Download Study Guide: ECOLOGY Name

Study Guide: ECOLOGY
Name: _____________________________
Textbook pg: 62 – 64, 67 – 79, 90 – 97, 119 – 132, 139 – 160
1. On the lines provided, write the letter of the term on the right that best matches each description.
2. What is the main source of energy for life on Earth? __________________________________
3. Why are autotrophs also called producers? ________________________________________________________
4. What is chemosynthesis? ______________________________________________________________________
5. Heterotrophs are also called ________________________ .
6. Complete the table about types of heterotrophs.
7. How does energy flow through an ecosystem? (p.69) ________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Complete the table about feeding relationships.
9. What is a trophic level? ________________________________________________________________________
10. In a food web, what organisms make up the first trophic level? ___________________________
11. What is an ecological pyramid? _________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
12. Why is it that only part of the energy stored in one trophic level is passed on to the next level?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
13. What is biomass? ___________________________________________________________________________
14. What does a biomass pyramid represent? _________________________________________________________
15. What does a pyramid of numbers show? __________________________________________________________
16. If producers in an energy pyramid produce one million Calories of energy, how many Calories of energy would be
available at the fourth trophic level? (show your calculations):
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
17. How is the movement of matter through the biosphere different from the flow of energy?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
18. Matter moves through an ecosystem in ______________________________ cycles.
19. Water can enter the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves of plants in the process of _________________ .
20. Circle the letter of each process involved in the water cycle.
a. precipitation
b. evaporation
c. runoff
d. fertilization
21. In what process do plants use carbon dioxide? __________________________
22. Which process is not part of the carbon cycle?
a. decomposition
b. denitrification
c. respiration
d. burning of fossil fuels
23. The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia is a process called _________________________________ .
24. The conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas is called __________________________________.
25. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the phosphorus cycle.
a. Phosphate is released as rocks and sediments wear down.
b. Plants absorb phosphate from the soil or from water.
c. Phosphorus is abundant in the atmosphere.
d. Organic phosphate cannot move through food webs.
26. Complete the table about factors that influence ecosystems.
27. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about niches.
a. Different species can share the same niche in the same habitat.
b. No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat.
c. Two species in the same habitat have to share a niche to survive.
d. Different species can occupy niches that are very similar.
28. What is the competitive exclusion principle?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
29. When does competition occur? _________________________________________________________________
30. What is predation? ___________________________________________________________________________
31. What is symbiosis? __________________________________________________________________________
32. Complete the table about main classes of symbiotic relationships.
33. The organism from which a parasite obtains nutritional needs is called a ____________________.
34. Describe the process of succession in an ecosystem: _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
35. Compare the two types of succession and give an example of each. _________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
36. The first species to populate an area when primary succession begins are called ___________________________
37. What are the three main characteristics of a population?
a. ________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________
c. ________________________________________________
38. What is population density? ____________________________________________________________________
39. What three factors can affect population size?
a. ________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________
c. ________________________________________________
40. If more individuals are born than die in any period of time, how will the population change?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
41. When does exponential growth occur? ___________________________________________________________
42. When does logistic growth occur? ______________________________________________________________
43. What is the carrying capacity of the environment for a particular species? _______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
44. Define:
a. limiting factor: ________________________________________________________________________
b. density-dependent limiting factor: _________________________________________________________
c. density-independent limiting factor: ________________________________________________________
45. What are four density-dependent limiting factors?
a.________________________________________ c.________________________________________
b.________________________________________ d.________________________________________
46. What are examples of density-independent limiting factors? __________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
47. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about changes caused by density-independent factors.
a. Most populations can adapt to a certain amount of change.
b. Periodic droughts can affect entire populations of grasses.
c. Populations never build up again after a crash in population size.
d. Major upsets in an ecosystem can lead to long-term declines in certain populations.
48. Circle the letter of each reason why the human population began to grow more rapidly about 500 years ago.
a. Improved sanitation and health care reduced the death rate.
b. Industry made life easier and safer.
c. The world’s food supply became more reliable.
d. Birthrates in most places remained low.
49. Why can’t the human population keep growing exponentially forever? _________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
50. Define demography: _________________________________________________________________________
51. Birthrates, death rates, and _________________________ are factors that help predict population growth rates.
52. The hypothesis that explains why population growth has slowed dramatically in the United States, Japan, and
much of Europe is called the __________________________________________.
53. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about human population growth.
a. The demographic transition is complete in China and India.
b. The worldwide human population is still growing exponentially.
c. Most people live in countries that have not yet completed the demographic transition.
d. The demographic transition has happened in the United States.
54. What do age-structure diagrams graph? __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
55. Complete the flowchart about the demographic transition.
56. Complete the table about types of environmental resources.
57. What is sustainable development? _______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
58. Define biodiversity: __________________________________________________________________________
59. On the lines provided, list four human activities that are current threats to biodiversity.
1. __________________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________________________
60. Why is biodiversity one of Earth’s greatest natural resources? _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
61. Populations that are introduced into a new habitat and reproduce rapidly are known as
a. diverse species.
b. parasites.
c. invasive species.
d. predators.
62. The increasing concentration of a harmful substance in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or food web
is called
a. biological magnification.
b. biodiversity.
c. desertification.
d. genetic diversity.
63. In ecology, what term is used to describe the wise management of natural resources?
a. renewable b. conservation
c. equilibrium
d. diverse
64. Why do invasive species reproduce rapidly and increase their populations? ______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
65. Why are scientists concerned about the depletion, or thinning, of the ozone layer? _____________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
66. Why are scientists concerned about the effect of global warming on the atmosphere? ___________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
67. Why is it important to phase out the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)? ___________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
68. Describe three possible effects of global warming:
1. _____________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________
69. Identify one change humans can make to help solve ecological problems.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
70. Use the words below to fill in the blanks.
71. SELF STUDY: (textbook pg. 139 – 160)
Find and define the following terms:
a. Agriculture: ___________________________________________________________________________
b. Monoculture: __________________________________________________________________________
c. Green revolution: ______________________________________________________________________
d. Soil erosion: __________________________________________________________________________
e. Desertification :________________________________________________________________________
f.
Aquaculture: __________________________________________________________________________
g. Smog: _______________________________________________________________________________
h. Pollutant: ____________________________________________________________________________
i.
Ecosystem diversity: ___________________________________________________________________
j.
Species diversity: ______________________________________________________________________
k. Genetic diversity: ______________________________________________________________________
l.
Endangered species: ____________________________________________________________________
m. Habitat fragmentation: __________________________________________________________________