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Vocabulary #1 Science Processes Vocabulary #1 Science Processes Scientific Method – a series of organized steps that scientists use as a guide for answering a question Scientific Method – a series of organized steps that scientists use as a guide for answering a question Hypothesis – a possible explanation to a question based on what is known and observed. The explanation MUST be testable. Hypothesis – a possible explanation to a question based on what is known and observed. The explanation MUST be testable. Observation – a part of the scientific method that uses the senses to gather information Observation – a part of the scientific method that uses the senses to gather information Inference – to make a deduction or assumption based on preexperimental observations Inference – to make a deduction or assumption based on preexperimental observations Independent Variable – the experimental variable that is changed Independent Variable – the experimental variable that is changed Dependent Variable – the experimental variable that changes as a result of the independent variable Dependent Variable – the experimental variable that changes as a result of the independent variable Constant – a variable in an experiment that does not change Constant – a variable in an experiment that does not change Control – the part of an experiment where no variables are changed Control – the part of an experiment where no variables are changed Analysis – the reviewing of all experimentation data and identifying Analysis – the reviewing of all experimentation data and identifying patterns, trends or relationships patterns, trends or relationships Conclusion – a statement made after the experiment is tested, analyzed and the observations are made Conclusion – a statement made after the experiment is tested, analyzed and the observations are made Mass – A measure of how much matter is in an object Mass – A measure of how much matter is in an object Volume - The amount of space an object occupies Volume - The amount of space an object occupies Vocabulary #2 Properties of Matter Vocabulary #2 Properties of Matter Matter – anything that has mass and takes up space Matter – anything that has mass and takes up space Physical Properties – a characteristic of matter such as size, shape, or state that can be observed and measured Physical Properties – a characteristic of matter such as size, shape, or state that can be observed and measured Chemical Properties – the properties of a substance that can be Chemical Properties – the properties of a substance that can be used to identify it and that describes how the substance reacts with used to identify it and that describes how the substance reacts with other substances resulting in a new substance other substances resulting in a new substance Density – a physical property that describes the mass per unit volume of a substance Density – a physical property that describes the mass per unit volume of a substance Solubility – the measure of how much substance dissolves in a given amount of another substance Solubility – the measure of how much substance dissolves in a given amount of another substance Melting Point – the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid Melting Point – the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid Boiling Point – the temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas Boiling Point – the temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas States of Matter – solid, liquid and gas States of Matter – solid, liquid and gas Chemical Change – a change in a substance that results in a different kind of substance and that cannot be reversed Chemical Change – a change in a substance that results in a different kind of substance and that cannot be reversed Physical Change – a change in the property of a substance that does not create a new kind of matter Physical Change – a change in the property of a substance that does not create a new kind of matter Precipitate – a solid that forms from a chemical reaction that takes place in a solution Precipitate – a solid that forms from a chemical reaction that takes place in a solution Vocabulary #3 Atoms & Elements Vocabulary #3 Atoms & Elements Atom – the smallest particle of an element that still has the properties of that element Atom – the smallest particle of an element that still has the properties of that element Protons – the positively charged particles located in the atom’s nucleus, (have mass) Protons – the positively charged particles located in the atom’s nucleus, (have mass) Electrons – the negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus of Electrons – the negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus of the atom making up the electron cloud (almost no mass) the atom making up the electron cloud (almost no mass) Neutrons – the neutral (no charge) particles located in the atom’s nucleus, (have mass) Neutrons – the neutral (no charge) particles located in the atom’s nucleus, (have mass) Element – a form of matter made up of only one kind of atom Element – a form of matter made up of only one kind of atom Compound – a substance produced when elements combine and whose properties are different from each of the elements in it Compound – a substance produced when elements combine and whose properties are different from each of the elements in it Mixture – a combination of compounds and elements that has not formed a new substance and whose proportions can be changed without changing the mixture’s identity Mixture – a combination of compounds and elements that has not formed a new substance and whose proportions can be changed without changing the mixture’s identity Molecule - The smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance Molecule - The smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance Substance (pure) – matter that has the same properties and composition throughout Substance (pure) – matter that has the same properties and composition throughout Atomic Number – number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of a given element Atomic Number – number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of a given element Atomic Mass – average mass of an atom of an element Atomic Mass – average mass of an atom of an element Vocabulary #4 Periodic Table Vocabulary #4 Periodic Table Metals – elements that are malleable, ductile, good conductors of electricity, and generally have a shiny or metallic luster Metals – elements that are malleable, ductile, good conductors of electricity, and generally have a shiny or metallic luster Nonmetals- element that is usually a gas or a brittle solid at room temperature and is a poor conductor of heat and electricity Nonmetals- element that is usually a gas or a brittle solid at room temperature and is a poor conductor of heat and electricity Metalloids – elements that share some properties with both metals Metalloids – elements that share some properties with both metals and nonmetals and nonmetals Ductile - the ability of a metal to be drawn, stretched, or formed without breaking Ductile - the ability of a metal to be drawn, stretched, or formed without breaking Malleable - the ability of a metal to be shaped or formed, as by hammering or pressure Malleable - the ability of a metal to be shaped or formed, as by hammering or pressure Insulator – a substance that does not easily transfer heat or electricity Insulator – a substance that does not easily transfer heat or electricity Conductor – a substance that easily transfers heat or electricity Conductor – a substance that easily transfers heat or electricity Periodic Table - a table in which elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number Periodic Table - a table in which elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number Group- family of elements in the periodic table that have similar physical and/or chemical properties Group- family of elements in the periodic table that have similar physical and/or chemical properties Period – horizontal row of elements in the periodic table whose properties change gradually and predictably Period – horizontal row of elements in the periodic table whose properties change gradually and predictably Valence Electrons - an electron in the outer shell of an atom which Valence Electrons - an electron in the outer shell of an atom which can combine with other atoms to form molecules can combine with other atoms to form molecules Vocabulary #5 Chemical Reactions Vocabulary #5 Chemical Reactions Law of Conservation – states that the mass of the Law of Conservation – states that the mass of the products of a chemical change is always the same as the products of a chemical change is always the same as the mass of the reactants mass of the reactants Chemical Reaction – process that produces chemical Chemical Reaction – process that produces chemical change, resulting in new substances that have properties change, resulting in new substances that have properties different from those of the original substances different from those of the original substances Chemical Equation – shorthand form of writing what reactants are used and what products are formed in a chemical reaction Chemical Equation – shorthand form of writing what reactants are used and what products are formed in a chemical reaction Coefficient - A number or symbol multiplied with a variable (in a chemical equation) Coefficient - A number or symbol multiplied with a variable (in a chemical equation) Subscript – a number after and slightly below an element Subscript – a number after and slightly below an element in a chemical formula (in H20, “2” is a subscript) in a chemical formula (in H20, “2” is a subscript) Reactant – substance that exists before a chemical reaction begins Reactant – substance that exists before a chemical reaction begins Product – substance that forms as a result of a chemical reaction Product – substance that forms as a result of a chemical reaction Endothermic – chemical reaction in which thermal energy Endothermic – chemical reaction in which thermal energy is absorbed is absorbed Exothermic – chemical reaction in which thermal energy is released Exothermic – chemical reaction in which thermal energy is released Vocabulary # 6 Hydrosphere Vocabulary # 6 Hydrosphere Universal Solvent – water is called the “universal solvent” because it dissolves more substances than any other solvent Universal Solvent – water is called the “universal solvent” because it dissolves more substances than any other solvent Polarity – the separation of electric charge leading a molecule to have a positive and negative part Polarity – the separation of electric charge leading a molecule to have a positive and negative part Cohesion – the force that causes molecules to stick to like molecules Cohesion – the force that causes molecules to stick to like molecules Adhesion – the force that causes molecules to stick to different molecules Adhesion – the force that causes molecules to stick to different molecules Surface Tension – the elastic like force existing on the surface of a body, especially a liquid Surface Tension – the elastic like force existing on the surface of a body, especially a liquid Density (H2O) – 1 g/ml Density (H2O) – 1 g/ml Specific Heat – amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1° C Specific Heat – amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1° C River Basin – the land that water flows across or under on its way to a river River Basin – the land that water flows across or under on its way to a river Watershed – all the land where water drains from streams to a river. Many watersheds make a river basin. Watershed – all the land where water drains from streams to a river. Many watersheds make a river basin. Hydrosphere – all the water on, above and under the Earth’s surface Hydrosphere – all the water on, above and under the Earth’s surface Surface Water – water found at Earth’s surface Surface Water – water found at Earth’s surface Ground Water – the water found in cracks and pores in sand, gravel and rocks below the Earth’s surface Ground Water – the water found in cracks and pores in sand, gravel and rocks below the Earth’s surface Aquifer – a porous rock layer underground that is a reservoir for water and that can yield usable groundwater Aquifer – a porous rock layer underground that is a reservoir for water and that can yield usable groundwater Transpiration – the part of the water cycle by which water vapor is released into the air by green plants Transpiration – the part of the water cycle by which water vapor is released into the air by green plants Infiltration – a part of the water cycle in which water filters slowly into porous sand or rock Infiltration – a part of the water cycle in which water filters slowly into porous sand or rock Vocabulary #7 Marine Ecosystems Vocabulary #7 Marine Ecosystems Estuaries – areas where freshwater mixes with salt water Estuaries – areas where freshwater mixes with salt water Marine Ecosystems – an ocean community of organisms Marine Ecosystems – an ocean community of organisms and the non-living factors that affect them and the non-living factors that affect them Upwelling – the movement of cold, nutrient rich waters from the deep ocean into shallow areas Upwelling – the movement of cold, nutrient rich waters from the deep ocean into shallow areas Photosynthesis – that process that plants use to make food in which carbon dioxide and water are changed to sugar and oxygen in the presence of sunlight. Photosynthesis – that process that plants use to make food in which carbon dioxide and water are changed to sugar and oxygen in the presence of sunlight. Chemosynthesis – organisms that use sulfur and nitrogen compounds to produce food in the absence of sunlight Chemosynthesis – organisms that use sulfur and nitrogen compounds to produce food in the absence of sunlight Hydrothermal Vent – a crack in the ocean crust that releases mineral rich water that has been heated by the Earth’s interior Hydrothermal Vent – a crack in the ocean crust that releases mineral rich water that has been heated by the Earth’s interior Salinity – the concentration of salts in a liquid such as water Salinity – the concentration of salts in a liquid such as water Nekton – marine animals that can actively swim Nekton – marine animals that can actively swim Benthos – marine plants and animals that live on or in the ocean floor Benthos – marine plants and animals that live on or in the ocean floor Plankton – marine organisms that float in ocean currents Plankton – marine organisms that float in ocean currents Vocabulary 8 Water Treatment Vocabulary 8 Water Treatment pH –a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution, from 1-14, 7 is neutral pH –a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution, from 1-14, 7 is neutral Nitrates – an inorganic compound composed of one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of oxygen, used in fertilizer Nitrates – an inorganic compound composed of one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of oxygen, used in fertilizer Phosphates – an inorganic compound composed of one atom of phosphorus and four atoms of oxygen, used in fertilizer Phosphates – an inorganic compound composed of one atom of phosphorus and four atoms of oxygen, used in fertilizer Turbidity – The measure of cloudiness in water, as the result of suspended particles or phytoplankton Turbidity – The measure of cloudiness in water, as the result of suspended particles or phytoplankton Bio-indicator – are species used to monitor the health of an environment or ecosystem Bio-indicator – are species used to monitor the health of an environment or ecosystem Temperature – the amount of heat in a substance or object Temperature – the amount of heat in a substance or object Dissolved Oxygen – the amount of oxygen in a liquid sample Dissolved Oxygen – the amount of oxygen in a liquid sample Sewage – waste water and excrement Sewage – waste water and excrement Eutrophication – natural process that eventually turns a lake into dry land over time through an increase in sediment, nutrients and organisms. Eutrophication – natural process that eventually turns a lake into dry land over time through an increase in sediment, nutrients and organisms. Point Source – pollution that enters the water from a specific location and can be controlled or treated before it enters a body of water Point Source – pollution that enters the water from a specific location and can be controlled or treated before it enters a body of water Non-point Source – pollution that enters water from a large area and cannot be traced to a single location Non-point Source – pollution that enters water from a large area and cannot be traced to a single location Pollution – introduction of wastes to the environment, such as sewage and chemicals that Pollution – introduction of wastes to the environment, such as sewage and chemicals that can damage organisms can damage organisms Water Quality – physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water Water Quality – physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water Pesticides – substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals Pesticides – substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals Herbicides – substance that is toxic to plants and is used to destroy unwanted vegetation Herbicides – substance that is toxic to plants and is used to destroy unwanted vegetation Stewardship – the responsibility for environmental quality shared by all those whose actions affect the environment Stewardship – the responsibility for environmental quality shared by all those whose actions affect the environment Water Treatment - describes those processes used to make water more acceptable for use, such as drinking Water Treatment - describes those processes used to make water more acceptable for use, such as drinking Vocabulary # 9 Ecosystems Vocabulary # 9 Ecosystems Producers – an organism that can make its own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis Producers – an organism that can make its own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis Consumers- organism that gets its energy from eating other organisms Consumers- organism that gets its energy from eating other organisms Decomposers – organism that breaks down tissue and releases nutrients back into the ecosystem Decomposers – organism that breaks down tissue and releases nutrients back into the ecosystem Abiotic Factor- any non-living part of the environment such as water, temperature, sunlight, air and soil that are factors that influence the living parts of the environment Abiotic Factor- any non-living part of the environment such as water, temperature, sunlight, air and soil that are factors that influence the living parts of the environment Biotic Factor – any living or once-living organism in the environment Biotic Factor – any living or once-living organism in the environment Habitat- the place where an organism lives Habitat- the place where an organism lives Limiting Factor- any abiotic or biotic factor that limits the number of Limiting Factor- any abiotic or biotic factor that limits the number of individual organisms in a population individual organisms in a population Ecosystem – all the communities of organisms in an area and the abiotic factors they interact with Ecosystem – all the communities of organisms in an area and the abiotic factors they interact with Community – the populations of different organisms that interact in Community – the populations of different organisms that interact in the same area the same area Population- all the individuals of one species that live in the same area Population- all the individuals of one species that live in the same area Species- group of organisms that reproduces only with other members of the same group Species- group of organisms that reproduces only with other members of the same group Population Density- number of individuals in a population that occupies an area of limited size Population Density- number of individuals in a population that occupies an area of limited size Vocabulary #10 Interactions of Organisms Vocabulary #10 Interactions of Organisms Symbiotic Relationship – a close interaction between two or more different species Symbiotic Relationship – a close interaction between two or more different species Mutualism – a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit Mutualism – a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit Parasitism – a symbiotic relationship between two species in which one species is harmed Parasitism – a symbiotic relationship between two species in which one species is harmed Commensalism – a symbiotic relationship that benefits one organism without affecting the other organism Commensalism – a symbiotic relationship that benefits one organism without affecting the other organism Predation – the act of one organism hunting, killing and feeding on another organism Predation – the act of one organism hunting, killing and feeding on another organism Competition – relationship between members of the same or different species interacting to acquire limited resources Competition – relationship between members of the same or different species interacting to acquire limited resources Food Web – model that describes how energy from food moves through a community; a series of overlapping food chains Food Web – model that describes how energy from food moves through a community; a series of overlapping food chains Aquatic Food Chain – a model describing the flow of food energy through an aquatic (water) community Aquatic Food Chain – a model describing the flow of food energy through an aquatic (water) community Terrestrial Food Chain – a model describing the flow of food energy through a terrestrial (land) community Terrestrial Food Chain – a model describing the flow of food energy through a terrestrial (land) community Nitrogen Cycle - the movement and exchange of nitrogen atoms through living and nonliving parts of the environment Nitrogen Cycle - the movement and exchange of nitrogen atoms through living and nonliving parts of the environment Carbon Cycle – the movement and exchange of carbon atoms through living and nonliving parts of the environment Carbon Cycle – the movement and exchange of carbon atoms through living and nonliving parts of the environment Autotroph - organisms that use energy from the sun or energy stored in chemical compounds to make their own food Autotroph - organisms that use energy from the sun or energy stored in chemical compounds to make their own food Heterotroph – organisms that cannot make their own food, and get their energy from consuming other organisms Heterotroph – organisms that cannot make their own food, and get their energy from consuming other organisms Ecological Pyramids - A representation in the shape of a pyramid to show the feeding relationship of groups of organisms, and the flow of energy in an ecosystem. Ecological Pyramids - A representation in the shape of a pyramid to show the feeding relationship of groups of organisms, and the flow of energy in an ecosystem. Vocabulary #11 Energy Vocabulary #11 Energy Energy - the capacity of a physical system to do work Energy - the capacity of a physical system to do work Solar – renewable energy source that uses the sun to generate electricity Solar – renewable energy source that uses the sun to generate electricity Wind- renewable energy source that uses wind power to generate electricity Wind- renewable energy source that uses wind power to generate electricity Hydroelectric –renewable energy source that uses water power and gravity to create electricity Hydroelectric –renewable energy source that uses water power and gravity to create electricity Geothermal – renewable energy from the heat in the interior of the earth Geothermal – renewable energy from the heat in the interior of the earth Biomass – renewable energy source that can be burned and used as a source of fuel Biomass – renewable energy source that can be burned and used as a source of fuel Nuclear energy - The energy released by the nucleus of an atom as the result of nuclear fission or nuclear fusion Nuclear energy - The energy released by the nucleus of an atom as the result of nuclear fission or nuclear fusion Renewable - energy sources that do not deplete, and are Renewable - energy sources that do not deplete, and are available indefinitely available indefinitely Nonrenewable – energy sources that will eventually run out and are not replaceable Nonrenewable – energy sources that will eventually run out and are not replaceable Energy Conservation – reducing the amount of energy used Energy Conservation – reducing the amount of energy used Fossil Fuels - energy sources from the decomposition of organisms millions of years ago Fossil Fuels - energy sources from the decomposition of organisms millions of years ago Vocabulary #12 Geologic Time Vocabulary #12 Geologic Time Fossils – remains, imprints, or traces of prehistoric organisms that can tell when and where organisms once lived and how they lived Fossils – remains, imprints, or traces of prehistoric organisms that can tell when and where organisms once lived and how they lived Geologic Time Scale – division in Earth’s history into time Geologic Time Scale – division in Earth’s history into time units based on the types of life-forms that lived only units based on the types of life-forms that lived only during certain periods during certain periods Precambrian Era – longest part of Earth’s history, lasting Precambrian Era – longest part of Earth’s history, lasting from 4 billion years ago to 544 million years ago from 4 billion years ago to 544 million years ago Paleozoic Era – era of ancient life, which began about 544 million years ago, when organisms developed hard parts, and ended with mass extinctions about 245 million years ago Paleozoic Era – era of ancient life, which began about 544 million years ago, when organisms developed hard parts, and ended with mass extinctions about 245 million years ago Mesozoic Era – middles era of Earth’s history, during Mesozoic Era – middles era of Earth’s history, during which Pangaea broke apart, dinosaurs appeared, and which Pangaea broke apart, dinosaurs appeared, and reptiles and gymnosperms were dominant land life-forms reptiles and gymnosperms were dominant land life-forms Cenozoic Era – era of recent life that began about 66 million years ago and continues today Cenozoic Era – era of recent life that began about 66 million years ago and continues today Fossil Record - the collective group of all fossils already discovered Fossil Record - the collective group of all fossils already discovered Extinction - no longer in existence, no members of the species still living Extinction - no longer in existence, no members of the species still living Vocabulary #13 Geologic Layers Vocabulary #13 Geologic Layers Relative Age – the age of something compared to other things Relative Age – the age of something compared to other things Law of Superposition – states that in undisturbed rock layers, the oldest rocks are on the bottom and become progressively younger towards the top Law of Superposition – states that in undisturbed rock layers, the oldest rocks are on the bottom and become progressively younger towards the top Index Fossils – remains of a species that existed on Earth for a relatively Index Fossils – remains of a species that existed on Earth for a relatively short period of time, were abundant and geographically widespread, and short period of time, were abundant and geographically widespread, and can be used by geologists to assign ages to rock layers can be used by geologists to assign ages to rock layers Trilobites – organism with a three-lobed exoskeleton that was abundant in Paleozoic oceans and is considered an index fossil Trilobites – organism with a three-lobed exoskeleton that was abundant in Paleozoic oceans and is considered an index fossil Ice Cores - a core sample that is typically removed from an ice sheet, most commonly from polar ice Ice Cores - a core sample that is typically removed from an ice sheet, most commonly from polar ice Fault – a crack in the Earth's crust resulting from the displacement of one Fault – a crack in the Earth's crust resulting from the displacement of one side with respect to the other side with respect to the other Rock Cycle - a continuous process by which rocks are created and changed from one form to another Rock Cycle - a continuous process by which rocks are created and changed from one form to another Absolute Age – age, in years, of a rock or other object; can be determined using properties of the atoms that make up the object Absolute Age – age, in years, of a rock or other object; can be determined using properties of the atoms that make up the object Half-Life – time it takes for half the atoms of an isotope to decay Half-Life – time it takes for half the atoms of an isotope to decay Radioactive Dating – process used to calculate the absolute age of rock by measuring the ratio of parent isotope to daughter product in a mineral and knowing the half-life of the parent. Radioactive Dating – process used to calculate the absolute age of rock by measuring the ratio of parent isotope to daughter product in a mineral and knowing the half-life of the parent. Unconformity – a discontinuity in rock layers indicating layers were deposited at different times, usually due to erosion Unconformity – a discontinuity in rock layers indicating layers were deposited at different times, usually due to erosion Vocabulary 14 Evolution Vocabulary 14 Evolution Biological Evolution - is the change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms Biological Evolution - is the change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms Natural Selection – process by which organisms that are better suited to an environment are better able to survive and reproduce than organisms that are not Natural Selection – process by which organisms that are better suited to an environment are better able to survive and reproduce than organisms that are not Adaptation - adjustment to environmental conditions Adaptation - adjustment to environmental conditions Genetic Variation – the differences that exist between members of the same species Genetic Variation – the differences that exist between members of the same species Mutation - a change of the DNA sequence within a gene or chromosome of an Mutation - a change of the DNA sequence within a gene or chromosome of an Species - group of organisms that reproduces only with other members of the same group Species - group of organisms that reproduces only with other members of the same group Taxonomy - biological classification that helps precisely describe organism, and helps show relation between organism, living and extinct Taxonomy - biological classification that helps precisely describe organism, and helps show relation between organism, living and extinct Biodiversity - the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem Biodiversity - the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem Analogous structures - equivalent structures in different organisms that do not come from a common ancestor, but perform the same function Analogous structures - equivalent structures in different organisms that do not come from a common ancestor, but perform the same function Homologous structures - the same part in different organisms in a variety of shapes and forms, showing a degree of relation between organisms Homologous structures - the same part in different organisms in a variety of shapes and forms, showing a degree of relation between organisms Anatomy – the stdy of the bodily structure of humans, animals and other organisms Anatomy – the stdy of the bodily structure of humans, animals and other organisms Vestigial Structures – a structure or organ (body part) that is either smaller in size or has no use left over from evolution Vestigial Structures – a structure or organ (body part) that is either smaller in size or has no use left over from evolution Embryology – the studies of embryos and their development Embryology – the studies of embryos and their development Vocabulary 15 Microbes Vocabulary 15 Microbes Microbe - microorganism Microbe - microorganism Pathogen - bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease Pathogen - bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease Virus - strand of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coating that can infect and multiply in a host cell Virus - strand of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coating that can infect and multiply in a host cell Host Cell - living cell in which a virus can actively multiply or in which a virus can hide until activated by environmental stimuli Host Cell - living cell in which a virus can actively multiply or in which a virus can hide until activated by environmental stimuli Bacteria - very small, usually unicellular organisms, lacking chlorophyll Bacteria - very small, usually unicellular organisms, lacking chlorophyll Fungi - members of the kingdom Fungi, including molds, mushrooms and some types of slime Fungi - members of the kingdom Fungi, including molds, mushrooms and some types of slime Parasite - an organism that lives on or in an organism of another species and negatively affects the hosts’ health Parasite - an organism that lives on or in an organism of another species and negatively affects the hosts’ health Protist - free-living or colonial organisms with a variety of reproductive and feeding methods Protist - free-living or colonial organisms with a variety of reproductive and feeding methods Protozoa - comprises the single-celled microscopic animals, which Protozoa - comprises the single-celled microscopic animals, which include amoebas, flagellates, and ciliates; some can cause include amoebas, flagellates, and ciliates; some can cause disease disease Algae - simple nonflowering plant of a large group that includes the Algae - simple nonflowering plant of a large group that includes the seaweeds and many single-celled forms; contain chlorophyll seaweeds and many single-celled forms; contain chlorophyll Mutant - an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration, a mutation Mutant - an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration, a mutation Vocabulary 16 Treatment of Disease Vocabulary 16 Treatment of Disease Epidemic - An outbreak of a disease that affects a disproportionately large number of individuals within a population, community or region at the same time Epidemic - An outbreak of a disease that affects a disproportionately large number of individuals within a population, community or region at the same time Pandemic - An epidemic of an infectious disease that is spreading through human populations across a large region, continent or even worldwide Pandemic - An epidemic of an infectious disease that is spreading through human populations across a large region, continent or even worldwide Antibiotic - a drug that kills or prevents the growth of bacteria Antibiotic - a drug that kills or prevents the growth of bacteria Vaccine - A form of an antigen that gives you immunity against a disease Vaccine - A form of an antigen that gives you immunity against a disease Infectious Disease - one that can be passed from one generation to another. Infectious Disease - one that can be passed from one generation to another. Contagion - the communication of disease by direct or indirect contact Contagion - the communication of disease by direct or indirect contact Vector - mechanisms that spread disease without getting Vector - mechanisms that spread disease without getting sick itself sick itself Carrier - an organism that transfers disease to another organism Carrier - an organism that transfers disease to another organism Vocabulary 17 Cell Structure Vocabulary 17 Cell Structure Cell membrane – protective outer covering of all cells that regulates the interaction between the cell and the environment Cell membrane – protective outer covering of all cells that regulates the interaction between the cell and the environment Cell wall – rigid structure that encloses, supports, and protects the cells of plants, algae, fungi and most bacteria Cell wall – rigid structure that encloses, supports, and protects the cells of plants, algae, fungi and most bacteria Nucleus – organelle that controls all the activities of the cell and contains hereditary material made out of proteins and DNA Nucleus – organelle that controls all the activities of the cell and contains hereditary material made out of proteins and DNA Chloroplast – green, chlorophyll containing, plant-cell organelle that uses light energy to produce sugar from carbon dioxide and water Chloroplast – green, chlorophyll containing, plant-cell organelle that uses light energy to produce sugar from carbon dioxide and water Mitochondria – cell organelle that breaks down food and releases energy Mitochondria – cell organelle that breaks down food and releases energy Ribosome – small cytoplasmic structure on which cells make their own proteins Ribosome – small cytoplasmic structure on which cells make their own proteins Cytoplasm – constantly moving gel-like mixture inside the cell membrane that contains hereditary material and is the location of most of the cell’s life processes Cytoplasm – constantly moving gel-like mixture inside the cell membrane that contains hereditary material and is the location of most of the cell’s life processes Prokaryote – cells without membrane bound structures Prokaryote – cells without membrane bound structures Eukaryote – cells with membrane bound structures Eukaryote – cells with membrane bound structures Mitosis - cell division that results in two daughter cells each the same as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth Mitosis - cell division that results in two daughter cells each the same as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth Meiosis - A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells Meiosis - A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each with half the chromosome number of the parent cell, typical of each with half the chromosome number of the parent cell, typical of reproduction reproduction Vocabulary 18 Cellular Energy & Body Health Vocabulary 18 Cellular Energy & Body Health Glucose - the main type of sugar in the blood and is the major source of energy for the body's cells Glucose - the main type of sugar in the blood and is the major source of energy for the body's cells Protein - essential in the diet of animals for the growth and repair of tissue Protein - essential in the diet of animals for the growth and repair of tissue Sugar - Any of a class of water-soluble crystalline carbohydrates, including sucrose, lactose, and glucose Sugar - Any of a class of water-soluble crystalline carbohydrates, including sucrose, lactose, and glucose Carbohydrate - Any of a large group of compounds (including sugars, starch, and cellulose) which contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Carbohydrate - Any of a large group of compounds (including sugars, starch, and cellulose) which contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Lipid – organic compounds that contain the same elements as carbohydrates but in different proportions; fats and oils Lipid – organic compounds that contain the same elements as carbohydrates but in different proportions; fats and oils ATP - adenosine triphosphate, transports chemical energy within cells for ATP - adenosine triphosphate, transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism metabolism Cellular respiration – process by which producers and consumers release stored energy from food molecules Cellular respiration – process by which producers and consumers release stored energy from food molecules Photosynthesis – process by which plants and many other producers use Photosynthesis – process by which plants and many other producers use light energy to produce a simple sugar from carbon dioxide and water light energy to produce a simple sugar from carbon dioxide and water and give off oxygen and give off oxygen Respiration - The act or process of inhaling and exhaling; breathing Respiration - The act or process of inhaling and exhaling; breathing Digestion - The process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed and assimilated by the body Digestion - The process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed and assimilated by the body Circulation - The continuous motion by which the blood travels through all parts of the body under the action of the heart Circulation - The continuous motion by which the blood travels through all parts of the body under the action of the heart Metabolism - the total of all chemical reactions in an organism Metabolism - the total of all chemical reactions in an organism Homeostasis - the tendency of a system, especially the physiological system of higher animals, to maintain internal stability Homeostasis - the tendency of a system, especially the physiological system of higher animals, to maintain internal stability