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Chemical Coordination & Integration
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Endocrine system Theory
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Exercise - I
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Exercise - II
Exercise - III
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Syllabus
Chemical Coordination & Integration
Endocrine system
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION : 

The branch of biology which deals with the study of endorcine system and its physiology is known as ''
Endocrinology''.
 
 ''Thomas Addision'' is known as father of Endocrinology.
Whereas the gland with duct is called exocrine gland which secretes enzyme etc. Endocrine glands pour
their secretion directly into blood. These glands lack ducts, so these glands are called ductless glands. 


 Co-ordination in the body of almost all the higher vertebrates is controlled by two systems Nervous

system and endocrine system.
Nervous system and endorcine system are called Integrative system of the body.

  Nervous system carries informations in the form of impulses to the different parts of body. High speed
services are offered by this system.

  Where as, the work of co-ordination by endocrine system is slowly by secretion of some chemical
substances. 

  Substances secreted by these glands are known as hormones. The meaning of work 'hormone' in Greek
is ''to excite'' = hormaein.
Differences between Nervous and Endocrine Coordinations
Nervous Co-ordination
Endocrine Co-ordination
(Chemical Co-ordination)
1.
Information passes as electrical
impulses along nerve fibres.
1.
Information passes as a chemical
substance through the blood and lymph.
2.
3.
There is rapid transmission of 2.
information.
3.
Response is immediate.
4.
Response is very exact.
4.
Response is usually widespread.
5.
Response is short lived.
5.
Response is long-lasting
There is slow transmission of information.
Response is usually slow.
HORMONE :
The term hormone was coined by Starling. 
Hormones are also called ''Primary messengers'' or chemical messengers.'' 
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
First discovered hormone is secretin. It was discovered by Bayliss & Starling in 1902. 
Source & Chemical Nature : - Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by one part of
body and are poured directly into the blood stream, and they reach at their target place with the help of
blood. A small amount of hormone affects some specific cells or physiology of cells of organ according
to atmospheric conditions.

Chemical Nature of Hormone :
The animal hormones may be classfied into 6 categories.
1. Amino acid derivatives : The hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla and
thyroxine from the thyroid gland are derived from amino acid.
2. Short peptides : The hormones oxytocin and vasopression from the posterior lobe of the pitutary gland
are short peptides of 9 amino acid. The melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) from the intermediate
lobe of the pituitary gland is also short peptide of 13 amino acids.

3. Long peptides : The hormones insulin from the pancrease, adrenocortico tropin (ACTH) from the
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, calcitonin from the parathyroid gland consists of 84 amino acids.
4.
Protein : The gonadotropic, thyrotropic and somatotropic hormones from the anterior lobe of pituitary
are protein with high molecular weights.
5.
Steroids (Fat soluble) : The hormones like cortisol and aldosterone from adrenal cortex, testosterone
from interstitial cells of testes, estrogen and progesterone from Graaffian follicles of ovary and placenta
are the examples of steroid hormones. The hormones contain cholesterol and bile salts.
6. Fatty acid derivative : - Prostaglandin
Physical & Chemical Specialities of Hormones : - 
The moleucles of most of the hormones are small, and their molecular weight is low.
Hormones are soluble in water and are easily diffusible in tissues. 
The secretion of hormone is always in very small quantity because these are most reactive substances 
 Hormones are destroyed after use.

Hormones can not be stored in the body except Thyroxine. 
 Hormones are soluble in water and blood. 


 Liver and kidneys separate them from blood and decompose them. The waste product formed after
decomposition, hormones are excreted with urine. It can not be reutilized. 
Hormones are non-antigenic & non species specific substances.

Usually, hormones do not participate in the metabolic activities of target cells but they affect and control the
activity level of these target cells. Due to the effect of hormones, not only the rate of metabolic activites is
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effected but also the permeability of cell membrane is changed so the nature of reaction is also changed. so
the nature of reaction is also changed.


Differences between Hormone & Enzyme
Hormones
Enzymes
1. They are produced at one site and are passed
by blood to another site for action.
1. They may act at site where they are
Produced or carried to another site for action.
2. They have low molecular weight.
2. They have very high molecular weight.
3. Hormones may be steroids, proteins,
3. Enzymes are simple proteins.
Peptides or amino acid derivatives.
4. They are used up in their action
4. They are not used up in their action.
5. They are effective in low concentration.
Their excess or deficiency may cause
5. They also act in low concentration.
disorders.
However, the rate of enzyme catalyzed
reactions steadily increase with an increase in
their concentration
6. They may act slowly or quickly.
6. They act slowly.
7. They may accelerate or retard the specific
recations.
7. They speed up the reactions.
8. Hormone controlled reactions are not
reversible.
8. Enzyme controlled reactions are reversible.
Differences between Hormone & Vitamins
Hormones
Vitamins
1. Hormones may be steroids, proteins,
peptides or amino acid derivaties.
1. They are never proteins but simple organic
compounds such as amines, esters.
alcohol, aldehyde or organic acids.
2. They are effective in low concentration.
2. They are needed in small quantity. Excess
vitamins are excreted. Their deficiency causes
malfunctioning called deficiency diseases or
avitaminosis.
Their excess or deficiency may cause hormonal
disorders.
3. They are secreted by the animal in its own
body.
3. They are rarely synthesized in the body.
They are moslty taken with food.
4. Hormones influence the genes to produce
4. They act as co-enzymes and help emzymes to
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Specific enzymes required during metabolism.
5.
They do not influence the working of those
organs which have secreted them.
perform their function.
5. They are not produced by body organs
(except vitamin D)
MECHANISM OF HORMONAL REACTIONS
MECHANISM OF HORMONE – Two types 
Once hormone enter into blood stream it can reach almost to any cell in the body.
However, each hormone effects only certain kind of cell which is called as target organ.
All hormone do not act in the same way due to location of receptor.
 
 Hormones are two types :
 (i) Water solbule hormone
(ii) Lipid soluble hormone
 Water soluble hormones interact with a surface receptor, normally a glycoprotein and initiate a chain
events within it where as lipid soluble hormone (Steroid hormones) readily pass through the plasma
membrane to cytoplasm of the target cell. Molecular mechanism of hormones are of following types :
(1) At Gene level
(2) At Plasmalemma level
1. AT GENE LEVEL : - In this type of mechanism steroid hormone and Thyroxine hormones are involved.
(a) Steroid hormones : In this process steroid hormones enter into target cell where they combine with
receptor protein, this Receptor protein conveys the hormone from cytoplasm to nucleus this hormone
stimulates the DNA for synthesis of protein. Now DNA synthesises the m-RNA and this m-RNA
goes into cytoplasm, where Ribosome synthesize the protein by translation. This new protein in an
enzyme, which affects the vital activity of target cell.
(b) Thyroxine hormone : The thyroid hormone thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine cause increase
transcription by certain gene in nucleus. To accomplish this, These hormones first bind directly with
receptor protein in nucleus. Receptor protein is located on chromosome. Advantage of intranuclear
receptor the thyroxin hormone can continue they express their control function for weeks :
2. PLASMALEMMA LEVEL : - Following hormones an example of this mechanism :
(a) Tyrosine kinase mechanism : A good example of this is the effect of insulin. For transport of insulin
hormone, insulin receptor is found in cell membrane, which is made up of 4 sub-unit. 2 sub-units (protein) are -protein which are situated towards the outside of cell membrane this sub unit binds the
insulin hormone, 2 sub-unit (-Protein) protrude into the cytoplasm of the cell. The intra celluar
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portion of the  units has tyrosine kinase activity. These receptors are usually less than 100 in most
of our body cells but may be more than 1,00,000 as in some liver cells.
Binding to the receptor – Binding of insulin to the outer 2 sub units of receptor triggers tyrosine
kinase activity of the intra cellular portion of -sub units. This causes a structural change in -sub units.
to become an activated tyrosine kinase. The activated tyrosine kinase produces autophosphorylation of
the cytoplasmic receptor as well as phosphorylation of some cytoplasmic protein (Insulin receptor
subtrate, IRS).
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
(b) C-AMP or Second messenger system : This C-AMP mechanism has been shown by following
hromones :
 Adreno Corticotropin (ACTH)
 Secretin
 Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
 Catecholamines
 Luteinizing hormone (LH)
 Most hypothalamic releasing hormone
 Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Vasopressin/ADH
 Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
 Glucagon
In this type of mechanism when adrenaline is attached to the surface receptor protein which found on the
plasmalemma then first of all it forms a complex which is called as hormone receptor complex (HRC). A
transducer protein is found on inner surface of receptor protein which is called as G-Protein. This GProtein consist of , , -sub unit. GTP is also found on G-Protein.
 After formation HRC than GTP change into GDP, in this process phosphate group is released which
activates the G-Protein.
 After activation of G-Protein their sub units are divided into two group (i)--subunit and (ii)-, -subunit
(, -subunit both are not separated with each other)
 Activated -subunit of G-Protein activate adenylate cyclase.
 Activated adenylate cyclase change ATP to C-AMP on cell membrane.
 This C-AMP goes into cytoplasm where it activates the inactive protein kinase-A to active protein kinase-A.
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 This active protein kinase A changes inactive phosphorylase kinase into active phosphorylase kinase.

 This active phosphorylase kinase changes inactive Glycogen phosphorylase in to active glycogen
phosphorylase.
 This active glycogen phosphorylase changes glycogen into Glucose-1-Phosphate.
 Each molecule of protein kinase-A activates about 100 molecule of enzyme phosphorylase kinase and so
on.
 As a result a single molecule of adrenaline releases as many as 100 million molecules of glucose within
only 1 minutes (Amplification).
(c) IP3 & DAG Mechanism : In this type of mechanism local hormones are involved such as
prostaglandins, Acetylcholine, Somatostatin etc.

 Same CAMP mechanism transducer G-protein act.
 G-protein activates enzyme phosphodiesterase.
 Phosphodiesterase (Phospholipasec) Enzyme breaks phosphotidyl inositol biphosphate into inositol
triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
 IP3 is water soluble and diffuses into cytoplasm, IP3 specialy mobelized Ca++ ion endoplasmic reticulam and the
Ca++ ion promote smooth muscle contraction and changes in secretion by secretory cell and change in ciliary
action.
 DG remain in the membrane where is activates an enzyme called protein kinase C, which in turn,
activates many other enzyme, Activated protein kinase C plays an important role in cell division and
cell proliferation.
The action of lipid soluble hormone are slower and last longer then the action of water soluble
hormone.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
SPECIFIC TERMS
Chalones  The hormones which are secreted from one endocrine gland to stimulate other endocrine
gland is called as Chalones.
Autocoide  The hormone which are secreted from one endocrine gland to target organ is called as
Autocoide.
Diabetogenic  The hormone which mainly affects or stimulates carbohydrate metabolism is called
as diabetogenic.
Ketogenic  The hormone, which mainly affect the fat metabolism.
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Calorigenic  The hormone, which mainly affects the basal metabolic rate (BMR) is called as
calorigenic.
PITUITARY GLAND
Paraventricular nucleus
Neurosecretory neurons
Supraoptic nucleus
Hypothalamus
Tuber-cinerium
Infudibulum
Hypothalamus
Neurohypohysis
Post. lobe
Hypothalamic-posterior
Pitultary stalk
Posterior pitultary
Anterior pituitary
Anti. lobe
Mid. lobe
Pars Tuberalis
Adenohypophysis
Systemic arterial inflow
Systemic venous outflow
= Vasopressin
= Oxytocin

 On the basis of development pituitary gland is completely Ectodermal.
 It is situated in the sella-turcica of sphenoid bone.
 This gland is atached to the hypothalamus through a stalk which is called as infundibulum.
 The upper terminal end of infundibulum which is attached to the hypothalamus is called as
tubercinerium/Median eminence.
 The lower terminal end of infundibulum is bulging type which is called as posterior lobe or pars nervosa.
 Tubercinerium, infundibulum & pars nervosa are collectively called as Neurohypophysis.

 A small & fine tube is developed in the foetus which is called as gut. This gut is developed into alimentary
canal. Anterior part of gut is called as stomodaeum (developed from ectoderm).
 A small projection is developed from dorsal surface of stomodaeum (the anterior part of gut) this part is
separated from stomodaeum and form Rathke's pouch.
 Upper surface of Rathke's pouch is developed into mid-lobe which is also known as pars intermedia.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 The upper margin of R.pouch, which surrounds the infundibulum & forms a collar like structure called
as parstuberalis.
 Remaining part of R.pouch. is developed into anterior lobe which is also called as pars distalis.
 Pars distails, pars tuberalis & pars intermedia are collectively called as adenohypophysis.
 Neurohypopohysis + Adenohypophysis is called as hypophysis cerebri or pituitary body.
 A remaining & vestigeal cavity of R.pouch is found in the anterior lobe which is called as Hypophysis recess.
  Superior branch of hypophyseal artery supplies blood to the hypothalamus.
  Inferior branch of hypophyseal artery supplies blood to the pituitary gland.
  Hypophysal portal vein collects the blood from hypothalamus and supplies to pituitary gland.
 Branches of hypophyseal artery & hypophyseal portal vein combined and form a network of blood
capillaries which is called as circle of Willis.
  In human, mid lobe is ill developed or membrane like, while mid lobe is absent in elephant & Whale.
 Three types of glandular cells are found in Adenohypophysis.
1. Basophils  They are large cells & found in the peripheral part of gland. They are more in number.
2. Acidophil  They are small in size & found in the central part of pituitary gland.
3. Neutrophils  They are smallest in size and are found in scattered form. They are minimum in number.
 STH & LTH are secreted by acidophils.
 Remaining hormone of adenohypohysis are secreted by basophils.
 All hormone of pituitary gland are protein Hormone.
HORMONS SECRETED BY ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
All these hormones are of proteinaceous nature.
1. GROWTH HORMONE OR SOMATOTROPIC OR SOMATOTROPIN HORMONE
[G.H. or S.T.H.] : By Somatotroph cells or -acidophil cells
On growth
Function : Major effect
On metabolism
Effect on Growth : (1) On bone : It increases length of bone.
(2) On soft tissue :
(i) GH promotes mitosis & increases number of cells in many organs & tisue e.g. liver and muscles.
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(ii) GH stimulates growth of muscle and cartilage due to increase synthesis of collagen, muscle grow in bulk.
Effect on metabolism :
Fat : Increases lipolysis so that free fatty acid level of plasma rises. Under the influence of growth
hormone fat is used for energy in preference to carbohydrate and protein, due to this protein deposition is
increases.
Carbohydrates : Hyperglycermia develops due to decreased uptake of glucose in the cells, so it is also
called diabetogenic hormone.
Protein : GH increases amino acid uptake by the cells of the liver & muscles & helps in protein synthesis.
 In the presence of thyroxines and insulin, growth hormones become more active and stimulates the
body growth. In this way this hormone is important for the growth of body.
Somatostatin
GHRH
+
–
Hypothalamus
–
Exercise
+
+
–
+
Somatostatin
( cells)
–
+
GH
Sleep
+ +
+
+
Hypoglycemia
Diseases due to hyposecretion or hypersecretion of somatotropin hormone :
(a) Hyposecretion of STH : Due to deficiency of STH in chidhood dwarfism is observed.
 Dwarfism due to the defect of pituitary is called Ateliosis. These dwarfs are called as midgets.
 This midget is physically & mentally normal while sexual maturation is delayed.
(b) Hypersecretion of STH : - Due to hypersecretioni in childhood and adolescene, a higher quantity of
amnoacids is supplied to the body cells.
(i) Epiphyseal cartilage present on the edges of bones does not convert into bone for a long time.
Thus the bones of legs & hands become very long and height of that person increases very much.
Body becomes imbalanced. This disease is called Gigantism.
(ii) Acromegaly : - Due to hypersecretion of STH in adulthod, jaw bones of the affected person become
long, cheek bones buldge out, broad hands, legs & fingers of person becomes gorilla like. These
symptoms are observed as a result of acromegaly.
2. THYOTROPHIC OR THYROID STIMULATING HORMOONE [T.T.H. OR T.S.H.] :
 T.S.H. is secreted by basophil cells. (Thyrotroph cell).
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 It is glycorprotein in nature.
 T.S.H. stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine. TSH helps in almost all step of the thyroid hormones
synthesis & it causes growth of throid gland.
 Secretion of TSH is stimulated by Thyrotrophin releasing factor & inhibited by somatostatin of
hypothalamus.
3. ADRENO CORTICO TROPHIC HORMONE OR CORTICOTROPINE [ACTH] :
 ACTH is secreted by basophil (corticotroph) cells.
 In man, this ACTH is mainly made up of valine and tyrosine aminoacids,.
 It accelerates the cortex part of adrenal gland to secretes hormones.
4. FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE [FSH] :
 It is also secreted by basophils. (Gonadotroph cell)
 It is glycoprotein in nature.
 This is secreted in male and female both.
 In males, it stimulates spermatogenesis and normal functioning of seminiferous tubules.
 In femables, it stimulates oogenesis and development of Graafian follicles of ovary.
 FSH is also known as Gametokinetic factor.
 Estrogen hormone that is secreted Graafian follicles is also affected by FSH.
5. LUTEINIZING HORMONE OR INTERSTITIAL CELL STIMULATING HORMONE
[LH OR ICSH]:
 It is also secreted by basophil (Gonadotroph) cells. It is also glycoprotein in nature.
 It stimulates ovulation in female as a result of this corpus luteum is formed.
 Hormone progesterone which is secreted by corpus luteum is also stimulated by L.H.
 In men LH is called ICSH. It affects the Leydig's cells or Interstitial cells of testes and stimulates the
secretion of male hormone "Testosterone".
 L.H. is also called "gamete releasing factor".
 FSH and LH both are called gonadotrophic hormone GTH.
 FSH and LH act in combined form so these are called synergesic hormone.
 Gonadotrophic hormones (FSH & LH) are start secreting during puberty. Their secretion is regulated by
hypothalamus.
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6. LUTEOTROPHIC OR PROLACTIN OR LACTOGENIC OR MAMMOTROPHIN HORMONE
(PRL) :
It is secreted by acidophil (Lactoroph) cells.
Function of prolactin hormone.
(1) Lactation (Galactopoiesis) : Prolactin is responsible for lactation in postpartum (after delivery)
women.
 Regulation of Prolactin secretion by Hypothalamus : Hypothalamus mainly stimulate the production of
all pituitary hormone, but it mainly inhibits prolactin production because normally hypothalamus prolactin
inhibitory hormone (Dopamine) is greater than the releasing hormone.
 Breast is prepared for lactation by oestrogen (duct growth) and progesterone (lobule growth) but both of
these hormone inhibit the actual secretion of milk.
 Dopamine is catecholamine (Biologically active amine) and neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus. It
inhibits lactation.
 During pregnancy : Prolactin hormone steadly increase until term but due to high level of oestrogen and
progesterone (secreated by placenta) lactation is inhibited.
 After expulsion of the placenta at parturition, there is an abrupt decline in circulating estrogen and
progesterone.
 The drop in circulating estrogen initiate lactation.
  Nursing stimulates prolactin secretion.
 Prolactin inhibits the action of GnRH on the pituitary and antagonize the action of GnRH on the pituitary
and antagonize the action of gonadotrophin on the ovaries. Ovulation is inhibited and the ovaries gets
inactive.
 Nursing is important and effective method of birth control.
7. HORMONES SECRETED BY MIDDLE LOBE OF PITUITARY GLAND :
 The part of adenohypophysis of pituitary gland, which is very close to neurohypophysis is a very thin
portion, it is called pars intermedia or middle lobe of pituitary gland.
 In man it is in the form of a thin membrane only. It is inactive in men.
MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE [MSH] :
 It is secreted by middle lobe. (By corticotroph cell).
 MSH is also called intermedin.
 In man, MSH is secreated by anterior lobe, because middle lobe is ill-developed.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 It stimulates the melanochytes to synthesize melanin in mammals.

 This hormone is related with change in the colour of skin in Amphibian and Reptiles. This phenomenon
of colour changing is known as metachrosis.
 It darkens the complexion of skin by distributing melanin pigment evenly under the skin.
 Just oppsoite to it, melatonin secreted by pineal body, collects the melanin pigments at one place thus
fairing the complexion of skin.
 MSH is found in all the vertebrates, but it is functional in poikilothermic animals e.g. fishes, amphibians,
reptiles etc.
 The importance of MSH in man has not been evaluated.
HORMONE RELEASING FACTORS OF HYPOTHALAMUS :
Hormones secreted by adenohypophysis of pituitary gland are under the control of neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus. These neuro-secretory cells produce some substances in very small
amount which are called releasing factors.
(1) Grwoth hormone releasing factor : [GHRF] : It stimulates the secretion of growth hormone.
(2) Thyrotrophin relasing factor [TRF] : It stimulates the secretion of TSH.
(3)
GnRH
Follicle stimulating hormone releasing factor [FSHRF]: It stimulates the secretion
of FSH.
Luteinising hormone releasing factor [LHRF] : It stimulates the secretion of LH.
(4) growth hormone inhibitory factor [GHIF] (Somatostatin) : It stimulates the secretion of LH.
(5) Prolactin release factor [PRF] : It stimulates the secretion of Prolactin.
(6) Prolactin inhibitory factor [PIF] (Dopamine) : It inhibits the secretion of Prolactin.
(7) Melanocyte release factor [MRF] : It stimulates the secretion of MSH.
(8) Melanocyte inhibitory factor [MIF] : It inhibnits the secretion of MSH.
(9) Adrenocorticotrophic releasing hormone (ACRH) : It stimulates secretion of Adrenal cortex
hormone.
POSTERIOR LOBE OR NEUROHYPOPHYSIS :
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Posterior lobe of pituitary gland is 1/4th part of total gland. It is just like nervous tissue, because in it, the
termnial ends of the axons of neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus are swollen. These swolen ends are
called "Herring bodies". Hormones are released in these bodies.
Hypothalamus
Axon
Paraventricular - Oxyto
Supra-optic - ADH
Herring body
Pituicytes
  There are same large, branched fatty neurogilal supporting cells in between axons, that are called
"Pituicytes".
1. Posterior pituitary hormones are not synthesised in the gland itself but they are synthesized in the
supraoptic nuclei and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus.
2. The hormone are then transported from their origin to posterior pituitary through axons of
hypothalamohypo physeal tract and sotred in association with 2 protein i.e. Neurophysin-I, and
Neurophysin-II.
(A) Vasopressin or Pitressin or Anti Diuretic Hormone [ADH] :
Main functions of ADH : Its main function is to increase the reabsorption of water in upper part of
collecting duct and in distal convoluted part of uriniferous tubules. Due to this, amount of urine is reduced.
So it is also called ADH.
 The hormone increases the blood pressure by constriction of blood vessels of tissues.
 Due to hposecretion of ADH or vasporessin, the amount of urine increases, this process is called
Diuresis. Patient feels thristy, Dehydratinon starts in the body. This disease is called Diabetes insipidus
(taste less urine, polyuria).
 Due to hyposecretion of ADH, deficiency of water starts in Extra cellular fluid (ECF). Blood pressure
reduces, urine becomes dilute and blood becomes thick or concentrate.
 Intake of coffee, tea and excess alcohol etc decrease the secretion of ADH.
 Secretion of ADH is maximum in desert fauna (animals of xerophytic region) e.g. camel.
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 Kangaroo – Rat (Dipodomys) also shows very high hypersecretion of ADH.
Kangaroo - Rat never drinks water in its life-time
 Hypersecretion of ADH causes dilution of blood and increases concentration of urine and thus blood
pressure increases.
Rise of blood
volume
(acts via atrium)
Alcohol
ingestions
Rise of osmolality
(acts via osmoreceptors)
Control of ADH
(B) Oxytocin or Pitocin : It is the main parturition hormone. It stimulates the fast/rapid contractions and
expansions of non-striated muscles of the uterine wall at the last moment of gestation operiod (pregnancy).
Due to this uterine constrictions, labour pains start jsut before child birth.
 This hormone is secreted by pituitary glands of mother at the time of parturition.
 This hormone also initiates the contractions in uterine wall muscles during copulation/coitus as a result of
that semen of man is sweeped out in the fallopian tubes of woman.
 After parturition, this hormone constricts the uterine wall and thus brings back to the normal position.
 Oxytocin hormone contracts the myoepithelial cells present at all the sides of alveoli of mammary glands.
Thus it helps in milk ejection so it is also called milk let down hormone.
 In female, this hormone related with emotion.
 Even thought, cry or sound of baby can bring about release of this homone in lactating mother.
This hormone helps during egg laying in birds.
Injection of oxytocin are initates cows and buffaloes for instant milk release.

 Muller's organ and subneural glands of lower vertebrates are homologus to pituitary gland.
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THYROID GLAND
 It is the largest endocrine gland in the body.
This is situated at the latero-ventral side of the joint of trachea and larynx in the neck region of man. The
shape of this gland is like letter H or Butter fly. It is bilobed in birds and mammals, but it is single lobed
in reptiles. Both of its lobes are connected by non-glandular band, formed of a connective tissue. This
band is called isthmus. No hormone secreted by isthmus.
Parafollicular
cells
Colloid
Blood vessel
Vesicles
Thyroid Gland
Stroma
Follicle
Isthmus
T1
Glandular cells
Mono lodo Tyrosine
T2 Di lodo Tyrosine
T3 Tri lodo Thronine
I2
Thyronin
or
Thyroglobulin
T4 Tetra IoDo Thronine

Thyroxine
 It is endodermal in origin.
 Endostyle of lower vertebrates like Herdmania, Amphioxus is homologous of thyroid gland.
 In human, this gland weight, about 25 gm to 35 gm approximately. (This is some what larger in women as
compared to men).
 Each lobe of thyroid gland is made up of connective tissue. There are present so many folicles made up of
glandular cells in connective tissue.
 These follicles are scattered in loose connective tissue, the stroma. A layer of cuboidal glandular cells is
found in the wall of follicles. An iodised colloidal fluid substance Thyroglobulin is filled in the cavity of
these follicles. Thyroglobulin is glycoprotein in nature. Parafollicular cells are occasionally found in
between basement membrane of the follicle & these cells secrete thyro calcitonin.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Thyroid is the only endocrine gland in the body which stores its hormone in its inactive state.
Production of Thyroxine :
Thyroxine contains two phenyl rings linked up by an ether bridge.
Biosynthesis :
(1) Iodide trapping – when KI taken up by follicular cells.
(2) Oxidation of Iodide – KI  I2.
The oxidation of iodine is promoted by the enzyme peroxidase.
(3) Organification – The binding of iodine with the thyroglobulin molecule is called organification of the
thyroglobulin
Tyrosine + I2  MIT & DIT. (Monoiodotyrosine and Di-iodotyrosine)
(4) Coupling – MIT + DIT = T3 (Tri-iodothyronine)
DIT + DIT = T 4 (Tetra-iodothyronine)
All of these step of thyroxine biosynthesis are stimulated by TSH hormone.
T1 = Mono iodo tyrosine
T2 = Di iodo tyrosine
T3 = Tri iodo thyronine (20 %)
T4 = Tetra iodo thyronine (80 %)
 Secretion of T 4 is compartively more than T3, and T3 hormone is four times more active than T 4 hormone.
T4 changes into T 3 on reaching in the tissues. After enter into tissue deiodination takes place in T=4=
which , change into T3.
 T4 is called thyroxine in this T-chain of hormones.
 Thyroxine or Tetra-Iodo-Thyronine is a derivative of aminoacid.
 Each thryoglobin molecule contain an average of T3 molecule for every 14 molecule of thyroxine
(1 : 14 – T 3 : T 4).
 Thyroid hormones in the form of thyroglobulin are stored in the follicles in an amount sufficient to supply
the body with its normal requirements of thyroid hormone for 3 months.

 E.C. Kendal first of all crystallised this thyroxine hormone.

 Harrington and Barger studied the molecular structure of thyroxine.

 Thyroid gland requires iondine "120 g" every day for the production of thyroxine.
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 Normal recommended minimum intake 200 gm/day, if iondine in take < 50 gm /day, then thyroid
disorder develops.
 If there is deficiency of iodine in food then thyroid try to absorbs more and more iodine from blood and
increases its size it is called simple goitre.
 Goitre is found more abundently in the persons those live on mountain slopes, because iodine (at that
place) flows along with water. When most of the people show the symptoms of this dissease then it is
called endemic goitre and hill station called as ''goitre zone''
 Persons who take sea foods, never show the symptoms of goitre.
1. Growth, Developemnt and Metamorphosis :
Growth
Physical
Skeletal
Muscular
Sexual
Mental
Visceral
 Thyroxine stimulates the metamorphosis of tadpole larva in amphibians.
 Due to its deficiency, larva does not show metamorphosis to be an adult.
 Some amphibian larvae e.g. Ambystoma and Necturus (Water dog) do not undergo metamorphosis to an
adult, and these larva stages start reproducing without gaining adulthood. This process is called as
Paedogenesis.
2. METABOLISM :
General :
(i) Thyroxine regulates the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) in the body.
BMR : The rate of calorie consumption that is necessary for survive is called basal metabolic rate of
body.
The hormone enhances the oxidative metabolism of body cells as a result of it energy production is
also increased in the form of calories.
BMR increases  Body Temp. increase  loses weight.
Due to over production of heat it is called as calorigenic hormone.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
(ii) Increase activity of Na+ – K+ AT Pase. It increases the number of mitochondria in all the cells of body
i.e. increases metabolic rate of life. It increases the consumption of oxygen by the cells of body.
Thyroxine play the both anabolic as well as catabolic role. At optimum concentration it play
anabolic role but in oversecretion it play catabolic role.
Fat Metabolism :
 Enhances enzyme activity both synthesis & predominantly catabolism of cholesterol.
 Carbohydrate action 
 Blood sugar increase, act as a diabetogenic hormone.
 Protein  both catabolism & anabolism but at optimum concentration of thyroxine, anabolism is
dominant.
3. ON INDIVIDUAL SYSTEM : Heart
 Thyroxine increases – Heart beat increases (Tachycardia) – Increases Cardiac output.
 Maintain the contraction of myocardium.
 It regulates the heart-beat because it acts directly on SA-Node.
 CNS – optimum conc. of thyroxine is required for developemnt of the nerve fibre & their myelination.
 GIT – thyroxine increase motility of GIT causes diarrhoea. Appetite also increase.
 On blood – Thyroxine stimulates. The formation and maturation of R.B.Cs
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 The hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland control rate of thyroid secretion.
 Anterior pituitary gland secretes TSH.
 The most important effect of TSH is proteolysis of thyroglobulin which causes release of thyroxine into
the blood.
 Secretion of TSH is controlled by a hypothalamic hormone. Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH).
 Increase thyroid hormone in the body fluid decreases the secretion of TSH by anterior pituitary.
IRREGULARITIES OF THYROID GLAND AND IT'S DISEASES :
1. Hyposecretion of thyroid or Hypothyroidism :
 It may be a genetic disorder or due to deficiency of iodine in food or due to excess iondine excretion in
urine.


 In childhood, hypothyroidism causes Cretinism, these children are called cretin, they may show such
symptoms like : Thick lips, protruding tongue, pot belly, ill developed sex organs & retarded physical &
mental growth. The children remain dwarf and become ugly. Their BMR, rate of heart beat and body
temperature decreased. They are sterile.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 In adults, hypothyroidism causes Myxoedema. (Gull's disease) The symptoms of this disease are falling
of hair, loose and swollen skin, deposition of adipose fat and mucous beneath the skin so body as a whole
becomes obese, BMR and blood pressure are reduced. Patient becomes sensitive to cold and shows loss of
sexual power. Mental slowing, bradycardia, weight gain occurs and lose of hair from head. Myxoedema
is also called as Sporadiac goitre.
 Simple goitre/Endemic goitre : It is due to deficiency of iodine in food, and also known as Colloid
goitre. Thyroid gland enlarges due to swelling. It is not a genetic disorder. The neck also swells up and
looks like a collar. It is cured by extra intake of iodine in food or intake of sea food.
 Hashimoto's disease : In this disease, there is acute deficiency of thyroxine. Then the medicines given for
the treatment of disease or even hormone thyroxine itself acts as antigen. In its reaction, body produes
antibodies, which destroy the thyroid gland itself. It is known also as suicide of thyroid or Autoimmune
thyroiditis.
2. Hypersecretion of thyroid or Hyperthyroidism :
The gland shows enlargement due to some microbial infections or genetic disorders, and this enlarged
gland secretes thyroxine in excess amount. As a reuslt of it, BMR, heart beat rate, blood pressure,
absorption of glucose in intestine and consumption of oxygen increase. Too much energy is produced in
mitochondria, that it is not stored in the form of ATP but it is released in the form of heat in the body .
Thus in place of growth unnecessary irritation, exhaustion are observed in the body of patient. Due to
excess heat/calorie/energy formation, patient feels extreme hot.
Hyperthyroidism may cause following disorders in the body :
Expohthalmic Goitre or Grave's disease or Basedow's disease or thyrotoxicosis
In this disease, deposition of mucous beneath the eyeball takes place. As a result of that eyes look enlarged
and buldging or protruding out side the eye socket, giving the patient a fearful look. In this disease whole
gland shows enlargement in the neck region.
Plummer's disease : In this disease, thyroid gland does not show even growth but there become small
tumours all over the thyroid just like buds, it is also called Toxic adenoma.
Thyroid gland shows enalrgement (swelling) at the time of hypersecretion.
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Grave's Disease
Plummer's Disease
Parafollicular cells or C-cells :
Some large and clear cells are found in the stroma of thyroid gland & basal part of follice. These cells are
endocrine nature. They are the remains of ultimobranchial bodies made up of fifth branchial pouches of
embryo, i.e. para follicular cells are endodermal in origin.
These cells secrete thyroclacitonin (Calcitonin) hormone which lacks iodine. It is protein in nature.
Thyrocalcitonin reduces the destruction of bones and increases the rate of excretion of Ca++ in urin, thus
reduces the number of Ca++ in extra cellular fluid.
 It enhances the deposition of Ca++ in bones thus making bones solid and strong.
 This hormone is antagonistic to Collip hormone or parathormone.
PARATHYROID GLAND
 These glands remain embedded in the dorsal surface of surface of thyroid gland. They are two pairs in
number. They remain embedded in each lobe of thyroid completely or partially.
 It was discovered by Raynard and its detailed studied was given by Sandrom.
 Total weight about 140 mg and its size is 6 × 3 × 2 mm.
 These glands are made by epithelium of third and fourth branchial pouches or pharyngeal puches slite of
embryo i.e. these are also endodermal in origin.
 These glands secrete only one hormone – parathormone. It is also known as Collip's hormone or PTH. Its
was obtained by Collip in its pure form.
 This hormone is proteinaceous in nature/Polypeptide hormnone.
 Parathormone is essential for survival because it significantly contributes to "homeostatis" by regulating
the amount of calcium and phosphate ion in ECF.
 Calcium is key element in many physiological functions like proper permeability of cell membrances,
muscular activities, nerve impulse conduction, heart beat, blood coagulation, bone formation, fertilization
of ova.

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Calcium is most abundant of all minerals found in the body and about 99 % of calcium and phosphorus are
contained in the bones.
 Maintenance of proper calcium level under "homeostatis" is in fact, a combined function of
parathormone, thyrocalcitotnin and vitatmin D3 (cholecalciferol).
 Parathormone promotes absorption of calcium from food in the intestine and its reabsorption from nephron
in the kidneys.
 Simultaneously, its accelerates elimination of phosphate in urine (phosphaturia action). Thus, calcium
level tend to rise in the ECF due to effect of parathormone and phosphate level is decreased in ECF.
 This calcium is then utilized by bone-forming cells, (Osteoblast) in bone formation under the influence of
vitamin D3.
 Parathormone stimulates the osteoclast cells to feed upon bones, these cells remove unnecessary parts of
bones by melting, thus change asymmetrical bone into symmetrical one. The remoulding of bone is done
by these cells life long. As a result of this, amount of Ca+2 remains constant in blood in normal conditions.
Each 100 ml of blood contains 12 mg of Ca++
About 1 kg of calcium is found in an adult man.
 Parathormone maintains the activity of muscles.
 Just opposite to it, thyrocalcitonin hormone works antagonistically to oppose the parathormone and
Vitamin D. Thyroclacitonin reduces the amount of Ca++ in blood by increasing the excretion of Ca++ in
urine and by reduing destruction of bone.
1. Hyposecretion : Due to hyposecretion of parathomone or PTH, the amount of Ca++ decreases in ECF (It is
known as hypocalcaemia) and amount of PO4–3 is increased.
 Due to the deficiency of Ca++ in blood, muscles and nerves get unnecessarily irritated and start convulsion
and cramping. Sometimes voluntary muscles remain contracted for a long time, it is known as tetany
disease.
 If this tetany appears in intercostal muscles and diaphragm, then animal dies due to Asphyxia.
 Removal of parathyroid gland causes quick death. It is the most fatal state/lethal condition.
2. Hypersecretion : Due to hypersecretion of PTH. osteoclast cells feed excess amount of bone
unnecessarily. As a result of this,bones become brittle and weak. This condition is called as Osteoporosis.
 When quantity of Ca++ is increase in ECF and level of PO4– is reduced, this condition is known as
hypercalcaemia and hypophosphatemia respectively.
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 Due to excess deposition of Ca++ in kidneys and gall bladder, stones are formed.
C-Cells/Para-follicular cells
Para Thyroid Gland
Large and Clear
Parathyroid
It secretes Thyro calcitonin (TCT) hormone
+2
It decreases Ca level in the blood
It secretes the parathormone (PTH) hormone
+2
It increases Ca level in the blood
ADRENAL OR SUPRA RENAL GLANDS
Position, Origin & structure :
 This gland was discovered by a scientist Eustachius.
 It is found on the head (anterior most part) of both the kidneys.
 Adrenal gland is ecto mesodermal in origin.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
Connective tissue capsule
Zona
glomerulosa
Zona
fasciculate
Adrenal gland
Cortex
Zona
reticularis
Kidney
(a)
(b)
 It weights about 4 - 6 gm in man.
 Whole gland is surrounded by a fibrous capsule.
 Each gland has two parts :
Outer part of gland is called cortex and inner part is called medulla.

 Cortical portion is 80-90% and is develop from mesoderm of embryo.
 Medullar portion of this gland is mae up of neural-ectoderm of embryo. Only 10-20 % part is medullar
part of gland.
Adrenal Cortex :
Most of the cells of this part are fatty. This portion is divided into three regions from periphery to centre.
1. Outer zone or Zona glomerulosa :
Mineralocorticoid hormones are secreted by this zone.
2. Middle zone or Zona fasciculata :
This zone secretes glucorticoid hormones. In this region polyangular cells are arranged in the layers.
3. Inner zone or Zona reticularis : Cells of this region are spread in the form of a network, these are
arranged in layers. This zone secretes a small amount of sexhormones.
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Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Protein
Ectoderm
Medulla
Zona Reticularis
Nor Adr.
Adre.
Cortex
Mesoderm
Steroid
About 40-50 hormones are synthesized in adrenal cortex. All these hormones are of steriod nature. Their
basic constituent is chloesterol, these are also called corticoids. Out of these 40-50 hormones, only 7-8
hormones are active.
1. Mineralocorticoids :
2 main hormones fall under this category.
(1) Aldosterone
(2) Deoxycorticosterone
Aldosterone 
 These hormoens are related with distribution of water in tissues and balance of electrolytes in the body.
 These hormones maintain the ionic balances of Cl–, K+, Na+ and water in the blood and ECF.


 Aldosterone hormone affects distal convoluted parts of uriniferous tubules & upper part of collecting
duct.
 It basically activates the Na – K pump.
 It helps in reabosption of Na+ & Cl– ions and controls the excretion of K+ ions.
 Aldosterone hormone is also known as salt retaining hormone it increases sodium concentration.
 An increase in Na+ ion concentration (than normal) in ECF is called Hypernatremia.
 In hyposecretion of aldosterone hormone, there is a tremendous loss of ions of Na+, Cl– and HCO3– by
urination and K+ ions are increased in blood.
2. Glucocorticoids :
Mainly two hormons comes under this categories : - (i) Cortisol (ii) Hydrocorticosterone
(A)
Cortisol : It is an important hormone secreted by zona fasciulata. It is also known as
Hydrocorticosterone. Cortisol has a small amount of mineralocorticoid activity.
Metabolic Effect :
On Carbohydrate metabolism :
Increases sugar in blood causes Hyperglycemia. It stimulates the gluconeogenesis in the liver.
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Protein metabolism : Cortisol stimulates the protein break down in some organs like lymphoid tissues
(thymus, lymph node etc), muscles, bones, skin etc.
Fat metabolism :
(i) Facilitates lipolysis.
(ii) Promotes deposition of fat, in subcutaneus tissue of the body.
On nucleic acid metabolism :
Cortisol inhibits the synthesis of nucleic acid in all other tissues except liver where (i.e., in the liver) RNA
synthesis is increased.

This hormone controls the activity of collagen fibre and controls the local inflammation or oedema.


This hormone is "anti-inflammatory.


Cortisol in used in arthritis/Rheumatism

Cortisol checks the antigen antibody reaction and controls the local allergy so, it is also called as anti
allergic hormone.

This hormone increases the no. R.B.Cs and decreases the W.B.Cs in the blood so, This hormone is
Immuno-suppressive.

Now a days, contrisols are used in transplantation of organs.

3. Sex – Hormones/Sex corticoids/Gonadocorticoids :
 Sex hormones secreted by adrenals are called gonadocorticoids.
 They are secreted in very small amount by zona reticularis.

 Male hormones are called androgens and female hormones are called oestrogens.
 Both the hormones are secreted by men & women, but sex hormones are mainly secreted by gonads.
The sex hormone of oppsoite sex secreted by adrenal gland.
 These hormones stimulate the muscles, external genitalia and sexual behaviour.
 Male hormone secreted by adrenal gland is mainly dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA].
 Female sex hormones progesterone and estrognes are secreted in minute quantities.
Adrenal medulla :
Origin : The adrenal medulla develops from the neuroectoderm of the embryo.
Structure : The adrenal medulla consists of rounded groups of relatively large and glandular cells. These
cells are modified of sympathetic nervous system which have lost normal processes and have acquired a
glandular function. These cells are called chromaffin cells or phaeochromocytes. These cells are
connected with the preganglionic motor fibres of sympathetic nervous system, these are dicussed together
as sympatheticoadrenal system.
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Hormones of Adrenal medulla :
Two hormones are secreted by this part. They are collectively called as catecholamine.
These hormones are synthesized by chromaffin cells with Tyrosine amino acid.
(A) Adrenaline or Epinephrine :
 This hormone is 80 % part of the total hormones secreted by Adrenal medulla.

 It was termed as Emergency hormone by Walter Cannon, because this hormone prepares the body to
face unavoidable emergency situations.
Functions of Adrenaline :
 It constricts the blood vessles of skin (Vaso contriction).
 The hormone enhances the flow of blood by vasodilation of blood vessels of brain, heart, liver and skeletal
muscles.
 Increases the rate of heart beat, cardiac out put, so increases blood pressure.
 Adrenaline enhances the heart beat and thus increases cardiac output, due to this, circulation of blood
becomes faster.
 The hormone stimulates the trachea and bronchi muscles to relax, as a result of it, rate of breathing is
increased. So adrenaline hormone is used in asthma.
 It dialates the pupils of eyes. Goose flesh is observed due to its effect. It constricts the erecter pilli muscle
of hair, and hair are raised.
 The hormone contraction in spleen, as result of it, spleen pours its stored blood into blood stream and
controls the blood volume in body.

 It checks the secretion of saliva and reduces the peristaltic movements in alimentary canal.
 Due to the effect of this hormone, clotting period of blood is reduced, This hormone also stimulates the
contraction of Uterus in female at the time of parturition.
 Adrenaline provides the body with an emergent chemical defence mechanism in stress conditions that
threaten the physical integrity and chemical consistancy of the body e.g. accident, restlessness, fear, anger,
mental tension, pain etc. It immediately prepares the body to face the emergency by a violent stress or
alarm reaction.
 The cortisol hormones of adrenal cortex serves to maintain the body in living condition and recover it
from the servere effects of stress reactions. Thus an increased output of cortisol is "life saving" in "shock
conditions". So it is also known as life-saving hormone.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 The hormones of adrenal medulla prepare the animal for fear, fight or flight in emergency conditions. (by
excess secretion of these hormones) Adrenaline hormnoe is called 3F = FFF homone and adrenal gland is
called "triple F gland" (FFF gland)
 Noradrenaline or Norepinephrine hormone :
 It is only 20% part of total hormones secreted by adrenal medulla.
 It acts as vasoconstrictor, thus increases the blood pressure. Exception – It does not constrict coronary
artery of heart.
IRREGULAR SECRETION OF ADRENAL HORMONE :
(i) Hyposecretion :
Addison's disease : Hypoadrenalism

 Caused due to hyposecretion of corticoid homrone of adrenal gland, following are some symptoms of
addison's disease dehydration in the body, Blood pressure, BMR and body temperature are reduced,
excretion of water and Na+ increase. The skin of hands, neck and face turns to bronze colour.
 Hyposecretion of corticoids causes reduction in amount of glucose in blood, it is called hypoglycemia. In
this disease, patient may die, so hormones of adrenal gland are called life-saving hormones.
(ii) Hypersecretion :
Cushing's syndrome (disease) :
 Due to hypersecretion of Gluco corticoids, body increases breadthwise or body becomes broad because
excess deposition of fat under the skin (to cause moon face, fish mouth and buffalo hump). Protein
catabolism increases in body. Irregular growth of skin and bones is observed. Hyperglycemia occurs.
Amount of Na and water increase in ECF, which is called oedema. Due to this B.P. also increases.
Conn's Disease : (Primary aldosteronism)
 Due to excess of mineralocorticoids, an imbalance of Na+, K+ is observed. This disease is called "Conn's
disease". Due to this disease there occurs irregularity in nervous system, as result of that muscles get
contracted, Muscle weakness, hypertension and hypokalemia are observed.
Adrenogenital Syndrome/Adrenal virilism/Pseudohermaphrodite :
In this case, girls develop male characters, eg. menstrualion cycle is stopped, uterus and ovary are reduced
or constricted and clitoris becomes enlarged. Somatic hairs are develops on body, development of Beard
and moustache. Only hair symptoms are called as Hirsutism.
 In a man, female sex hormone is secreted by adrenal is in excess amount. he will show feminine characters
i.e. development of mammary glands this disorder is called gynaecomastia.
 If in a male, androgens are present in excess amount, it developes extra enlargement of penis. This defect
is called macrogenitosomia e.g. manis, Armedillo.
 Adrenal gland is also known as 4 – S gland
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S – Sugar metabolism
S – Slat retaining actions
4–S
S – Sex hormones
S – Stress reactions
Control of adrenal Secretion :
 Adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH] of anterior lobe of pituitary gland controls the hormones secreted
by adrenal cortex.
 ACTH controls very little or even does not control the secretion of mineralocorticoids. These are controlled
by Renin hormone secreted by kidneys.
 Pituitary gland does not control the secretion of adrenal medulla hormones, the adrenal medulla hormones
secretion is controlled by nervous system.
 The amount of cortisol and ACTH in blood is maximum in the morning and minimum in early part of night.
Control of ACTH secretion
THYMUS GLAND
This is situated in the anterior part of heart called mediastinal space. It is a bilobed gland. It is originated
by third branchial pouch of embryo, i.e. it is endodermal in origin.
 Thymus gland is well developed in a new born child, but it reduces continuously from adulthood to old
age. It remains in the form of a string at last.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Its structure is just like lymph gland. It is covered by connective tissue coat capsule and internally both the
lobes are redividing in to small lobules.
 Each lobule has a dense, darkly staining peripheral cortex and a looser lightly staining central medulla.
 The cortex consists of densely packed lymphocytes.
 The medulla consists of reticular epithlial cell, a few lymphocytes and the "Corpuscles of Hasslls" thymic
corpuscles.
 Thymus gland is related to immune system of body.
Hormones and functions of thymus gland :
 Thymus gland secretes thymosin or thymin hormone, that is proteinaceous in nature/Polypeptide.
 Main-immunity develop upto 9-10 year. If thymosine immunity power very high tymosin myasth gravis
develop.
Capsule
Sternum
Hassall's cells
or Thymic cells
Thymus
(1) This hormone helps in immune system of the body.
(2) Hassall's corpuscles are found in thymus gland, these are also called thymic corpuscles or epithelial cell
or reticular cell, they act as phagocytes.
(3) After the birth, T-Cells or T-lymphocytes are matured in thymus gland, then these lymphocytes are
releases by thymus gland, reach to lymphatic organs like spleen, payer's patches and lymph nodes &
deposited in it.
(4) Thymosin hormone stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes to destroy the antignes produced by bacteria
or pathogen.
(5) According to one of the theories of Ageing the decline and disappearance of Thymus gland by middle age
is the primary cause of ageing.
(6) Thymosin helps in the development of sex gland but inhibits sexual maturity in early young age.
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(7) Thymus provide cell mediated immunity so thymus is also called "Throne of immunity" or "Training
school of T-lymphocytes".
 Secretion of thymin decreases the neuromuscular transmission, so hypersecretion of thymine may cuase
myasthenia gravis (may be treated by corticoidesfor short time). It provides the antibody against receptor
& block the Neuromuscular junction.
PINEAL BODY
Position :
 It is situated at the dorsal side of diencephalon of anterior part of brain i.e. prosencephalon. It is also
known as Epiphysis cerebri. Pineal body is a part of brain. It is ectodermal in origin.
 There are found pinealocyte cells (formed by the modification of nerve cells) and supporting interstitial
cells or neutroglial cells in pineal body.
 Pineal body called as third eye in frog.
Hormone & Functions :
 Pineal body secretes a hormone melatonin, which is an amino acid.
 Melatonin is functional in lower vertebrates only.
 In amphibians and reptiles, this hormone is related with metachrosis (change in the colour of skin). It
affects the Melanophores of skin, thus acts antagonistically to the MSH of pituitary i.e. it fairs the
complexion of skin.
 Central part of gland secretes antigonadial hormone.
 The hormone controls the sexual behaviour in mammals. It inhibits the sexual irritation, and also inhibits
the development of genitalia and their functions.
 If pineal body is removed from rat, these will attain premature adolescence.
 The gland probably controls the sexual behaviour according to light differentiation, thus it acts as a
biological clock.
 It is proved that the level of melatonin rises during periods of darkness and falls during periods of light.
 Children blind from birth attain puberty earlier than normal.
 Maximum developoment of pineal upto 7yr & then it undergoes involution & at the age of 14 yr interstitial
tissue and crystals of CaCO3 or Ca3(PO4)2 are deposited in it, these are called "Brain sand" or "Acervuli".
PANCREAS

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Position : Pancreas is a pink coloured mixed gland
 Endodermal in origin.

 99% part is exocrine – Acini – Digestive enzymes.
 1% part in endocrine – Islets of Langerhans – Different hormones.


 Each islet of Langerhans has 4 types of cells
(A) Alfa cells (-cells) : These are the largest cells present in peripheral region these are approximately
25 % of the total cells. They secrete glucagon hormone.
(B) Beta cells (-cells) : These are the small cells present in central region. These are about 60–65 % part
of total cells. They secrete Insulin hormone.
(C) Delta cells (-cells) OR Gamma cells (-cells) :
These cells are found in middle region. These are about 10 % part of total cells. They secrete
somatostatin hormone which regulates the activities of -cells and -cells.
(D) F-cell or PP-cells : Along with above mentioned cells, some other cells are also found in islet of
Langerhans, these are called PP-cells which secrete pancreatic polypeptide hormone.
(1) Insulin :
 It was first prepared/found by Benting and Best.
 Molecular structure of insulin was given by A.F. Sanger (with the help of cow's insulin)
 The term insulin was also given by A.F. Sanger.
 Insulin is the first protein that is artifically synthesized in lab and is crystallized.
 Human insulin was synthesized by "Tsan".
 Functional human insulin is made up of 51-amino acids that has 2 chains.
(i) -chain – It is made up 21 aminoacids
(ii) -chain – It is made up 30 amino acids. Both chains are bind together with cross bonds of disulphide
bonds.
 "A.F. Sanger" was awarded by Noble Prize for it.
Functions of Insulin hormone :
(I) Actions on cell membrane permeability.
(II) Actions on metabolism of : Carbohydrate, Protein, Fat, Nucleic acid, Minearl.
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On cell membrane permeability : Exept brain cells, R.B.Cs. retina, insulin stimulates the permeability
and consumption of glucose in all somatic cells.
Actions on Metabolism :
Carbohydrate :
(1) Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis.
(2) Promotes glycogenesis. There are two major sites of glycogenesis, Liver and the muscles.
(3) Enhances peripheral utilization (oxidation) of glucose, causing the blood glucose level to fall.
(4) Inhibits glycogenolysis.
(5) Insulin reduces the glucose level in blood so, it is also called as Hypoglycemic factor.
(6) Insulin is an abolic hormone.
Fat :
(i) Insulin promotes lipogenesis and inhibits lipolysis.
(ii) Due to deficiency of Insulin incomplete oxidation of fats takes place which, is the main cause of
ketoacidosis in blood.
Protein : Insulin promotes protein synthesis by promoting uptake of amino acid by liver and muscle cell.
Nucleic acid : Insulin promotes synthesis of DNA and RNA.
Hyposecretion of Insulin :
(1) Due to hyposecretion of insulin, permeability and consumption of glucose is decrease, Glycogenesis
decrease in the liver so, glucose level in blood is increase and this disease is called "Diabetes mellitus" or
sugar disease.
(2) World Diabetes Day – 14 November.
 Glucose is excreted throught urine, if amount of glucose is in excess in the blood, this is known as
"Glycosuria". In this stage, amount of glucose in blood increases upto > 180 mg./100 ml of blood plasma.
 The amount of water increased (in this stage) in the urine, so intervals of urination reduced, it is called
polyuria.
 Polydipsia - Due to excess loss of water and minerals through urine. The patient feels thristy.
 Polyphagia - Due to deficiency of glucose and energy is somatic cell patient become excessive hunger.
 Due to incomplete oxidation of fats in fatty tissues, ketone and acetone bodies are formed. This ketoacidosin
apply toxic effect on brain cells.
 The combined effect of ketoacidosis, dehydration and hyperglycemia may cause diabetic comma to the
patient, patient becomes unconscious and even some time may be die.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Insulin hormone is given to the patient by injection in this disease, Insulin given orally is not effective,
because it digest in the alimentary canal like protein.

 Now a days, oral insulin is used in following states :
(A) IZS – Insulin Zinc Suspension.
(B) PZI – Protamine Zinc Insulin
Hypersecretion of Insulin :
Or – Hyperinsulinism :
 Due to hypersecretion of insulin amount of glucose decreases in blood. It is called hypoglycemia.
 In hypoglycemia state, body cells take more and more glucose from blood So need of glucose for nervous
system, retina of eye, genital epithelium is not fulfilled, as a result of that patient looses its reproductive
power and sight. Due to excess irritation in brain cells, patient feels exhausted, unconsciousness, Cramps,
and at last patient may die.
 "Insulin shock" – After physical exercise or fasting, if a diabetic patient takes an inlusin injection, sugar
level in blood reduces quickly up to 40 mg/100 ml of blood. It is called insulin shock. The patient may be
unconscious or even may die.
Disabetes mellitus are two type
(i) Type - I Diabetes mellitus : It is also called as juvenile diabetes or Insulin Dependent Diabetes
mellitus (IDDM). It is usually develops before age 40 and it is characterised by loss of -cells with
eventually absence of insulin in the circulation. due deficiency of insulin fatal high level of ketone
bodies. increase the blood. Insulin is the metabolic hormone which present ketonebody formation.
(ii) Type - II Diabetes mellitus : It is also known as matuarity onset diabests mellitus or Non-Insulin
Dependent diabetes mellitus. It is usually develops after age 40 year and is not associatede with total
loss of the ability of secrete insulin.
(2) Glucagon :
 It is secreted by -cells.
 It was discovered by "Kimball and Murlin".
 Glucagon is a hyperglycemic factor.
 It is made up of 29 amino acids.
 It is antagonistic to insulin. It is secreted by the gland, when sugar level of blood reduces.
 Glucagon hormone increase the amount of glucose in blood.
 It stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver, as a result of that amount of glucose in the blood increased.
 It stimulates Lipolysis of fats in fatty tissues.
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 The secretion of insulin and glucagon is controlled by a limit control feed back. When amount of glucose
is increased in blood, then insulin is secreted by -cells. As a result of it, when amount of glucose is
reduced in blood, then glucagon is secreted by -cells.
(3) Somatostain :
It regulates the secretion of insulin and glucagon.
(4) Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) :
Its functions are known yet today perhaps it controls the absorptin of digested food in intestine.
OTHER ORGANS WHICH SCRETE HORMONES
(A) Kidney : - Main function of kidney is excretion, but it secretes some hormones also. These are as follows :
1. Renin : - It converts a plasma protein is secreted by Juxtaglomerular complex of kidney. Renin
hormone acts as an enzyme. It changes the Angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I.
Angiotensinogen Re
nin
hormone

 Angiotensin I.
 Renin hormone increase reabsorption of water and Na+ ions in uriniferous tubules.
 It stimulates the secretion of aldosterone hormone from adrenal cortex.
2. Erythrogenin : The hormone reacts with plasmaprotein (Globulin) and forms a new hormone
erythropoietin.
 Erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow to form RBCs.
3. Renomedullary prostaglandins : It is the most active renal hornone. It makes relaxation in unstriated
muscles of blood vessels of kidneys. It enhances the excretion of Na ions by urine (diuretic effect),
renal vasodilation & decreases tubular reabsorption.
(B) Skin : Due to the effect of ultraviolet rays of sunlight steroids like Argosterol and cholesterol are changed
into Argocalciferol and cholecalciferol vitamin D respectively in the skin, it reaches to its target organ by
blood stream.
 Vit. D is supposed to be a hormone. It acts as a co-hormone with parathormone.
It helps in bone formation and teeth formation. It increases the absorption of calcium and phosphorus by
intestine.
 'Rickets' disease is observed in children due to the deficiency of vit. 'D' as a result of which bones become
weak and thin.
 In adulthood, its deficiency causes Osteomalacia. Bones become weak and brittle.
(C) Gonads : (i) Testes (Male gonad) :
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Leydig's cells or Interstitial cells of connective tissue of seminiferous tubules of testes secrete male
hormones androgens.
 Main androgens are testosterone and androsterone.
 These are steroid in nature.
 Testes also secrete inhibin/activin
WORKS OF TESTOSTERONE
 It increase the diameter of pectoral bone.
It stimulates the haemopoiesis in bones.
 It increases the cholesterol level in blood.


Testosterone is the main androgen (30 to 100 ng/ml).

 It changes the sexual behaviour in male eg. deveop the sexual attraction towards the female.

 This Hormone stimulates the development of secondary sex organ. Such as epididymis, vas deferens,
seminal vesicle.

 This hormone developes the low pitch of voice which is known as musculizatin of voice.
 This Hormone stimulates the number of sebaceous gland on the face which causes the Acne & pimples.
 It increases the developemnt of beard & moustache.

 It develops the musculization power in muscle.
 It also stimulates the growth of hair on the upper limb, lower limb, thoracic, abdominal part, armpits &
near to the external genital organ.
 It stimulates the skeletal growth.
 It also help in the organisation of Ca+2 in bones.
(ii) Ovary (Female gonad) :

 Estrogen/Oestrogen : The hormone is is secreted by the inner layer – theca interna of graafian follicles.

 Estrogen includes estradiol, estrone and estriol.

 Estrogen is steroid in nature.

 This Hormone stimulates the development of secondary sex organ such as fallopian tube, uterus, vagina.

 Promotes the development of mammary gland. It stimulates the tubular growth.


 It devlops the high pitch of voice which is also called as Feminine of voice.

 This Hormone removes the hair from face, upper & lower limb, thorax & abdominal part. But


stimulates growth of hair near the external genital organ & armpits.
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 It makes the muscle soften.

 It also develops the growth of skeletal muscle & bone. It help in the organisation of Ca+2 in the bone.

 It increase the diameter of pelvic bone.

 It stimulates the blood formation but decreaes the cholesterol level in the blood.
It stimulates the rate of growth of hair of head.



 It also changes the sexual behaviour, means attraction towards the male.
Corpus Luteum : (Temporary endocrine gland).
After ovulation Graafian follicle changed into a yellow gland in the ovary, it is called corpus luteum.
Regulation and control of its production is done by L.H. Corpus luteum is an endocrine gland. Following
are the hormones secreted by this gland.
(1) Progesterone :
  The hormone stimulates the developemntal characters of pregnancy.
  Due to the effect of this hormone, uterine wall endometrium become thick and blood circulation is
increased in it. Fats and glycogen are deposited in its cells.
  This stimulates the alveolar growth of mammary glands become highly developed, as a result of this
breasts become enlarged.
  It helps in implantation of embryo in the uterine wall.
  The hormone maintains pregnancy, so it is also called "Pregnancy hormone" Progesterone inhibits
the contractions in uterine wall muscles, so it is also called "anti abortion hormone".
(2) Relaxin :
Perhaps corpus luteum also secretes it, but it is secreted at the end of pregnancy/gestation period.
(3) Estrogen
(4) Inhibin
(D) Placenta : (Temporary endocrine gland).
Placenta connects the embryo and uterus of mother at the time of embryo development. It secretes some
hormones –
(i) Chorionic gonadotropic hormone (CGH) = Human chorionic gonadotropic (HCG)
It is a protein hormone. It helps to maintain the pregnancy and controls the secretory action of corpus
luteum.

At the initial stage of pregnancy CGH or HCG is secreted in excess amount by placenta and it is
excreted by urine. At this stage pressence of CGH of HCGH in the urine is tested by urin test.

It is a positive test for pregnancy. It also called Gravidex test.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

HCG or CGH is tested in urine test for pregnancy test.
(ii) Placental lactogen or human chorionic somatomammotropin :
It is also a protein hormone, and stimulates the mammary glands for milk production.
(iii) Estrogen : It is a steroid. It controls extradevelopment of breast during pregnancy.
(iv) Progesterone : It is also a steroid. It controls the slow action of slowly abolishing corpus luteum and
maintains the pregnanacy.
(v) Relaxin : It is a protein hormone. At the time of parturition, it helps to expand the pubic symphysis of
pelvic girdle to facilitate the child birth in females.
Hormones which always remains in tissue fluid :
There are some hormones which never reach upto blood stream but always remains in ECF.
These are as follows :
(1) Neurohormone : These are secreted in the nodes of axons of nerve cells. Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine
are the main neurohormones.
(2) Prostaglandin : These are fatty acids. These are most active substances among all the known substances.
 Prostagladin are of so many types. Kidneys, gonads, seminal vesicles, thymus, brain etc. Due to
vasodialator this hormone decreases the blood pressure.
 These prostaglandins are first of all observed in semen of man. These stimulate contraction of unstriated
muscles.
 These prostaglandins are secreted by seminal vesicles and reach upto vagina of female thorugh semen of
male, and then these activate the muscles of uterus of female.
(3) Kinins : These are chemicals which are secreted by any organ of body at the time of chemical change in
ECF, and reduce the B.P. by expanding blood vessels. These also reduce th time of blood clotting.
Kinins are also called as "Firstaid hormone".
(4) Pheromones or Ectohormones :
 The term "Pheromone" was coined by Karlson and Butenandt.
 These are secreted by exocrine glands. These are also called "Semio-chemical". They travell from one
place to other place by air.
 These chemicals are secreted by animals and effect the other animal's behaviour and mode of life of the
same species.
 Just like hormones, their target place is far from place of origin.
 First of all, pheromone Bombykol was studied. It is pheromone of silk moth. Pheromones are volatile in
nature, and travel through air from palce to place.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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Pheromones are of 3 types :
(1) Sex – Pheromone :
These attract male and female animals for reproduction. Female silk moth secretes Bombycol or
Gyplure from its body which attracts male for mating.
(a) Muskone : It is secreted by Musk deers.
(b) Civetone : It is secreted by cats.
(2) Aggregation pheromone :
This pheromone is secreted by one member of social insects and pheromone sends mesages to other
members of that society. Thus helps in aggregation. e.g. : Geradiol pheromone in honey bee.
(3) Alarm pheromones :
These pheromones are secreted by one members of the insect species and alarm the other members of
the same species. e.g. : Secretion of formic acid in ants insects etc.
SPECIAL POINT
 Heterocrine gland : These are those endocrine glands which are involved in hormone secretion as
well as some other function eg. pancreas, gonads, placenta, GI mucosa and kidneys.
 In females protactin induce maternalism i.e. strong emotional attachment.
 In male prolactin promotes paternalism i.e. protective attitudes towards family members and intensive
food gathering for the family.
 Sporadic cases of simple goitre (sporadic goitre) in a population are normally due to genetic defect.
 Tropic hormone : A hormone which stimulates another endocrine gland to secrete its hormone is
called trophic hormone.
 Simmond's diseases : This condition is due to atrophy of the anterior lobe of pituitary gland.
 Pheaochromocytoma : It is due to hypersecretion of adrenaline causes, high blood pressure, high
level of sugar in blood and urine, high metabolic rate, nervousness and sweating.
 True sexual precocity : True sexual precocity is early maturation of ovaries and testes with
production, of ova before the age of 9 years in girls, or sperm before 10 years in boys, occurs without
evident cause.
 Sexual pseudoprecocity results from adrenal cortex, testes, ovary or from other sources, including
extragonadial tumours.
 Eunuchoidism : Failure of testoterone secretion in male causes eunuchoidism. (A) eunuch has a
undeveloped secondary sex organs like prostrate, seminal vesicle and penis (B) lacks external sex
character such as beard, moustache and low pitch of voice and (C) does not produce sperm.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Growth hormone : Stimulate the liver to form "Somatomedins" (Insulin like growth factors"). This
somatomedins potent effect to bone growth.
 In heart CGMP has antagonistic effect to CAMP, CAMP mediate muscle contractin in response to
adrenaline, while CGMP slow down muscle contractin is response to acetycholie (NCERT).
 CGMP used in second messanger in atrial natriuretic peptide and Bronchodilation use as medicine
(life saving drug) vasodilation in genital organ nitric oxide.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Q.1
Q.2
Q.3
Q.4
Q.5
Q.6
Q.7
A hormone is
(1) An enzyme
(2) Chemical messenger
(3) Primary messenger
(4) both 2 and 3
Integrative system in the body are
(1) Endocrine system
(2) Nervous system
(3) Blood vascular system
(4) Both endocrine and nervous system
Endocrine glands can be defined as those
glands which pour their secretion
(1) Directly into blood
(2) Into blood or ducts
(3) When they are cut
(4) Into particular organ
The receptor for protein hormones are present
on
(1) Nucleus
(2) Endoplasmic reticulum
(3) Cytoplasm
(4) Cell-surface
Hormones are
(1) Internal secretion mostly discharged in
the blood by endocrine glands
(2) Secretion of endocrine glands
(3) Chemical substances secreted into the
gut
(4) Inorganic catalysis
Hormones are
(1) Produced in low amount
(2) Easily diffusable
(3) Non-antigenic
(4) All
Term "Hormone" was coined by
(1) W.M. Baylis
(2) E.H. Schally
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EXERCISE # 1
(3) E.H. Starling
(4) Harris
Q.8
Hormones are
(1) Destroyed after use
(2) Not destroyed after use
(3) Non antigenic
(4) 1 and 3 both
Q.9
Statement not correct for hormones is that
these
(1) Are not all protein
(2) Are secreted in small amount
(3) Affect metabolism
(4) Acts as catalysis
Q.10
"Secondary messenger" is
(1) Cyclic A.M.P.
(2) ATP
(3) ADP
(4) DNA
Q.11
Hormones are chemically
(1) Amino acid
(2) Protein
(3) Steroid
(4) All
Q.12
First discovered hormones
(1) Thyroxine
(2) Adrenaline
(3) Secretin
(4) Insulin
PITUITARY GLANDSS
Q.13
Pituitary gland does not control the secretory
activity of
(1) Thyroid
(2) Adrenal cortex
(3) Adrenal medulla (4) Testes
Q.14
Which of the following controls spermatogenesis
(1) FSH
(2) LTH
(3) LH
(D) Vasopressin
Q.15
Which is called "Master gland" of the body
(1) Thyroid
(2) Pituitary
(3) Thymus
(4) Adrenal
Q.16
The hyposecretion of pituitary hormone cause
(1) Cretinism
44
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Q.17
Q.18
(2) Diabetes insipidus
(3) Goitre
(4) Diabetes mellitus
Neurohypophysis secretes
(1) Vasopressin
(2) Oxytocin
(3) Oxytocin & prolactin
(4) Vasopressin & oxytocin
Hormone secreted by pituitary gland is
chemically
(1) All protein
(2) All steroid
(3) Complex compounds of proteins and
carbohydrates
(4) Some steroid and some protein
Q.19
The same hormone can be known by various
names given in which set
(1) Secretin, enterokinin, gastrin
(2) Gametokinetic factor, testosterone, LTH
(3) ADH, pitressin, and vasopressin
(4) Oxytocin, tri-iodo-thyronine, thyroxine
Q.20
Growth hormone is produced in
(1) Adrenals
(2) Thyroid
(3) Pituitary
(4) Thymus
Q.21
Gonadotrohic hormone is produced by
(1) Interstitial cells of testis
(2) Adrenal cortex
(3) Adenohypophysis
(4) Posterior part of thyroid
Q.22
The hormones FSH and LH are together called
(1) Emegency hormone
(2) Neuro hormone
(3) Gonadotrophic hormone
(4) Antistress hormone
Q.23
Gigantism and acromegaly are due to
(1) Hyperpituitrism (2) Hypopituitrism
(3) Hypothyroidism (4) Hyperthyroidism
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Q.24
Gorilla like man with large head and hands
and protruding jaws is produced due to
(1) Over-secretin of thyroxine
(2) Over-secretionof growth hormone
(3) Exess of vitamin C in diet
(4) Excess secretion of TSH
Q.25
If amount of ADH decrease in blood,
micturition
(1) Remains unchanged (2) Decreasse
(3) Increases
(4) None
Q.26
Urine concentratin is controlled by
(1) Oxytocin
(2) ADH
(3) MSH
(4) ACTH
Q.27
The follicle stimulating hormone is secreted
from
(1) Posterior lobe of pituitary gland
(2) Reproductive gland
(3) Thryoid gland
(4) Anterior lobe of pituitary gland
Q.28
Pituitary gland is under control of
(1) Hypothalamus
(2) Adrenal gland
(3) Pineal gland
(4) Thyroid gland
Q.29
"Sella turcica" is a
(1) Depressin in brain enclosing pituitary
(2) Cavity of skull enclusing ears
(3) Covering of testis
(4) Kind of endocrine gland
Q.30
Vasopressin is responsible for
(1) Controlling Oogenesis
(2) Regulating blood pressure and act on
the nephron tubules
(3) Regulating formation of pigment
(4) Controlling spermatogenesis
Q.31
The main function of prolactin hormone is to
(1) influence the activity of thyroid gland
(2) Control development of graffian follicles
45
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
(3) Initiate and maintain secretion of milk
by mammary gland
(4) Cause ejection of milk
Q.32
Q.33
The hormones of neurohypophysis are formed
in
(1) pars nervosa
(2) pars distalis
(3) Supraoptic and paraventricular center
(4) Hypothalamus
I.C.S.H. in male acts on
(1) Cells of leydig
(2) Sertoli cells
(3) Spermatids
(4) Spermatogonia
(3) Polypeptide
(4) None
Q.40
Herring bodies are found in
(1) Neuro hypophysis
(2) Adeno hypophysis
(3) Both
(4) None
Q.41
One of the following is homologus to
pituitary gland of vertebrates
(1) Muller's organ of Amphioxus
(2) Subneural gland of Ascidian
(3) Both of the above
(4) None of the above
Q.42
MSH Produced by the pars intermedia of
pituitary causes in lower vertebrates
(1) Darkening of skin
(2) Light colouration of skin
(3) Both
(4) None of these
Q.34
Hypopohysis cerebri is the other name of
(1) Adenohypo physis
(2) Islets of langerhans
(3) Neurohypophysis
(4) Pituitary
Q.35
The embryonic ectodermal evagination of
stomodaeum which gives rise to part of
pituitary glands is called
(1) Rathke's pouch
(2) Hastschek's pouch
(3) Sella-turcica
(4) None of these
Q.43
LTH is also known as
(1) Lactogenic Hormone
(2) Prolactin
(3) Mammotropic Hormone
(4) All
Q.36
Which of the following hormone helps in
facultative water reabsorption by nephrons
(1) MSH
(2) FSH
(3) ADH
(4) ACTH
Q.44
Q.37
Hormone of hypothalamus – are called
(1) Regulatory hormones
(2) Growth hormones
(3) Tropic hormones
(4) (1) and (3)
Vasopressin is realed with
(1) Concentration of urine
(2) Quick digestion
(3) Dilution of urine
(4) Slow heart beat
Q.45
Growth hormone of pituitary is more effective
in
(1) Presence of thyroxine
(2) Absence of thyroxine
(3) Absence of Insulin
(4) Presence of adrenaline
Q.46
Gonadtroopic hormnoe is
(1) FSH
(2) LH
(3) LTH
(4) FSH, LH
Q.47
Median eminence is part of
(1) Anterior pituitary
Q.38
Q.39
Diabetes insipidus disease is caused due to
the deficiency of hormone produced by
(1) Pituitary
(2) Adrenal
(3) Pancreas
(4) Thyroid
FSH & LH is a
(1) Catecholamine
(2) Glycoprotein
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46
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
(2) Hypothalamus
(3) Neutrohypophysis
(4) None of these
Q.55
FSH is
(1) Glycoprotein
(3) Glycolipid
[RPMT-2000]
(2) Metalloprotein
(4) Phospholipid
Q.48
MSH is secreted in man by which part of
pituitary
(1) Antierior Pituitary
(2) Middle lobe of pituitary
(3) Posterior lobe of pituitary
(4) None of these
Q.56
The synthesis of Vasopressin is done by
[RPMT-2001]
(1) Hypothalamus
(2) Kidney
(3) Anterior pituitary
(4) Post. pituitary
Q.49
Oxytocin is used in
(1) Milk ejection
(2) Parturition
(3) Let down process
(4) All of the above
Q.57
Q.50
Hyper secretion of STH lead to
(1) Dwarf & Acromegaly
(2) Goitre, Sterility
(3) Cretinism, Myxoedema
(4) Gigantism & Acromegaly
Which one of the pituitary of the rabbit
controls the protein metabolism and growth
of skeleton
[RPMT-2002]
(1) lodo thyroxine
(2) Leutotrophic hormone
(3) Somatotrophic hormone
(4) Oxytosine
THYROID GLANDS, PARATHYROID
GLAND
Q.51
Oxytocin mainly helps in
(1) Milk production
(2) Child birth
(3) Diuresis
(4) Gametogenesis
[CBSE-1999]
Q.58
Q.52
Which hormone is concerned with the
concentration of urine
[CBSE-2002]
(1) Oxytocin
(2) Vassopressin
(3) Prolactin
(4) Cortisol
The thyroid gland is homologous to which
part of lower chordates
(1) neural gland
(2) Pharyngeal gill pouch
(3) Nerve cord
(4) Endostyle
Q.59
If thyroid is removed from tadpole of frog,
it will
(1) Die soon
(2) Remains tadpole throughout life
(3) Grows in to giant frog
(4) Grows into dwarf frog
Q.60
The Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) in body
cells is regulated by
(1) Parathyroid
(2) Thyroid
(3) Pituitary
(4) Thymus
Q.61
Who isolated thyroxine hormone
(1) Best & Banting
(2) F. Sanger
(3) William Buemont
Q.53
Q.54
Acromegaly is caused by
[CBSE-2002]
(1) Excess of S.T.H.
(2) Excess of Thyroxine
(3) Deficiency of Thyroxine
(4) Excess of Adrenaline
Oxytocin is released from [RPMT-2000]
(1) Adenohypophysis (Anterior lobe)
(2) Adenohypophysis (Posterior lobe)
(3) Hypothalamus
(4) Neurohypophysis
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47
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
(4) E.C. Kendall
Q.62
Q.63
The hormones responsible for regulation of
calcium and phosphorous metabolism is
secreted by
(1) Pancreas
(2) Thyroid
(3) Thymus
(4) Parathyroid
Injection of which of the following increases
metabolic rate
(1) STH
(2) Insulin
(3) Thyroxine
(4) Testoterone
Q.64
Hypothyroidism in adults causes
(1)Addison's disease (2) Myxoedema
(3) Sterility
(4) Cretinism
Q.65
Parathormone regulates
(1) Blood calcium level
(2) Calcium phosphate level
(3) Body temperature
(4) None
Q.66
Q.67
Q.68
Q.69
Q.70
Which gland stores hormone in interecellular
space before its secretion into blood
(1) Pancreas
(2) Thyroid
(3) Testis
(4) Ovary
Goiter is caused by the abnormal functioning
of
(1) Pancreas
(2) Adrenals
(3) Pituitary
(4) Thyroid
Parathomone deficiency in man casues
(1) hyper calcermia (2)Hypocalcaemia
(3) Goitre
(4) All
Cretinism is due to abnormal secretion of
(1) Thyroid stimulating hormone
(2) Thyroxine
(3) Calcitonin
(4) Partathormone
Phillips collip discovered which of the
following hormones
(1) Parathyroid hormone
(2) Thyroxine
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(3) A.D.H.
(4) Oxytocin
Q.71
Exopthalmic goitre is caused due to
hypersecretion of
(1) Adrenal
(2) Thyroid
(3) Parathyroid
(4) Thymus
Q.72
The main function of thyroid gland is to
control
(1) Growth
(2) Reproduction
(3) Secondary sexual characters
(4) Basal Metabolic Rate
Q.73
The two lobes of thyroid gland are joined
by horizontal connection called
(1) Inter thyroidal connective
(2) Inter thyroidal commissure
(3) Interme diary lobe
(4) Isthumus
Q.74
The vitamin which works along with para
thyroid hormone is
(1) Vitamin C
(2) Calciferol
(3) Tocopherol
(4) Vitamin – B12
Q.75
Storage gland is
(1) Pancreas
(3) Thyroid
(2) Testis
(4) Adrenal
Q.76
In Hashimoto's disease symptoms develop
like
(1) Hyposecretion of thyroxine
(2) Hypesecretion of thryroxine
(3) Hyposecretion of adrenaline
(4) None of the above
Q.77
Removal of Parathyroids in human beings
result in
(1) Tetany
(2) Simmond's disease
(3) Myxoedema
(4) Addision's disease
48
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Q.78
Q.79
Hyper secretion of Parathyroid hormone
result in
(1) Stronger bones due to increased
incorporation of calcium in them
(2) Deposition of calcium in various
skeletal structure
(3) No effect on the constitution of bones
(4) Weaker bones due to increased removal
of calcium from them
One of the following is correct statement
(1) T4 is more active than T3
(2) T3 is more active than T4
(3) T3 and T 4 are the same
(3) Increases
Q.86
Deficiency of which of the following may
cause bone deformation
(1) PTH
(2) Vitamin D
(3) STH
(4) Thyroxine
Q.87
Function of thyrocalcitonin [CBSE-1998]
(1) To reduce the calcium level in blood
(2) To increase the calcium level in blood
(3) Oppose the action of thyroxine
(4) Maturation of gonads
Q.88
Parathormone deficiency leads to
[CBSE-1999]
+2
(1) Decrease of Ca level in blood
(2) Increase of Ca+2 level in blood
(3) Osteoporosis
(4) Hypercalemia
Q.89
Parathormone controls
[RPMT-2000]
(1) Fatty acid metabolism
(2) Sodium and potassium metabolism
(3) Calcium and phosphate metabolism
(4) Protein metabolism
Q.90
Parathyroid hormone
[NCERT]
(1) is produced by the thyroid gland
(2) is released when blood calcium levels
fall
(3) stimulates osteoblasts to lay down new
bone
(4) Stimulates calcitonin release
(4) None of the above
Q.80
Meta morphosis can be accelerated by
(1) I2
(2) P
(3) K
(4) Ca
Q.81
One of the following is genetic
(1) Simple goitre
(2) Exopthalmic
(3) Sporadic goitre (4) None
Q.82
Hormone that decrease calcium lavel in
blood
(1) Thyroxine
(2) Parathormone
(3) Thyrocalcitonin
(4) Cortisol
Q.83
BMR is increased due to
(1) Sympathetic nervous sytem
(2) Adrenaline
(3) Parasympathetic nervous sysetm
(4) Thyroxine
Q.84
Goitre is a pathological condition associated
with
(1) Glucagon
(2) Thyroxine
(3) Progesterone
(4) Testoterone
Q.85
Effects of thyroxine on metabolic rate is
(1) Decreases
(2) No effect
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(4) Uncertain
ADRENAL GLAND, THYMUS GLAND,
PINEAL
Q.91
Thymus gland develops from embryonic
(1) Mesoderm
(2) Endoderm
(3) Ectoderm
(4) All
Q.92
Undersecretion of adrenal coretx causes
(1) Sterility
(2) Addison's disease
(3) Cretinism
(4) Dwarfism
49
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Q.93
Q.94
Q.95
Q.96
Q.97
Q.98
Q.99
Epinephrine is
(1) Secreted from pancreas
heart beat
(2) Secreted from adrenal
increases heart beat
(3) Secreted from adrenal
decreases heart beat
(4) Secreted from pancreas
heart beat
and decreases
medulla and
medulla and
and increases
Role of thymus in homosepiens is chiefly
conncerned with
(1) Reproduction
(2) Immunology
(3) Calcium balance (4) Blood coagulation
Hyposeretion of aldosterone causes
(1) Gull's disease
(2) Grave's disease
(3) Cushing's disease (4) Addision's disease
Hormones produced by adrenal cortex and
gonads (sex hormnoe) are chemically
(1) Proteinaceus
(2) Steroids
(3) Glycoprotein
(4) Phenolic compound
Melatonin is a hormone produced by
(1) Adrenal gland
(2) Pituitary gland
(3) Pineal gland
(4) Thymus gland
Cushing's disease is caused by
(1) Disturbance in fat metabolism
(2) Excessof ACTH secretion by the pituitary
(3) Undersecretion of insulin
(4) None of the above
Hassal's capsules are found in
(1) Pineal body
(2) Thymus gland
(3) Thyroid gland
(4) Adrenal gland
Q.100 The function of norepinephrine is
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(1) Almost similar to epinerphrine
(2) Similar to ADH
(3) Oppsoite to epinephrine
(4) Oppsoite to ADH
Q.101 Epinephrine and norepinephrine together
known as
(1) Steroid
(2) Protein
(3) Catecholamine
(4) None
Q.102 3F gland is
(1) Adrenal
(3) Gonadal
(2) Thyroid
(4) Pancreas
Q.103 Mammals born without a thymus gland fail
to manufacture
(1) B-Lymphocytes (2) T-Lymphocyes
(3) Plasma cells
(4) Basophils
Q.104 Retention of sodium in body depends up on
hormone from
(1) Adrenal cortex
(2) Adrenal medulla
(3) Parathyroid
(4) Thyroid
Q.105 Adrenal cortex also controls the carbohydrate
metabolism through
(1) Adrenaline
(2) Noradrenaline
(3) Glucocorticoids
(4) Mineralo Corticoids
Q.106 Which part of adrenal secrets hydrocorticosterone hormone
(1) Zona retcularis
(2) Zona glomerulosa
(3) Zona fassiculata
(4) Medulla
Q.107 Calcium ion level can be decreased in blood
by administration of –
(1) Glucagon
(2) Calcitonin
(3) Parathormone
(4) Thyroxine
Q.108 "Pinealocytes cells" occurs in
(1) Pineal body
50
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
(3) Peyer's patches
(4) Medulla part of thymus
(2) Pituitary gland
(3) Adrenal gland
(4) Thyroid gland
Q.109 Conn's disease is due to
(1) Hyposecretion of aldosterone
(2) Hypersecretion of aldosterone
(3) Hyposecretion of STH
(4) None of the above
Q.110 "4s gland" is
(1) Pancreas
(3) Thyroid
(2) Liver
(4) Adrenal
Q.111 Adrenal gland is
(1) Ectodermal in origin
(2) Mesodermal in origin
(3) Endodermal in origin
(4) Ecto-mesodermal in origin
Q.117 If thymectomy is done during adult hood
then what possibility is their
(1) Immuniosppressant
(2) Die immediately
(3)No adverse reaction
(4) Myastheria gravis
Q.118 When the primary sexual organ does not
develop, puberty may appear due to
(1) Stimulation of adrenal coretx
(2) Stimulation of adrenal medulla
(3) Excessive secretion from gonads
(4) None of the above
Q.119 Melatonin is secreted by
[CBSE-2000]
(1) Pineal body
(2) Skin
(3) Pituitary Gland (D) Thyroid
Q.112 Adrenaline increases
(1) Heart beat
(2) Blood pressure
(3) Both (1) & (2)
(4) None
Q.120 M.S.H is secreted by in human –
[CBSE-2000]
(1) Anterior lobe of pituitary
(2) Middle lobe of pituitary
(3) Posterior lobe of pituitary
(4) Endostyle
Q.113 Which hormone control activity of zona
glomerulosa of adrenal gland
(1) Renin
(2) Thyroxine
(3) ADH
(4) FSH
Q.121 Thymosin stimulates
[RPMT-2000]
(1) Milk secretion
(2) Erythrocytes
(3) T-lymphocytes (4) Melanocytes
Q.115 All of the following are functions of
adrenaline except
(1) Increases blood supply in skeletal muscle
(2) Hyperglycaemia
(3) Uterine relaxation
(4) Tachycardia
Q.122 Norephinephrin hormone is secreted from
[RPMT-2000]
(A) Zona glomerulosa
(2) Zona fasiculata
(3) Zona reticularis
(4) Medulla of adrenal
Q.123 Which gland is concerned with salt equilibrium
in body
[RPMT-2001]
(A) Anterior pituitary (2) Pancreas
(3) Adrenal
(4) Thyroid
Q.116 Immuno competent process of T-lymphocyte
occur in
(1) Bone narrow
(2) Cortex part of thymus
Q.124 Norepinephrine leads to increase in
[RPMT-2004]
(1) Blood pressure
(2) Urine production
Q.114 "Cushing" disease is related with
(1) Thyroid
(2) Parathyroid
(3) Adrenal
(4) Gonads
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51
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
(3) Cellular respiration
(4) Release of epinephrine
Q.125 Steroid hormones
[NCERT]
(1) have only cell surface receptors
(2) are lipophobic
(3) act through altering the activity of proteins
in the target cell
(4) are produced by only adrenal cortex
Q.126 Both adrenaline and cortisol are secreted in
response to stress. Which of the following
statements is also true for both of these
hormones ?
[NCERT]
(1) They act to increase blood glucose
(2) They are secreted by the adrenal cortex
(3) Their secretion is stimulated by
adrenocorticotropin
(4) They are secreted into the blood within
seconds of the onset of stress.
PANCREASE, KIDNEY, SKIN, GANDS,
PHEROMONES
Q.127 Glucagon is secreted by
(1) Leydig cells
(2) Islets of langerhans
(3) Corpus luteum
(4) Glisson's capsule
Q.128 A hormone with seat of activity in liverchanging glucose into glycogen is produced
by
(1) Pituitary
(2) Thymus
(3) Parathyroid
(4) Pancrease
Q.129 Estrogen is secreted by
(1) Liver
(2) Spleen
(3) Ovaries
(4) Pituitary
Q.130 Androgens are secreted by
(1) Pituitary
(2) Testes
(3) Ovaries
(4) Thyroid
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Q.131 Ovulation in mammals occurs mainly under
the influence of
(1) TSH and ACTH (2) FSH and LH
(3) TSH and STH
(4) MTH and ACTH
Q.132 Which gland is both exocrine as well as
endocrine
(1) Pituitary
(2) Mammary gland
(3) Thyroid
(4) Pancreas
Q.133 Chemical structure of man's insulin was
studied by
(1) Banting
(2) Kendal
(3) Tsan
(4) Starling
Q.134 Oversecretion of glucagon causes
(1) Tetany
(2) Diabetes insipidus
(3) Acromegaly
(4) Glycosuria
Q.135 Glucagon is secreted by
(1) (beta) cells of islets of langerhans
(2)  (alphs) cells of islets of lagerhans
(3)  cells of pancreas
(4) Adrenal cortex
Q.136 Insulin by chemical nature is
(1) Carbohydrate
(2) Protein
(3) Steroid
(4) Lipid
Q.137 If ovaries from a pregmant woman are
removed in 4 th month of pregnency then
(1) Development of embryo becomes
abnormal
(2) Abortion occurs after some time
(3) Embryo develops normally till birth
(4) None
Q.138 Leydig cells are meant for
(1) Formation of sperm
(2) To produce progesterone
(3) To produce testosterone
52
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
(4) Nutrition of sperm
Q.139 Secretion of estrogen is controlled by
(1) HCG
(2) Progesterone
(3) LH
(4) F.S.H.
Q.140 Immediate cause of induction of ovulation
in human female is large in plasma of
(1) Progesterone
(2) LH
(3) FSH
(4) Estradiol
Q.141 Bombycol is pheromone secreted by the
body of
(1) Wasp
(2) House fly
(3) Spider
(4) Silk moth
Q.142 Stimulation of uterine contraction during
child birth is brought about by
(1) Adrenaline
(2) Progestrone
(3) Oxytocin
(4) Prolactin
Q.143 Progesterone hormone is secreted from
(1) Placenta
(2) Corpus luteum
(3) Both 1 and 2
(4)None of these
Q.144 The ''erythropoietin'' hormone regulates
(1) Blood pressure
(2) Water level of blood
(3) Glucose level of blood
(4) Rate of formation of Red Blood Cells
Q.145 Which of the following help in communication
with the other members of the same species
(1) Hormones
(2) Automones
(3) Pheromones
(4) Autocoids
Q.146 Bombycol is pheromones which was studied
first by
(1) Jhonson
(2) Karlson
(3) Tyson
(4) None
Q.147 Presence of ''HCG'' in urine of female confirm
(1) Addison's disease (2)Gynacomastia
(3) Virilism
(4) Pregnancy
Q.148 One of the following is volatile
(1) Enzymes
(2) Hormones
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(3) Pheromones
(4) All
Q.149 Injection Insulin to an animal leads to
increased
(1) Glucose level of blood
(2) Glucose level of wine
(3) Glucose level of cells
(4) None of these
Q.150 The structure and amino acid sequence of
the hormone insulin was discovered by
(1) Benting
(2) Sanger
(3) Pauling
(4) Cullen
Q.151 Pheromones secreted by
(1) Endocrine gland
(2) Exocrine gland
(3) Apocrine gland
(4) Mixed gland
Q.152 Which hormone has anti insulin effect
(1) Cortisol
(2) Oxytocin
(3) Aldosterone
(4) Glucagon
Q.153 ''Geradiol'' is a pheromone of
(1) Honey bee
(2) Silk moth
(3) Butterfly
(4) All
Q.154 One of the following is pheromone
(1) Bombycol
(2) Civeton
(3) Geradiol
(4) All
Q.155 Estrogen is secreted by
(1) Corpus albicans
(2) Corpus Callasum
(3) Corpus Luteum
(4) Cell of graffian follicles
Q.156 The ''Estrogen'' secretion is controlled by
(1) FSH
(2) LH
(3) Progesterone
(4) GTH
Q.157 ''Anti abortion'' hormone is
(1) Relaxin
(2) Oxytocin
(3) Progestrone
(4) Oestrogen
53
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Q.158 Diabetic comma is due to hyposecretion of
insulin in which
(1) Glucose level increased in blood
(2) Keto acidosis take place
(3) Dehydration process start
(4) All the above
Q.159 One molecule of insulin contains
(1) 30 amino acid
(2) 41 amino acid
(3) 51 amino acid
(4) 70 amino acid
Q.160 Renin is produced by kidney and
(1) Stimulate haemopoisis
(2) Change angiotensinogen into angiotensin
(3) Influence ultrafiltration
(4) All of the above
Q.161 One of the following is artificial insulin
(1) IZS only
(2) PZI only
(3) Both of the above
(4) None of the above
Q.162 The diabetes mellitus is caused by
(1) Hyper secretion of Insulin
(2) Hyposecretion of Insulin
(3) Hyposecretion of ADH
(4) Hyper secretion of ADH
Q.163 Which one is a female sex hormone
(1) Estrogen
(2) Progesterone
(3) Estradiol
(4) All of these
Q.164 Function of renin is
(1) To reduce blood pressure
(2) Vasodilation
(3) Degradation of angiotensinogen to
angiotensinII
(4) Stimulates Urination
Q.165 Which of the follownig hormone is secreted
by kidney
(1) Renin
(2) Renomedullary Prostaglandin
(3) Erythrogenin
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(4) All of these
Q.166 Endocrine structure of kidney is
(1) Cortex
(2) Medulla
(3) Juxtra - medullary node
(4) Pelvis
Q.167 Feminizing hormone is
(1) Glucagon
(2) Gastrin
(3) Oestrogen
(4) Androgens
Q.168 Which of these is not a ketone bodies
(1) Acetoacetic acid
(2) Succinic acid
(3) Beta hydroxy butyrate
(4) Acetone
Q.169 Which of the following is first aid hormone
(1) Vitamin D
(2) Catecholamines
(3) Kinins
(4) Thymopsin
Q.170 Which statement is correct about vitamine-D
(1) Increase Ca+2 absorption in GUT
(2) Hyposcretion in children produce rickets
(3) Increase osteoblastic activity
(4) All of the above
Q.171 Which of the following is not a example of
sex pheromone
(1) Bombicol
(2) Muskone
(3) Formic acid
(4) Civetone
Q.172 In diabetes mellitus, what condition does
not possible
(1) Polyurea
(2) Loss of appetite
(3) Glycosurea
(4) Ketoacidosis
Q.173 Similarity between insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus and noninsulin dependent diabetes
mellitus are
(1) Both are insulin dependent
(2) Both are present since childhood
54
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
(3) Hyperglycaemia produce due to lack of
insulin
(4) Both having family history
Q.174 Which of the following act as both hormone
and enzyme
[RPMT-2000]
(1) ADH hormone
(2) Acetylcholinesterase
(3) Angiotensinogen
(4) Renin
Q.175 What is the molecular weight of Insulin
[RPMT-2000]
(1) 15000
(3) 4000
(2) 5000
(4) 6000
Q.176 Prostaglandins affect
(1) Blood pressure
(2) Defaection
(3) Osmoregulation
(4) Oxygen metabolism
Q.177 Which cells of pancreas secrete the hormone
insulin
[RPMT-2001]
(1) Alpha-cells of langerhans
(2) Beta-cells of langerhans
(3) Interstitial cells
(4) Gamma-cells of langerhans
Q.178 In Rabbit, which of the following organ
acts as both endocrine & exocrine gland
[RPMT-2001]
(1) Testes
(3) Pancreas
(2) Ovary
(4) Stomach
Q.179 Which temporary endocrine gland forms in
ovary after ovulation
[RPMT-2003]
(1) Corpus callosum (2) Corpus albicans
(3) Corpus luteum
(4) Corpus striata
Q.180 Carbohydrate metabolism is governed by
(1) Thyroxine
(2) Insulin
(3) Glucocorticoids (4) All
Q.181 Which of the following does not secrete
any hormone
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(1) Testes
(3) Stomach
(2) Spleen
(4) Intestine
Q.182 In diabetes mellitus disease the urine contains
(1) Salt
(2) Fat
(3) Protein
(4) Sugar
Q.183 Secretin stimulates the activity of
(1) Liver
(2) Gastric gland
(3) Pancreas
(4) Gall-bladder
Q.184 Adrenaline hormone causes
(1) Increase in blood pressure
(2) Increase in heart beat
(3) Both of them
(4) None of them
Q.185 Main similarity between hormone and enzyme
is
(1) Both act at particular pH
(2) Both are protein
(3) Both are required in small amount
(4) Both can be used again and again
Q.186 Largest amount of idoine is found in
(1) Adrenals
(2) Liver
(3) Thyroid
(4) Testes
Q.187 A patient of diabetes mellitus drink more
water because he eliminates the blood,
extra amount of which substance
(1) Protein
(2) Sugar
(3) Water
(4) Hormone
Q.188 Which hormone stimulates contraction of
gall ballder
(1) CCK
(2) ACTH
(3) LTH
(4) FSH
Q.189 Which of the following has no role in secretion
of hormone
(1) Rickets and mongolism
(2) Diabetes mellitus and cretinism
(3) Gigantism and exophthalmia
(4) Cretinism and diabetes
55
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Q.190 Which gland prepares you for flight, fright
and fight during adverse conditions
(1) Thyroid
(2) Parathyroid
(3) Pituitary
(4) Adrenals
Q.191 Which hormone secretion is under nervous
control
(1) Adrenal cortex
(2) Anterior pituitary
(3) Posterior pituitary (4) Pineal body
Q.192 Which one of the following does not match is
biological category of chemical substance
(1) Gastrin
(2) Renin
(3) Oxytocin
(4) Creatinine
Q.193 Sex hormone will work without the help of
(1) Gonadotropins
(2) Placenta
(3) Pituitary
(4) Insulin
Q.194 Hypophysectomy leads to
(1) Heart attack
(2) Increased digestion
(3) Death
(4) Regression of reproductive function
Q.195 Which of the following is not a steroid
hormone
(1) Androgen
(2) Aldosterone
(3) Estrogen
(4) Relaxin
(3) Nor adrenaline & adrenaline
(4) Insulin & Glucagon
Q.200 Find out incorrect
(1) Pituitary - FSH
(2) Thyroid - T 4
(3) Ovary - Calcitonin
(4) Islets of Langerhans - insulin
Q.201 Ectodermal in origin is
(1) Pituitary gland
(2) Pineal body
(3) Lens of eye
(4) All of the above
Q.202 Blood pressure is controlled by
(1) Adrenal gland
(2) Thyroid gland
(3) Pituitary gland
(4) None
Q.203 ''Brain sand'' is found in
(1) Thyroid
(2) Thymus
(3) Pineal body
(4) All
Q.204 Which of the following is not a hormone
(1) Vitamin D
(2) Thyroxine
(3) Adrenaline
(4) None of these
Q.205 Life saving hormone are secreted by
(1) Pituitary
(2) Pineal
(3) Adrenals
(4) Thyroid
Q.196 Which of followign is not a protein hormone
(1) Relaxin
(2) HCG
(3) Placental lactogen (4) Estradiol
Q.206 Both organs of which set secretes hormones
(1) Spleen - brain
(2) Lungs, -pancreas
(3) Spleen, -liver
(4) Testes, -placenta
Q.197 Which of the following is not an endocrine
gland
(1) Pancreas
(2) Adrenal gland
(3) Thyroid gland
(4) Salivary gland
Q.207 Which gland in not originate from embryonic
Endoderm
(1) Thymus
(2) Parathyroid
(3) Adrenal Cortex (4) Thyroid
Q.198 Which of the following hormones is not
proteinaceous is nature
(1) TSH
(2) Aldosterone
(3) LH
(4) FSH
Q.208 Structure which has no role in endocrine
secretion
(1) Duodenal epithelium
(2) Testes
(3) Adrenal medulla
(4) Submaxillary gland
Q.199 One of the following is anta gonistic
(1) FSH & LH
(2) Oxytocin & vassopressin
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Q.209 Which is largest endocrine gland
56
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
(1) Thyroid
(3) Pituitary
(2) Liver
(4) Thymus
Q.210 Temperature of boyd is controlled by which
endocrien gland
(1) Pituitary
(2) Thyroid
(3) Adrenal
(4) Pancreas
Q.211 Simmonds desease is
(1) Hyper thyroidism
(2) Hypothyroidism
(3) Hypopituitarism
(4) Hyperpituitarism
Q.217 Which one of the following pairs correctly
matches a hormone with a disease resulting
from its deficiency
[CBSE-2002]
(1) Relaxin – Gigantism
(2) Prolactin – Cretinism
(3) Parathyroid hormone – Tatany
(4) Insulin – Diabetes insipidus
Q.218 Which of the following act as local messenger
[RPMT-2000]
Q.212 Which endocrine gland is not an Ectodermal
origin
(1) Pineal body
(2) Anterior pituitary
(3) Adrenal medulla
(4) Thymus
(1) Carrier protein
(2) Glycoprotein
(3) Phospholipid
(4) Glycolipid
Q.219 Sodium-potassium pump is
[RPMT-2001]
(1) A hormone
(2) An enzyme
(3) A protein carrier (4) An organelle
Q.220 Why thyroxine is a hormone, not an enzyme
[RPMT-2001]
Q.213 Insulin differs from Growth hormone in
[CBSE-1999]
(1) Increases activity of m-RNA and
Ribosomes
(2) Increase the permeability of cell
membrance
(3) Affects metabolism of fats by inducing
lipogenesis
(4) Increasing protein synthesis
Q.214 Which gland decreases in size with increasing
age
[CBSE-1999]
(1) Thyroid
(2) Adrenal
(3) Thymus
(4) Pituitary
Q.215 Reason, why hair loss is more in old age
[CBSE-2000]
(1) Reduction of blood supply
(2) Decrease in protein synthesis
(3) Low energy production
(4) Reduced storage of glycogen
Q.216 Melanin protect from
[CBSE-2002]
(1) U.V. rays
(2)Visible rays
(3) Infrared rays
(4) X-rays
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(1) It is secreted in small quantity
(2) It is not a polypeptide
(3) It has not special effect
(4) It is directly poured into blood
Q.221 Which one of the following pair's correctly
matches a hormone with a disease resulting
from its deficiency
[CBSE-2004]
(1) Insulin – Diabetes insipidus
(2) Thyroxine – Tetany
(3) Parathyroid hormone – Diabetes mellitus
(4) Luteinizing hormone – Failure of ovulation
Q.222 Which hormone causes dilation of blood
vessels, increaed oxygen consumption and
gluconeogenesis ?
[CBSE-2006]
(1) Adrenalin
(2) Glucagon
(3) ACTH
(4) Insulin
Q.223 Sertoli cells are regulated by the pituitary
hormone known as
[CBSE-2006]
(1) Prolactin
(2) LH
(3) FSH
(4) GH
57
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Q.224 A steroid hormone which regulates glucose
metabolism is
[CBSE-2006]
(1) 11-deoxycorticosterone
(2) Cortisone
(3) Cortisol
(4) Corticosterone
Q.225 Which one of the following is not a second
messenger in hormone action ?
(3) Parathyroid and Adrenal
(4) Pancreas and Parathyroid
Q.228 The blood calcium level is lowered by the
deficiency of
[AIPMT-2008]
(1) Both calcitonin and Parathormone
(2) Calcitonin
(3) Parathormone
(4) Thyroxine
[CBSE-2006]
(1) Sodium
(3) cGMP
(2) cAMP
(4) Calcium
Q.229 In human adult females oxytocin
[AIPMT-2008]
(1) Stimulates pituitary to secrete vasopressin
(2) Causes strong uterine contractions during
parturition
(3) is secreted by anterior pituitary
(4) stimulates growth of mamary glands
Q.226 Tadpoles of frog can be made to grow as
giant sized tadpoles, it they are:
[AIIMS-2006]
(1) Administered antithyroid substance like
thiourea
(2) administered large amounts of thyroxine
(3) reared on a diet rich in egg yolk
(4) reared on a diet rich in both egg yok
and glucose
Q.227 Which one of the following pairs of organs
includes only the endocrine glands ?
[AIPMT-2008]
(1) Thymus and Testes
(2) Adrenal and Ovary
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58
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
EXERCISE # 2
Q.1
Thyroid hormone has regulatory effect on
Q.4
The fate of hormone bound to the specific
receptors on the cell surface can be traced
through
[AMU-1999]
(1) X-ray
(2) Laser-photo-bleaching
(3) Ultra scanning
(4) Resonance imaging
Q. 5
Reabsorption of Na+ is controlled by which
one the folowing hormones
[AMU-2000]
(1) Protein metabolism
(2) Carbohydrate metabolism
(3) Fat metabolism
(4) All of the above
Q.2
Which of the hormone is polypeptide :
[AMU-2000]
(1) LH
(3) Insulin
Q.3
(2) FSH
(4) Thyroxine
A group of compounds now recognised as
local hormones are
[AMU-2002]
(1) Prostaglandins
(2) Prostacyclins
(3) Cytokinins
(4) Substance 'P'
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[AMU-2002]
(1) Aldosterone
(3) Glucocorticoids
(2) Oestrogen
(4) Testosterone
Q.6
Insulin is secreted by
[HPPMT-2006]
(1) -cell of islets of langerhans
(2) -cell of islets of langerhans
(3) -cell of islets of langerhans
(4) pancreatic acinur cell
Q.7
ADH responsible for reabsorption of water
and reduction of urine secretion is synthesize
by
[HPPMT-2006]
(1) Posterior pituitary gland
(2) Juxtaglomerular apparatus
(3) Anterior pituitary gland
(4) Hypothalamus
59
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Q.14
Q. 8
The lorain-levi syndrome is due to
[KERALA-PMT-2006]
[JK-CET-2006]
(1) Hyper functioning of pituitary
(2) Hypothyroidism
(3) Hyperthyroidism
(4) Deficiency of growth hormone
Q. 9
(1) Adrenal gland
(3) Pineal gland
Q.15
The excessive secretion of mineral ocorticiods
independent of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system results in
[J.K.CET-2006]
(1) Cushing's disease (2) Conn's disease
(3) Addison's disease (4) Grave's disease
Q.10
Q.11
(2) Thyroid gland
(4) Thymus gland
Match the hormone in column I with their
function in column II
[KERALA-2006]
Column I
Column II
(a) FSH
(i) Prepare endometrium for
implantation
(b) LH
(ii) Develop female secondary
Sexual characters
(c) Progesterone (iii) Contraction of uterine
wall
(d) Estrogen (iv) Development of corpus
luteum
(v) Maturation of graafian
follicle
(1) a-v, b-iv, c-i, d-ii (2) a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii
(3) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i (4) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
Steroid hormones transmit their information
by
[UPCPMT-2006]
(1) Stimulating the receptors present on
cells membrane
(2) Entering into the cell and modifying
cellular contents.
(3) Entering into the cell modifying nuclear
organisation
(4) The help of an intracellular second
messenger.
Which one of the following endocrine
gland functions as a biological clock and
neurosecretory transducer ?
Q.16
LH and FSH are collectively called
[BHU(screening) 2006 , MPPMT-2002]
(1) Oxytocin
(2) Somatotrophins
(3) Luteotrophic
(4) Gonadotrophins
Metamorphosis in tadpole can be increased
by treatment of water with
[UPCPMT-2006]
(1) NaCl
(3) Iodine
Q.12
(2) Thyroxine
(4) GH
The hormones that initiates ejetion of milk
stimulates milk production and grwoth of
ovarian follicles are respectively known as
Q.17
[BHU(Screening)-2006, RPMT 2008]
(1) R.H. Whittakar
(3) Einthoven
Mammalina thymus is mainly concerned
with
[BHU(Screening)-2006]
(1) Regulation of body temperature
(2) Regulatrion of body growth
(3) Immunological functions
(4) Secretion of thyrotropin
Q.19
During emergency which of of the following
hormone is secreted
(1) PRL, OT and LH
(2) OT, PRL and FSH
(3) LH, PRL and FSH
(4) PRH, OT and LH
In heart cells, which one serves as a second
messenger, speeding up muscel cell contraction
in response to adrenaline ?
[KERALA-PMT-2006]
(1) CAMP
(3) GTP
(2) CGMP
(4) ATP
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(2) Pasteur
(4) Thomas Addison
Q.18
[KERALA-PMT-2006]
Q.13
Who is known as ''father of endocrinology''
[BHU(Screening)-2006]
(1) Aldosterone
(3) Adrenaline
(2) Thyroxine
(4) Calcitonin
60
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Q.20
The Islets of langerhans are found in
Q.30 Hormone responsible for ovulation is
[BHU(Screening)-2006]
(1) Pancreas
(3) Liver
Q.21
[UGET MANIPAL-2005]
(2) Stomach
(4) Alimentary canal
Which of the following gland is both
endocrine as well as exocrine
(1) LH
(3) Progesterone
Q.31
Q.22
(1) Zona glomerulosa (2) Zona faciculata
(3) Zona reticularis (4) Zona pellucida
(2) Pancreas
(4) Thymus
Q.32
Which of the following is gonadotrophic
hormone
[UGET MANIPAL 2005, UP-2005]
(1) Collips hormone
(2) Prolactin
(3) Oxytocin
(4) Luteinzing hormone
Q.33
Which gland stores hormone before its
secretion and then release it
Insulin is proudced from
[MPPMT-2001]
(1) -cells
(3) Adrenal cortex
Q.23
(2) -cells
(4) testes
Which of the following is secondary messenger
[MPMT-2002]
(1) ATP
(3) GTP
Q.24
(2) Cyclic AMP
(4) ATP and AMP
[ORRISSA-JEE-2005]
(1) Thyroid
(3) Pineal
Corticosteroids are secreted by
[MPPMT-2006]
(1) Adrenal gland
(3) Pituitary gland
Q.25
(2) Pineal gland
(4) Thyroid gland
Q.34
(2) Parathyroid gland
(4) Thyroid gland
Q.35
Corpus luteum secretes
Q.27
Q.36
[MPPMT-2006]
(1) Diabetes
(3) Jaundice
Q.28
(2) Migrain
(4) All of the above
Blood pressure is controlled
[MPPMT-2004]
(1) Thyroid gland
(3) Adrenal gland
Q.29
(2) Thymus gland
(4) Parathyroid gland
Hormone responsible for metamorphosis in
tadpole is
[UGET MANIPAL-2005]
(1) Adrenaline
(2) Thyroxine
(3) Aldosterone
(4) Vasopression
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Which of the following disease is not
related to thyroid gland
(1) Goitre
(3) Myxoedema
(2) FSH
(4) Testosterone
Insulin is related with
(2) Gynochorism
(4) Gynaecomastia
[AFMC-2005]
[MPPMT-2006]
(1) LH
(3) Progesterone
Abnormal conditon when mammary gland
of man become female like
(1) Gynosism
(3) Feminization
[MPPMT-2006]
Q.26
(2) Pancreas
(4) Pituitary
[ORISSA-JEE-2005]
Melatonin is secreted by
(1) Pineal gland
(3) Pituitary gland
Aldosterone is secreted by
[UGET MANIPAL-2005]
[MPPMT-2002]
(1) Thyroid
(3) Payers patches
(2) GSH
(4) Testosterone
(2) Cretinism
(4) Acromegaly
Match item in column 'A' with those given
in column 'B'
[KERALA-PMT-2005]
Column 'A'
Column 'B'
A ADH
i Pituitary
B ACTH
ii Mineralocorticoid.
C Aldosterone
iii Diabetes mellitus
D Insulin
iv Diabetes insipidus
E Testosterone
v Vasodilator
(1) A = i, B = iv, C = ii, D = iii, E = v
(2) A = iv, B = ii, C = i, D = iii, E = v
(3) A = iv, B = i, C = ii, D = iii, E = v
(4) A = iv, B = i, C = iii, D = ii, E = iv
61
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Q.37
Q.38
Which of the following is not paired
correctly
[KERALA-PMT-2005]
(1) Myxoedema - swollen facial tissues
(2) Insulin - raises blood glucose
(3) Parathyroid - tetany
(4) Cretinism - mentally retarted
A patient of diabetes mellitus excreted
glucose in urine even when he kept in a
carbohydrate free diet. It is because
Q.42
[DPMT-2005]
(1) Hyperactivity of thyroid gland
(2) Hypoactivity of adrenal cortex
(3) Hyperactivity of adrenal medulla
(4) Hypoactivity of islets of langerhans
Q.43
Q.39
(1) GH
(3) ACTH
Q.44
If receptor molecule is removed from target
organ for hormone action , the target organ
will
[MANIPUR-2005]
(1) Continue to respond but require higher
concentration of hormone
(2) Continue to respond but in opposite way
(3) Continue to respond without any difference
(4) Not respond to hormone
Q.41
Which gland atrophies in adult
[DPMT-2005]
(1) Pancreas
(2) Thymus
(3) Thyroid
(4) Adrenal
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Hypothyroidism causes in adult
(1) Obesity
(3) Cretinism
(2) Diabetes
(4) Myxoedema
Q.45
The hormone that controls the level of
calcium and phosphorus in the blood is the
secreted by
[AFMC-2005]
(1) Thyroid
(2) Parathyroid
(3) Pituitary
(4) Thymus
Q.46
FSH is proudced by
[BHU-2005]
(1) Adrenal cortex
(2) Anterior lobe of pituitary gland
(3) Middle lobe of pituitary gland
(4) Posterior lobe of pituitary gland
Q.47
Which of the following statement are
false/true
[Kerala-2007]
(A) Calcitonin regulated the metabolism of
[MANIPUR-2005]
Q.40
(2) Gastrin
(4) Progesterone
[HAR. –PMT-2005]
Match the list I with list II
A Adenohypophysis (1) Epinephrine
B Adrenal medulla (2) Somatotropin
C Parathyroid gland (3) Thymosin
D Thymus gland
(4) Parathormone
(1) A = 3, B = 1, C = 4, D = 2
(2) A = 1, B = 2, C = 3, D = 4
(3) A = 2, B = 1, C = 4, D = 3
(4) A = 4, B = 3, C = 2, D = 1
Placenta proudced which hormone
[HAR. -PMT-2005]
[ORISSA-JEE-2005]
(1) Fats are catabolised to form glucose
(2) Amino acids are catabolised in liver
(3) Amino acids are discharged in blood
stream from liver
(4) Glycogen from muscles are discharged
in blood stream from liver
Grave's disease is due to
calcium
(B) Oxytocin stimulates contraction of
uterine muscle during birth
(C) Grave's disease is caused by
malfunctioning of adrenal gland
(D) ADH stimulates absorption of water
and increase the urine production
(1) A and C are true B and D are flase
(2) A and B are ture C andD are flase
(3) A and D are true B and C are flase
(4) A, B and C are true, D only false
62
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
STATE PMT EXAMS
Q.1
Which hormone helps in reabsorption of
water from kidney
[UTTARANCHAL PMT-2004]
(1) ADH
(3) ACTH
Q.2
Q.3
Which of the following is largest gland in
adult man
[UTTARANCHAL PMT-2005]
(1) Thymus
(2) Liver
(3) Thyroid
(4) Pancreas
Q.8
[WEST BENGAL JEE - 2007]
(2) spleen
(4) heart
Q.9
(1) peptide
(3) lipid
Q.10
Q.11
Which hormone is responsible for maintenance
of preganancy
Pheromones when secreted upon the skin
surface, its oduour generally affects
[JHARKHAND-2004]
(1) skin colour
(2) genitalia
(3) breast
(4) mutual behaviour of members of a species
Q.12
If ADH level of blood is less
[BIHAR-2005]
(1) volume of urine increases
(2) volume of urine decreases
(3) volume of urine is normal
(4) volume of urine is unaffected
[WEST BENGAL JEE-2007]
Q.7
Vasopressin influences
(1) electrolyte efflux
(2) nerve excitability
(3) water reabsorption
(4) all of these
Growth hormone is secreted by
(1) acidophillic  cells
(2) acidophilic  cells
(3) basophilic  cells
(4) basophilic  cells
(2) carbohydrate
(4) steroid
[JHARKHAND-2002]
[WEST BENGAL JEE-2007]
Q.6
Para-thyroid hormone is a
[JHARKHAND-2004]
Addison's disease in caused due to
(1) hypersecretion of adernal cortical
hormones
(2) hypersecretion of growth hormone
(3) hypersecretion thymus
(4) none of the above
Addison's disease results from
[JHARKHAND-2004]
Ketone bodies are formed in
(1) Liver
(3) kidney
(4) prostaglandin
(1) hypertrophy of gland
(2) hypo-secretion of adrenal cortex
(3) hyperactivity of cells of leydig
(4) none of the above
Normal blood calcium level in an adult is
(1) 5 mg/dl
(2) 8.5/10.5 mg/dl
(3) 15.5 – 20mg/dl
(4) 20 mg/dl – 30 mg/dl
Q.5
(3) estrogen
(2) STH
(4) TTH
[WEST BENGAL JEE-2007]
Q.4
EXERCISE # 3
Q.13
Which of the follwing act as secondary
messenger in metabolism
[BIHAR-2004]
(1) ATP
(3) ADP
(2) C-AMP
(4) NAD
[WEST BENGAL JEE-2007]
(1) HCG
(2) progesterone
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Q.14 Hormone prolactin is secreted by
63
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
[BIHAR-2005]
Q.23
(1) posterior pituitary (2) thyroid
(3) anterior pituitary (4) hypothalamus
Q.15
Steroid hormone is derived from
[UP-CPMT 2001]
[BIHAR-2004]
(1) corticoid
(3) ADH
Q.16
(2) cholesterol
(4) protein
Q.24
(1) hypoglycemia
(3) hyposuria
[UP-CPMT 2002]
(1) increased blood calcium level
(2) decreased blood calcium level
(3) increased blood sugar level
(4) decreased blood sugar level
(2) hyperglaycaemia
(4) hypersuria
Spermatogenesis is influenced by
[BIHAR-2003]
(1) Progesterone
(3) STH
Q.18
Q.25
(2) FSH
(4) LTH
(1) goitre
(2) diabetes
(3) Addison's disease (4) colourblindness
[BIHAR-2003]
(2) LH
(4) Oestrogen
Q.26
(1) LH
(3) TSH
[BIHAR-2002]
Q.20
(2) corpus albicans
(4) corpus striatum
Q.27
(2) estrogen
(4) all of these
Which of the following hormones helps in
the contraction of uterus during child birth
Q.28
Which of the following hormones secreted
by pancreas
[UP-CPMT 2003]
(1) Insulin and glucagon
(2) Epinephrin and nor-epinephrin
(3) Thyroxin and melanin
(4) Prolatin and oxytocin
Q.29
Metamorphosis in frog is hastened by
[UP-CPMT 2001]
(1) ADH
(3) oxytocin
Q.22
(2) androgen
(4) glucocorticoid
Which of the following hormones stimulates the
secretion of milk from female
ACTH is secreted by
(1) thyroid gland
(2) thymus gland
(3) pituitary gland
(4) Islets of Langerhans
[BIHAR-2002]
Q.21
[UP-CPMT 2001]
(1) LH
(3) oxytocin
[UP-CPMT 2003]
(2) prolactin
(4) progesterone
(1) thyroxine
(3) glucagon
Q.30
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(2) MSH
(4) FSH
[UP-CPMT 2003]
Female hormone is
(1) progesterone
(3) estradiol
The formation of egg and sperm is affected by
[UP-CPMT 2003]
Progesterone is secreted by
(1) corpus luteum
(3) corpus callosum
Chronical disturbance in hormone secretion
of thyroid gland causess
[UP-CPMT 2003]
Which hormone is responsible for ovulation
(1) FSH
(3) Testosterone
Q.19
(1) spleen
(2) thymus gland
(3) pituitary gland
(4) parathroid gland
Parathormone is secreted during
Increse glucose level in human is called
[BIHAR]
Q.17
The modern idea about ageing is that our body
slowly loses the power of defence against the
invasion of germs and pathogens. This process
starts by the disappearance of which organ
(2) insulin
(4) adrenalin
Mammalian prolactin is secreted by
64
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
[UP-CPMT 2004]
Q.38
(1) adenohypophysis (2) neurohypophysis
(3) adrenla cortex
(4) adrenal medulla
Q.31
Hypersecretion of grwoth hormone in the
period of growth lead to
Structure involved in Addison's disease is
[MP-PMT 2006 ]
(1) Adrenal medulla (2) adrenal cortex
(3) thyroid
(4) pituitary
Q.39
Acromegaly is a disease caused by
[MP-PMT 2001]
[UP-CPMT 2004]
Q.32
(1) Over secretion of growtth hormone in
childhood
(2) Over secretion of growth hormone in
adulthood
(3) Under secretion of growth hormone in
adulthood
(4) Deficiency of calcium and phosphorous
in the diet.
(1) acromegaly
(2) cushing syndrome
(3) midgets
(4) Gigantism
Which of these is not a ketone body
[UP-CPMT 2004]
(1) Acetoacetic acid
(2) Acetone
(3) Succinic acid
(4) Betahydroxy butyric acid
Q.33
Fight and flight hormone is [UP-CPMT 2007]
(1) adrenaline
(2) thyroxine
(3) ADH
(4) oxytocin
Q.34
Which of the following are correct for axolotal
larva
[UP-CPMT 2007]
(i) it shows neoteny and paedogenesis
(ii) absence of thyroxine affect metamorphosis
(iii) it is the larva of hemichordata
(1) (i), (ii) & (iii)
(2) (i) & (ii)
(3) (ii) & (iii)
(4) (iii)
Q.35
Q.40
If thyroid gland is comppleteloy removed
from a tadpole, it will
[MP-PMT 2001]
(1) Die immediately
(2) Turn into a giant frog
(3) Turn into a dwarf frog
(4) Remain tadpole throughout life
Q.41
'Hashimoto' diseases is caused, when
[MP-PMT 2001]
(1) Adrenal gland is destroyed by autoimmunity
(2) Thyroid gland is destroyed by autoimmunity
(3) Kidney is destoryed
(4) Pancreas is destroyed
Blood pressure is controlled by
[MP-PMT 2004]
(1) Thyroid gland
(3) Adrenal gland
Q.36
Q.37
(2) Thymus gland
(4) Parathyroid gland
Hormone which is responsible for maintainance
of corpus leuteum is
[MP-PMT 2004]
(1) Estrogen
(2) Aldosteron
(3) Progesterone
(4) Testosteron
The effect caused by non-functioning of
islets of Langerhans
[MP-PMT 2006]
(1) Heart beat rate increase
(2) Increased BMR
(3) hyperglycaemia
(4) tatani
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Q.42
The emergency hormone is [MP PMT 2001]
(1) Throxine
(2) Adrenaline
(3) Insulin
(4) Progesterone
Q.43
insulin is secreted by
[MP-PMT 2001]
(1) Beta cells of Islets of Langerhans
(2) Alfa cells of Islets of Langarhans
(3) Kuffer cells
(4) Gall bladder
Q.44
In absence of ADH, the disease casused by
[MP-PMT 2001]
(1) Diabetes mellitus
(2) Diabetes insipidus
(3) Oligouria
65
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Q.52
(4) Acromegaly
Q.45
[MP-PMT 2002]
In man removal of Parathyroid gland leads to
(1) Pancreas
(3) Pituitary
[MP-PMT 2001]
(1) Acromegaly
(3) Polyuria
Q.46
Q.47
Q.48
(2) Tetany
(4) Diabetes insipidus
Q.53
Q.54
Diabetes insipidus is due to [MP-PMT 2003]
(1) Hypersecretion of insulin
(2) Hyposecretion of vasopressin
(3) Hypersecretion of vasopressin
(4) Hposecretion of insulin
Q.55
Pineal body originates from [MP-PMT 2003]
(1) Dorsla part of diencephalon
(2) Ventral part of diencephalon
(3) Ventral part of cerebellum
(4) Dorsal part of cerebellum
Q.56
Which of the following pituitary hormone
is a direct action hormone [MP-PMT 2003 ]
(1) MSH
(2) ICSH
(3) ACTH
(4) TSH
Q.57
Addisons disease is caused due to
[MP-PMT 2002]
Q.49
Q.50
Which disease is caused by under secretion
of adrnal cortex
[MP-PMT 2002]
(1) Cretinism
(2) Dwarfism
(3) Sterility
(4) Addison's disease
Gonadotropic hormones are [MP-PMT 2002]
(1) Estrogen and progesterone
(2) Luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulatin
hormone
(3) Testosterone and androsterone
(4) Prolactin and Luteotropin
Q.51
The function of glucagon hormone is
(1) To increase glycogenesis
(2) To decrease blood sugar level
(3) To release glucose from liver cells and
glycogenolysis promotion
(4) To increase the absorption of glucose
and faty acids through cell
Which one secretes fight and flight hormone
(1) Pituitary gland
(2) Pineal gand
(3) Adrenal gland
(4) Thyroid gland
(2) Thyroid
(4) Adrenal
[MP-PMT 2003]
Parathormone induces
[MP-PMT 2002]
(1) Increase in blood sugar level
(2) Decrease in serum calcium level
(3) Increase in serum calcium level
(4) Decrease in blood sugar level
Thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) is
proudced by
[MP-PMT 2002]
(1) Cerebrum
(2) Optic lobe
(3) Cerebellum
(4) Hypothalamus
Which gland is both exocrine and endocrine
[MP-PMT 2003]
(1) Hypertrophy of gland
(2) Hyposecretion of adrenal contex
(3) Hyperactivity of Leydig cells
(4) Hypersecretion of pituitary
The name second messenger is given to
[MP-PMT 2002]
(1) ATP
(2) Cyclic AMP
(3) AMP
(4) Both ATP and AMP
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Q.58
T-cells mature in
(1) Peyer's patch
(3) Thymus
[CBSE-2006]
(2) Lymph node
(4) Brusa of fabric
66
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Q.59
Which of the following steriod sex hormone
influenced secondary sex organs ?
(2)
Anterior
pituitar
y
Oxyto
cin
(3)
Posterio
r
pituitar
y
Vasop
ressin
(4)
Corpus
luteum
Estrog
en
[MP-PMT 2003]
(1) Progesterone
(3) LH
(2) Oestrogen
(4) LTH
Q.60
Progesterone is secreted from [MP-PMT 2003]
(1) Testes
(2) Adrenal gland
(3) Pituitary gland
(4) Corpus luteum
Q.61
Adrenal gland is derived from
[MP-PMT 2007]
(1) Ectoderm
(2) Mesoderm
(3) Ectoderm and mesoderm
(4) Ectoderm and endoderm
Q.62
Contraction
of
uterus
muscles
during child
birth
Stimulates
resorption of
water in the
distal tubules
in
the
nephron
Supports
pregnancy
Q.65
Which hormone is responsible for milk
ejection after the birth of the baby
[MP-PMT 2007]
(1) Oxytocin
(2) Progesterone
(3) Prolactin
(4) Estrogen
Q.63
We know that the thryoxine controls
metabolism body. An autoimmune disease
where the body own antibodies attack the
cells of the thyroid is called [MP-PMT 2007]
(1) Hyperthyroidism
(2) Hashimoto's disease
(3) Grave's disease
(4) Turner syndrome
Q.64
Match the source gland with its respective
hormone as well as the function.
Given below is an incomplete table certain
hormones, their source glands and one
major effect of each on the body in humans.
Identify the correct option for the three
blanks A, B and C.
[AIPMT 2011]
Glands
Secretion
Effect on Body
A
Oestrogen
Maintenance
of secondary
sexual
characters
Alpha cells
B
Raises blood
of Islets of
sugar level
Langerhans
Anterior
C
Over section
pituitary
leads
to
gigantism
Options :
A
B
C
(1) Placenta
Glucagon
Calcitionin
(2) Ovary
Glucagon
Growth
hormone
(3) Placenta
Insulin
Vasopressin
[AIPMT 2011]
(1)
Source
gland
Thyroid
Hormone
Thyro
xine
(4) Ovary
Function
Regulates
blood
calcium level
Q.66
Insulin
Calcitonin
The 24 hour (diurnal) rhythm of our body such
as the sleep-wake cycle is regulated by the
hormone :
[AIPMT MAINS 2011]
(1) melatonin
(3) prolactin
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(2) calcitonin
(4) adrenaline
67
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
EXERCISE # 4
Reason : MSH help in the wide distribution
of melanin in melanocytes while melatonin
collects the melanin at one place in
melanocyte.
Q.1
Assertion : Vasopressin is a neurohormone
Reason : Vasopressin is synthesized by
pars nervosa of pituitary gland
Q.2
Assertion : Pituitary gland is ectodermal
in origin
Reason : Both parts of pituitary develop
from nervous tissue
Q.7
Assertion : Adrenal gland have dual origin.
Reason : The adrenal cortex develop from
endoderm while adrenal medulla develop
from mesoderm.
Q.3
Assertion : Thyroxine is presponsible for
Q.8
Assertion : Pineal gland found on the
over all development of animals since
childhood.
Reason : It is diabetogenic hormone and it
increases peripheral utilization of glucose
Q.4
Assertion : Deficiency of Insulin proudce
polyurea conditon
Reason : Glucagon is antagonastic hormone
of Insulin.
Q.5
Assertion : Deficiency of vitamine-D is
very less known
Reason : It is obtained from intrinsic sources
regularly.
Q.6
Assertion : MSH & Melatonin are
antagonistic hormones
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epithalamus of Diencephalon.
Reason : It is a one type of exocrine gland
which is active in later age of life.
Q.9
Assertion : Pancrease is heterocrine gland.
Reason : Pancreas secretes both protein &
steroid hormone.
Q.10
Assertion : Aldosterone is polypeptide
hormone and control the Na+ & K+ ratio in
body.
Reason : Aldosterone increase reabsorption
of Na+ from plasma of blood and to check
its loss and increase loss K+ in body fluid.
Q.11
Assertion : Thymus gland is found in
abdominal region.
68
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Reason : It is a exocrine gland which
secretes lymphocyte.
Q.12
Assertion : MSH & Melatonin are similar
hormone.
Reason : MSH help in the collection of
melanin in melanocytes while melatonin
distribute the melanin at one place in
melanocyte.
Q.13
Assertion : Two pitutary hormones of the
mother take part in feeding the infant on
milk.
Reason : Prolactin from anterior pituitary
stimulated mammary glands for the
formation of milk, and oxytocin from the
post. Pituitary causes the release of milk
when the infant sucks breast.
Q.14
Q.15
Q.16
Assertion : Vasopressin in also called as
antidiuretic hormone
Reason : Vasopressin reduces the loss of
water in the urine by increasing water
reabsorption in the nephrons.
Assertion : Aldosterone is known as salt
retaining hormone.
Reason : It reduces Na reabsorption from
urine to increase its loss from the body.
Assertion : Cortisol therapy is useful in
organ transplantation
Reason : Cortisol act as immunosuppresant
Q.17
Assertion : Catecholamines (adrenaline)
are emergency hormones.
Reason : Catecholamines are released from
adrenal cortex
Q.18
Assertion : The hormone FSH stimulates
R.B.Cs. maturation.
Reason : On reaching the red bone marrow
FSH stimulate the maturation of RBCs
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Q.19
Assertion : Thyrocalcitonin & Parathormone
have antagonistic effect on blood calcium
level.
Reason : Thyrocalcitonin lower the blood
calcium level and parathormone raises the
blood calcium level by removal of calcium
from bone and reabsorption of calcium
from nephrons.
Q.20
Assertion : Hormones are said to be
similar to enzyme in action and chemical
nature
Reason : Hormones and enzymes are
proteinaceous in nature and act as
informational nature.
Q.21
Assertion : Adrenal cortex can be removed
without causing death.
Reason : Adrenal cortex is not vital for
survival.
Q.22
Assertion : In recent study, pineal body is
called third eye.
Reason : It is having photosensitive cells
and show the response for light.
Q.23 Assertion : Growth hormone, Thyroxine
and cortisol hormone are called diabetogenic
hormone.
Reason : When the Hypersecretion of
thyroxine occurs then produce diabetes
mellitus.
69
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ANSWER-KEY
EXERCISE # 1
Que.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Ans.
4
4
1
4
1
4
3
4
4
1
4
3
3
1
2
2
4
1
3
3
Que.
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Ans.
3
3
1
2
3
2
4
1
1
2
3
3
1
4
1
3
4
1
2
1
Que.
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Ans.
3
1
4
1
1
4
3
1
4
4
2
2
1
2
1
1
3
4
2
2
Que.
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
Ans.
4
4
3
2
2
2
4
2
2
1
2
4
4
2
3
1
1
4
2
1
Que.
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
Ans.
3
3
4
2
3
2
1
1
3
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
3
2
2
1
Que. 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
Ans.
3
1
2
1
3
3
2
1
2
4
4
3
1
3
3
2
3
1
1
1
Que. 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
Ans.
3
4
3
1
3
1
2
4
3
2
2
4
3
4
2
2
3
3
4
2
Que. 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160
Ans.
4
3
3
4
3
2
4
3
3
2
2
4
1
4
4
1
3
4
3
2
Que. 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180
Ans.
3
2
1
3
4
3
3
2
3
4
3
2
2
4
4
1
2
3
3
4
Que. 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200
Ans.
2
4
3
3
3
3
2
1
1
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
4
3
Que. 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220
Ans.
4
1
3
4
3
4
3
4
1
2
3
4
3
3
1
1
3
1
3
4
Que. 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229
Ans.
4
1
3
3
1
1
3
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2
70
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
EXERCISE # 2
Que.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Ans.
4
3
1
4
1
3
4
4
2
3
3
2
1
3
1
4
4
3
3
1
Que.
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Ans.
2
2
2
1
1
3
1
3
2
1
1
4
1
4
4
3
2
1
3
4
Que.
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Ans.
2
1
4
4
2
2
2
EXERCISE # 3
Que.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Ans.
1
3
3
1
4
1
2
2
1
3
4
1
2
3
2
2
2
2
1
4
Que.
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Ans.
3
2
2
2
1
4
3
1
1
1
4
3
1
2
3
3
3
2
2
4
Que.
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Ans.
2
2
1
2
2
3
4
3
4
2
2
1
3
2
1
1
2
3
2
4
Que.
61
62
63
64
65
66
Ans.
3
1
2
3
2
1
EXERCISE # 4
Que.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Ans.
3
3
3
2
1
1
3
3
3
4
4
4
1
1
3
1
3
4
1
4
Que.
21
22
23
Ans.
4
1
3
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM