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CHEMISTRY Atoms Smallest unit nucleus: center/core is most of the mass of the atom a. protons: + charge b. neutrons: 0/neutral charge electron cloud: orbitals of electrons (-) Element pure substance that can’t be broken into other types of matter Distinguished by the number of protons each element has its own symbol that uses 1 or 2 letters Atoms: isotopes Atomic Number: number of protons Atomic Mass: number of protons and neutrons Isotope: different number of neutrons Changes weight Ex: C12 vs C14 Atoms: ions Ion: charged atom due to gaining or losing electrons ( Na vs Na+ ) Compounds Substance made up of 2 or more elements EX. NaCl, H2O Compounds Held together by bonds Covalent bonds (strong): 2 or more atoms share electrons Ionic Bonds (weak): attractions between + and ions Properties of Water Polar (covalent) compound Water has a positive (+) and negative (-) “pole” Pulls apart molecules like NaCl (ionic bond) Water Bonding hydrogen bonds: bonds between Hydrogen atoms Ex: hold molecules of H2O together Bond strength: Covalent > Ionic >Hydrogen Chemical Reactions (rxn) EX. NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O Reactants: compounds rearranged (left side) Products: compounds created (right side) Chemical Reactions (rxn) Exergonic/exothermic reaction: releases energy – feels warm Endergonic/endothermic reaction: requires energy and takes it from the environment- feels cold Activation Energy: amount of energy needed to start the reaction Energy Diagram without a catalyst NEED TO MEMORIZE THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS FOR YOUR QUIZ AND TEST! ELEMENTS H: hydrogen O: oxygen N: nitrogen C: carbon Na: sodium Cl: chlorine K: potassium S: sulfur COMPOUNDS H2O: water NaCl: sodium chloride/salt H2SO4: sulfuric acid HCl: hydrochloric acid NaOH: sodium hydroxide CO2: carbon dioxide O2: oxygen gas For the remainder of the lesson… 1. GEMS Lab part 2 (due today) 2. Biochem Vocabulary #1 (due tomorrow) Biochem Vocab #1 Word Definition Picture/Example Atom Compound Isotope Ion Covalent Bond Ionic Bond Hydrogen Bond Activation Energy Draw and Label Energy Diagram on Page 37