. Honorifics and syntactic structure • Under what syntactic conditions can we use subject honorifics (o-V-ni nar-)? Object honorifics (o-V si)? (10) Watasi-ga sensei-no o-nimotu-o HP-luggage (11) Sensei-no o-nimotu-ga # Sensei-no o-nimotu-ga o-moti si-mas-u. hold (carry) todoi-ta. arrive o-todok-i-ni natta. Background reading: • An early influential paper Harada, Shin-Ichi. 1976. Honorifics. In Masayoshi Shibatani (ed.), Japanese Generative Grammar. Syntax & Semantics 5. New York: Academic Press, 499-561. • A more recent discussion Ivana, Adrian, and Hiromu Sakai. 2007. Honorification and light verbs in Japanese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 16(3): 171-191. • See also Jorden, Eleanor Harz, and Mari Noda. 1987. Japanese: The Spoken Language, part I. New Haven: Yale University Press. 3