Download Sensory Memory

Cognition
7A – Memory
7B – Thinking, Problems Solving,
Creativity, and Language
Memory
Memory - the persistence of
learning over time through the
storage and retrieval of
information.
Examples:
Sensory Memory
Long-term memory
Short-term
Working memory
Implicit/Procedural Memory
Explicit memory
Episodic memory
Semantic memory
Flashbulb memory
Mood Congruent memory
Context Dependent Memory
Prospective Memory
Take out a piece of paper…..
• Name the seven
dwarves…..
• You must write down
7 names, even if
you’re unsure
Now name them…..
Now name the seven dwarfs
Grouchy
Gabby
Fearful
Sleepy
Smiley
Jumpy
Hopeful
Shy
Droopy
Dopey,
Sniffy
Puffy
Dumpy
Sneezy,
Laughy
Shorty
Nifty
Happy
Doc
Wheezy
Stubby
Cheerful
Lazy
Pop
Wishful
Bashful
Grumpy
Crabby
Was it easy or hard?
• It depends on several
things….
• Difficulty of the task
• Tip-of-the-tongue
phenomenon
• Organization of the
memory
• Recall vs. Recognition
The Memory Process
Basic three step process….
1. Encoding: The processing of
information into the memory system.
– Getting the info into the brain
– Example: Getting the names of the 7
dwarfs into your brain
2. Storage: The retention of encoded
material over time.
– Retaining the info
– Example: Rehearsing the names of the
dwarfs so that they are stored in memory
3. Retrieval: The process of getting the
information out of memory storage.
– Getting the info back out
– Example: Recalling or Recognizing the
names of the dwarfs to get them back out
of storage
3 Memory Models
1. Atkinson-Shiffrin 3
stage model
2. Modified AtkinsonShiffrin
3. Connectivism Model
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s 3 Step Model of
Memory
1.
Sensory memory – brief recording of sensory information
• Example: the sea of faces as you walk down the hallway
2. Short-term memory – memory that holds few items briefly before
info is forgotten unless consciously activated
• Example – a new phone number is remembered only long enough
to dial it
3. Long –term memory – relatively permanent and limitless storage of
memory.
• Examples: Knowledge, skills, experiences (flashbulb)
Modified Atkinson – Shiffrin modified
(3 Stage) Model
• 2 New concepts
1. Working Memory – active processing
that combines novel (?) or important
info along with info retrieved from long
term memory, and problem solving
– Instead of short-term memory being
just a 20 sec. holding tank, this
model includes the ability to briefly
process info
– Example – Daydreaming in class
2. Some info skips the 1st two stages
in Atkinson’s/Shiffrins and is
processed automatically into longterm memory
Modified Three-stage Model of
Memory
Connectionism Model of Memory
• Connectionism – theory that states that memory is
stored throughout the brain in connections between
neurons
– Many neurons may work together to process a single memory
• memory emerges from particular activation patterns
within the network
• retrieval of the memory is a reconstruction based on
each of the elements of the pattern
1. Pick 3 of the following terms and give a
personal example of YOU using them:
– Encoding
– Storage
– Retrieval
– Sensory Memory
– Short-term Memory
– Long-term Memory
– Working Memory
2. Name the 2 memory models we discussed
yesterday
On a piece of paper: Name
the 3 memory models
discussed today. Which do
you think is most useful in
explaining memory? Why?
Did you encode the info?
Is it in storage, if not why
not?
Are you able to retrieve
it?
The process of getting information
into memory is called
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Priming
Chunking
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The process of retrieval refers to
1. the persistence of learning
over time.
2. the organization of
information into
manageable units.
3. getting information out of
memory storage.
4. conscious repetition of
information to be
remembered.
5. the identification of
information previously
learned.
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Which of the following is the best definition of
the modern memory model “connectionism”?
1. a newer understanding of short
term memory that focuses on
active processing
2. the view that memory emerges
from interconnected neural
networks
3. memory aids provided by
powerful visual imagery or cues
4. memory aids provided by
powerful visual imagery or cues
5. cues from a current situation 0%
that trigger memories of a
1.
previous experience
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The integration of new incoming information
with knowledge retrieved from long-term
memory involves the activity of
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Implicit memory
Explicit memory
Encoding
Storage
Working memory
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How We Encode
2 Ways of Encoding
1. Automatically Processing
– Automatic
– Parallel
2. Effortful processing
– Rehearsal
Encoding - Automatic Processing
Automatic Processing - unconscious encoding of
incidental information
– Examples: Unintentionally encoding…and later remembering
– Time – day’s sequence of events, and remembering later you left
your AP note cards on the lunch table
– space – place on a page in your AP textbook where the term
automatic processing occurs..
– Frequency – number of times you saw your Mr. Gielink in the hall
– well learned info – understand every word in your AP Textbook
– Unique or engaging info – “pop out” effect; things that stand out
Automatic Processing
• Parallel Processing – processing of
many things simultaneously
– Allows many sensory experiences to be
encoded all at once, some automatically,
some with effort
– Example: process a red car coming straight at you,
you know to get out of the way!
Automatic Processing
Spring is the
the most beautiful
time of the year
Encoding – Effortful
Processing
1. Effortful Processing –
encoding that requires
conscious effort and attention
– Example: Studying for
your unit test on memory
• Rehearsal – conscious
repetition of info to encode
it for storage
– Example: Reviewing your
AP note cards every
night
Ebbinghaus’s Retention Curve
• Ebbinghaus Curve - The amount
remembered depends on the
time spent learning
– Used nonsense syllabus to study
memory
– JIH, BAZ, FUB, YOX SUJ, XIR
– The more time you rehearse on
day 1, the less time it takes to
relearn the info on day 2
• Overlearning – additional
rehearsal after we learn
material increases retention
Effortful Processing
• Spacing effect – distributed study is
better for long-term recall than
massed study (cramming)
– DO NOT CRAM!!!!!!!!!!!!
– Example: Start studying now for your
midterm—1/2 once per week!
• Testing effect – repeated quizzing or
testing improves retention
– Example: giving comprehensive quizzes
every month, or even better, quizzing
yourself repeatedly
Take out a piece of paper and name all the
Presidents…
Encoding Information
• Serial Positioning Effect – we tend
to remember the first and last items
on a list
– Primacy Effect – remember items at the
beginning of a list
• Occurs because of rehearsal
• Example: Washington, Adams..
– Recency Effect – remembering items at
the end of a list (most recent)
• Occurs because of working memory
• Example: Obama, Bush…
– Rostorff effect – remembering unique items
on a list
• Example: Lincoln, Kennedy
•
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Discuss the following terms at your table
and come up with an example that is
relevant to you
Automatic Processing
Parallel Processing
Effortful Processing
Rehearsal
Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
Spacing Effect
Testing Effect
Serial Position Effect
Recency Effect
Primacy Effect
Rosdorff Effect
Effortful processing can occur only
with
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Implicit memory
Conscious Attention
Visual imagery
Chunking
Sensory memory
Response
Counter
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While reading your AP Psych textbook
effortlessly, you understand every
word. Your ability highlights the
importance of
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Flashbulb memory
Spacing Effect
Implicit memory
Serial position effect
Automatic
Processing
Response
Counter
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What We Encode…
Encoding Exercise
1. Visual Encoding: the encoding of
picture/visual images.
Example – appearance of letters – are
they in ALL CAPS, Bolded, In Red
2. Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound,
especially the sounds of words.
Example: “If the glove doesn’t fit you
must acquit”
3. Semantic Encoding: the encoding of
meaning.
Example: “rambutan” may not mean
anything to you – but if you put a meaning
to it (a tropical fruit which means “hair”
in Malaysian, similar to its physical
qualities), you might remember it
Levels of Processing Theory
Levels of Processing Theory (Craik and
Lockhart) – three ways of encoding
information: structural processing,
phonetic processing, and semantic
processing
• the way information is encoded affects
how well it is remembered. The deeper
the level of processing (semantic), the
easier the information is to recall.
–
–
–
–
NEURON
NUR-RON
NERVE CELL
SENDS INFORMATION TO OTHER
CELLS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Levels of Processing Theory
• Shallow Processing – encoding with no meaning
1.
Structural processing – encode only physical properties of a
word (neuron is a bolded word in your textbook)
2. Phonetic processing – encode how the words sounds (neuron
sounds like nur-ron a little like moron)
• Deep Processing – encoding with meaning (more likely to
remember)
3. Semantic processing – encode the meaning of the word and
relate it to words with similar meaning
• Elaborative Rehearsal – thinking about the meaning, purpose,
image of, and how it relates to other words rather than just
repeating the word over and over
– Example: "neuron." - look up what it means (nerve cell),
find out its purpose (transmit information from/to the
central nervous system), look at a diagram and study its
parts, and think about how it relates to things that you
already know (like how similar its firing is to a toilet
flushing).
Encoding Exercise
Visual Encoding
– Imagery – visual images help us remember
concrete words (aided by semantic encoding)
Example: Ipod, process, college, claim, neuron
– Rosy Retrospection – recalling high points,
forgetting the worst
• Example: After a trip to Disney World, you
remember meeting Mickey, Space Mountain, the
turkey leg you ate, but forget the long lines, and the
heat
Encoding Exercise
Mneumonics
– Mnemonic Devices – ANY memory aid that
uses visual images and clever ways of
organizing material
• EXAMPLES:
1. Peg word system – memorizing a jingle
and using imagery to associate items
with the jingle
»
One is a bun (chicken squashing the bun),
two is a shoe (corn filling up shoe)…
2. Method of Loci – use visual information
with familiar objects on a path to
recall info on a list
»
Example: remembering items on a grocery
list by associating them with a place in our
house (chicken is pecking at front door,
corn is smashed in the foyer etc)
Encoding Exercise
Mneumonics
3. Hierarchies – broad
concepts divided and
subdivided into
narrower concepts and
facts
• Example: See picture
4. Chunking - Organizing
items into familiar,
manageable units
(acronyms)
• Example: PORN – Proactive
Interference: Old info
interferes with New
Retroactive Interference:
New interferes with Old
1-800-IBM-HELP (Chunking)
Every Good Boy Does Fine
(Acrostic)
(Acronym)
Acoustic Encoding
Acoustic Encoding
•Example:
The melody of your
favorite song has been
encoded into long-term
memory
Semantic Encoding
• Semantic Encoding
• Examples:
• Children in Israel, can sing the top rock songs
from the United States but they don’t know
what the words mean. This is because they are
using an acoustic code to remember a song and
sing it, but they do not have a semantic code
for the meaning of the words.
• Self Reference Effect – the tendency to
remember information that is “relevant to me”
compared to less personally relevant
information
• Example: I remember the meaning of
rambutan because I was in Malaysia and ate
them…yum!
Comparing Types of Encoding
• You’re given the word
EXTROVERTED, which of the
following is an example of Visual,
Acoustic, Semantic Encoding?
– The word
– The word
– The word
– The word
consists of 10 letters
rhymes with perverted
written in capitals
describes you well
• Which would you remember better?
The serial position effect best
highlights the importance of
1.
2.
3.
4.
Rehearsal
Chunking
Visual imagery
Automatic
processing
5. Flashbulb memory
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Semantic encoding refers to the
processing of
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Sounds
Meanings
Visual images
Touch sensations
Mnemonics
Response
Counter
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Your ability to immediately recognize the
voice over the P.A. system as Ms. Short’s is
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The spacing effect
Implicit memory
Acoustic encoding
Chunking
Visual encoding
Response
Counter
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Discuss with your group the following
terms/concepts with an example of your own
• Levels of processing
Theory
– Shallow processing
• Structural processing
• Phonetic processing
– Deep Processing
• Semantic processing
– Elaborative rehearsal
• Visual encoding
– Visual Images
• Rosy Retrospection
• Mnemonic Devices
– Peg word System
– Method of Loci
– Chunking
» Acrostic
» Acronym
• Acoustic encoding
• Symantec encoding
– Self Reference Effect
Storage
Types of Memory
1. Sensory Memory
Iconic
Echoic
–
–
2. Working Memory/Short-term
3. Long-Term Memory
Implicit Memory/Procedural Memory
–
• Conditioned Memories
Explicit Memory
–
•
•
•
•
Episodic Memory
Semantic Memory
Flashbulb Memories
Prospective memory
Sensory Memory
• Sensory Memory - A
split second holding
tank for ALL sensory
information
• Examples:.
– Iconic Memory –
momentary sensory
memory of visual
stimuli
– Echoic Memory –
momentary sensory
memory of auditory
stimuli
Sensory Memory
• Sperling’s memory experiment
– Momentary photographic memory
• After flashing an image, participants had a momentary
mental image of all 9 letters
• http://bcs.worthpublishers.com/psychsim5/launcher.html
• Iconic memory – photographic or picture image
memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
– A momentary mental image that remains after the image is
gone
– Example:
• A momentary mental image that remains after seeing a
phone number flashed on the TV
• The afterimage of Twirling a sparkler
Sensory Memory
• Echoic memory – auditory memory lasting
no more than a 3-4 seconds (mind’s echo
chamber)
– A momentary auditory impression that remains
after the sound is gone
– Example: a moment after hearing your teacher say
something when you weren’t paying, you are able to
answer the question “What did I just say?”
Short Term/Working Memory
• Short –term memory
– consciously activated
– limited capacity –
• Holds items for about 30 seconds
without rehearsal
• holds a few items briefly (7 digits
+/-2) until it is forgotten or
stored
– Encoded visually, acoustically
or semantically through
rehearsal.
– Maintenance Rehearsal
• repeatedly verbalizing or thinking
about a piece of information.
– Example – repeating a phone
number in your head
Working/Short-Term Memory
• Duration – Brief (30 sec or less) without
active processing
– Slightly better for auditory info than visual info
– Numbers better than letters
• Capacity - Limited
– Magic number Seven
• 5-9 bits of information, ave. = 7
• The list of magic sevens
–
–
–
–
–
–
Seven
Seven
Seven
Seven
Seven
Seven
wonders of world
seas
deadly sins
primary colors
musical scale notes
days of the week
Types of Long Term Memory
• Implicit Memory/Procedural Memory
– Conditioned Memories
• Explicit Memory
– Episodic Memory
– Semantic Memory
– Flashbulb Memory
– Prospective Memory
Long Term Memory
• Long-term memory Unlimited storehouse of
knowledge, skills and
experiences.
– Unlimited capacity
– Relatively permanent
– Organized and indexed
• Examples:
– Explicit (declarative)
memories – (Facts)
– Implicit (non-declarative)
memories (remembering how
to do a task)
Types of Long-Term Memory
Implicit Memories
• Implicit/Procedural Memories –
without conscious recall
– Processed by cerebellum and
other brain areas
 still intact with anterograde
amnesia
• Examples:
– Bike Riding, Playing an
instrument
– Conditioned Memories –
memories from conditioned
learning
• Example: Fear
Explicit Memories
• Explicit Memories – memories of
facts and experiences, consciously
recalled
– Processed by the Hippocampus
• Verbal information is stored in the left
hippocampus
• visual designs are stored in the right
hippocampus.
– Infantile amnesia – can’t remember
events before age 3
• Hippocampus is one of the last brain
structures to develop
• Example: Remembering the first
President of the U.S.
Explicit Memories
Episodic Memories - memories of
autobiographical events, situations,
and experiences
Example: Remembering you 5th
Birthday Party
Semantic Memories – memory of
words, meanings, and
understandings
Example: Remembering the meaning
of vocab from AP Psych
Explicit Memories
• Flashbulb Memories – clear moment of
a emotionally significant event
– Facilitated by stress hormones
– Prolonged stress however, can inhibit
memory formation by shrinking the
hippocampus
– Amygdala (emotion center of the brain)
boosts activity & proteins into memory
forming areas of the brain
– Example: 9/11
• Prospective Memory – remembering to
perform a planned action
– Example: Remembering to meet your
study group for the AP Psych Exam
Storing Memories
Memory trace – physical basis for learning and
memory (believed to occur at synapse)
Long Term-Potentiation – Increases in synaptic
firing potential of a neuron
– Neural basis for learning and memory
– Sending neuron needs less prompting; receiving neuron
receptors increase.
– Neurons that fire together wire together…creating a
memory.
– Example: Rats given drug that enhances LTP learn a maze
with about ½ the normal mistakes
• Memory boosting drugs
– CREB – proteins that make a cell more likely to keep a
memory
– Glutamate – enhances synaptic communication (LTP) which
strengthens neural connections
Amnesia
• Amnesia – loss of memory
– Retrograde Amnesia – inability
to remember past events
• Example
– Stroke, accident
– “The Vow”
– Anterograde Amnesia – inability
to create new memories
• Loss of Explicit Memory but not Implicit
memories
• Examples:
– Clive wearing
– HM (Henry Moliason)
– 50 1st dates
Review
• Come up with your own example of three of following
terms:
– Implicit Memory
– Explicit Memory
•
•
•
•
Episodic
Semantic
Flashbulb
Prospective
– Long Term Potentiation
– Amnesia
• Anterograde
• Retrograde
Exceptionally clear memories of
emotionally significant events are called
1. Sensory Memories
2. Flashbulb Memories
3. State Dependent
Memories
4. Mood Congruent
Memories
5. Procedural
Memories
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Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle
without any conscious recollection that one can
do so best illustrates ________ memory.
100%
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2.
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4.
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Flashbulb
Sensory
Implicit
Explicit
Semantic
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The increase in synaptic firing potential
that contributes to memory formation is
known as
100%
1. Explicit memory
2. Implicit memory
3. Long-term
potentiation
4. Serial position effect
5. Infantile amnesia
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Retrieval
• Recall - you must
retrieve the
information from
your memory
• Example: fill-in-the
blank or essay tests
• Recognition - you
must identify the
target from possible
targets
• Example: multiplechoice tests
Recall
• Who is this
handsome
fellow?
Recognition
•
•
•
•
A. Brad Pitt
B. Gordon Ramsay
C. Ryan Seacrest
D. Mike “The Situation” Sorentino
Recall
• Who is this?
Recognition
•
•
•
•
A. Jennifer Lopez
B. Eva Longoria
C. Fergie
D. Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi
Ways to help you retrieve info
• Relearning – learning material for the
second time, saves time.
– Example: Taking Psych in college
should save you time for going to
football games
• Retrieval Cues – anchor points used
to access target info for retrieval later
– Example: Mnemonics, words, events
places , emotions, tastes, smells,
that trigger memory
– Priming – unconscious activation of
associations in memory
– Example: See a rabbit and asked to
spell hair, you spell hare
• Rest
• Tired
• Awake
• Dream
• Snore
• Bed
• Eat
• Slumber
• Sound
• Comfort
• Wake
• Night
Context Matters
• Context-dependent memory memory is more easily
recalled if you are in the
same setting that learning
took place
– Example: taking your AP exam
in the same room and seat you
learned the info
• Déjà vu – eerie sense that you’ve
experienced something before
– Example: When I saw the play Billy Elliot
I had déjà vu …
The Context Matters!!!
• Mood Congruent Memory – recalling
memories consistent with current mood
– Example: When you break up with your
girlfriend you think about all the other times
you’ve been dumped
• State Dependent Memory – learning
that takes place in one physiological
"state" is generally better remembered
later in a similar physiological state
– Example: info learned when person is drunk is
better recalled when person is drunk
Think Pair Share
• How do memory researchers use
context effects to explain both
déjà vu and mood-congruent
memory?
Mood-congruent memory refers to the
effect of emotional states on the process of
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Repression
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Relearning
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The eerie sense of having previously
experienced a situation is known as
1. Implicit memory
2. Serial position effect
3. Mood congruent
memory
4. Source amnesia
5. Déjà vu
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Discuss at your tables
• Using AP Psych class and AP Psych vocab as
examples, discuss how the following terms
affect the retrieval of psychology information:
– Recall
– Recognition
– Relearning
– Retrieval cues
– Priming
– Context dependent memory
– Mood Congruent memory
– State Dependent memory
Forgetting
• Encoding Failures
• Storage Decay
• Retrieval Failures
• Interference
Forgetting
• Schacter’s sevens sins of memory
– Sins of Forgetting
• Absent-mindedness – encoding failure (inattention
to detail)
• Transience – storage decay
• Blocking – inaccessibility to stored info
– Sins of distortion
• Misattribution – confusing the source
• Suggestibility – linger effects of misiformation
• Bias – belief colored recollections
– Sin of intrusion
• Persistence – unwanted memories
Encoding Failure
Example – You can’t remember a
person’s name that you were just
introduced to because you weren’t
paying attention
• Why do they occur?
What should you do to prevent an
encoding failure?
Storage Decay
Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
Apply the Ebbinghaus curve to Psych Class
Retrieval Failure
Retrieval Failures
•
Retroactive Interference: new
information blocks out old information.
– Example: Getting a new bus number
and forgetting old bus number.
•
Proactive Interference: old information
blocks out new information.
– Example: Calling your new girlfriend
by old girlfriends name.
•
PORN
•
Positive Transfer – old info helps you
learn new info
– Example: learning Spanish helps you learn
French
•
Tip of the tongue phenomenon - the
feeling that a name, word, or phrase-though momentarily unrecallable--is known
and will soon be recalled.
PORN
• Which is it?
– Combination for new locker interferes with your
R
ability to remember old locker combination
– Former students names interfere with names of
P
new ones
– Learning AP Psych helps you in Anatomy and Positive
Transfer
Physiology
– New address is keeping you from remembering R
your old address
– Information from your 1st period Bio class is
P
interfering with information learned in 6 period
Chemistry
Motivated Forgetting
• Motivated Forgetting –
revising past memories
– Example: Forgetting how much
money I actually spent on
Christmas shopping!
• Repression – (Freud’s
Psychoanalytic Theory)
• A defense mechanism that banishes
painful memories from
consciousness to minimize anxiety
– Example: Woman with
unexplained fear of running
water had repressed a memory
of almost drowning
Think Pair Share
Although you genuinely enjoyed studying
hard for a biology test, during the test you
are feeling frustrated and irritable because
you can't recall the answer to a series of
fairly easy factual questions. Briefly explain
at least two potential causes of your
forgetting.
Constructive Memory
• Constructed memory (Loftus)
aka false memories - a created
memory, altered when encoded
or retrieved.
• Caused by:
Misinformation effect
a) Imagination effect
b) Source amnesia
c) Suggestibility
Constructive Memory
• Misinformation Effect – incorporating misleading
info into a memory
Examples:
– Suggestibility – incorporating leading questions into
memory (misrecalling a yield sign as a stop sign);
hypnotically refreshed memories,
– Imagination Effect/Inflation – imagining nonexistent
actions and events can create false memories
Example:
• Imagining that Solon won the playoff game can create a
false memory
– Source Amnesia – retaining the memory of an event,
but not the source
Example: Someone tells you that eating chocolate is good
for memory, you later recall it as fact
•
Cognitive Interview Technique – witness visualizes scene,
then recalls without interruption
Review
• Explain the following to your partner:
– Relearning
– Priming
– Context dependent memory
– Déjà vu
– Mood congruent memory
– State dependent memory
– Schacter’s 7 sins of memory
Lotus Study
• IV?
– The wording of the questions
• Op Def?
– ½ participants will receive
question stated as “How fast was
Car A going when it ran the stop
sign”, ½ will receive “how fast
was Car A going when it turned
right”
• DV?
– Answer to question
• Op Def
– Record the number of responses
that said they saw a stop sign”
• Results:
– Wording of questions can
alter the way we remember
an event
– Memories are not just
replaying events, but rather
new information (false
presumptions) can be
unintentionally integrated
into a memory
– Repressed memories don’t
exist, we tend to remember
traumatic memories best
Discerning True and False
Memories
• Memory studies – real vs. false
– Real memories have more detail
– False memories often feel as real
– Hypnotically refreshed - misinformation
effect
• Eye witness testimony
– Constructed memories
• Misinformation
• Source Amnesia
• Suggestability
Children’s Eyewitness Recall
• Children’s memories of abuse
Suggestibility – susceptibility to
suggestion
• Children more susceptible than adults to the
misinformation effect
– Children more credible if adults have not discussed the issue with
them prior to an interview
• Ask less suggestive and more effective questions to
reduce misinformation effect
– Use neutral words
Repressed or Constructed
Memories of Abuse?
• Areas of agreement
– Sexual abuse happens
– Injustice happens
– Forgetting happens
– Recovered memories are incomplete
– Memories before 3 years are unreliable
– Hypnotic memories are unreliable
– Memories can be emotionally upsetting
Improving Memory Techniques
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Study repeatedly
Make the material meaningful
Activate retrieval cues
Use mnemonic devices
Minimize interference
Sleep more
Test your own knowledge, both to
rehearse it and to help determine what
you do not yet know
The misinformation effect best
illustrates the dynamics of
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Automatic processing
Memory construction
Repression
Proactive Interference
Mood-congruent
memory
Table
0%
1.
0%
0%
2.
3.
0%
0%
4.
5.
As we retrieve memories from our memory bank, we
often alter them based on past experiences and our
current expectations. This best illustrates
1. Proactive
interference
2. Infantile amnesia
3. Transience
4. Memory
construction
5. Repression
Response
Counter
0%
1.
0%
0%
2.
3.
0%
0%
4.
5.
Professor Maslova has so many memories of former
students that she has difficulty remembering the
names of new students. The professor's difficulty best
illustrates
1. Retroactive
interference
2. Mood congruent
memory
3. Proactive
interference
4. Spacing effect
5.Response
Source amnesia
Counter
0%
1.
0%
0%
2.
3.
0%
0%
4.
5.
Recall
• Who is this sweet-looking girl?
Recognition
•
•
•
•
A. Madonna
B. Katy Perry
C. Jenna Elfman
D. Jennifer Aniston
As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a
ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this
had actually happened to him. Andre's false recollection best
illustrates
1. Self-reference effect
2. Mood congruent
memory
3. Infantile amnesia
4. Repression
5. Source amnesia
Table
0%
1.
0%
0%
2.
3.
0%
0%
4.
5.
An attorney uses misleading questions in an
attempt to distort a court witness' recall of a
previously observed crime. This best illustrates
1. State dependent
memory
2. Mood congruent
memory
3. Misinformation
effect
4. Priming
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
5. Infantile amnesia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Table