Download print out this assessment packet

ART
TH C
CIE
ENC
CE
E
ASSESSM
MENTPACKET
T
Invvestigateth
hewildwo
ordofrocksandmineralsbydiscoverin
ngigneou
us,sedimen
ntary,and
d
meetamorphicrocksaswellasqu
uartz,calccite,feldsp
par,mica,h
hornblend
deandoreeminerals
usingd
diagnosticcexperimeentsthatrrealfieldscientistsu
use!
Createdb
byAuroraLiipper,Supe rchargedSccience
www
w.Sup
percha
arged
dScien
nce.co
om
Thiscurricul
T
lumisalign
nedwiththeeNationalSttandardsan
ndSTEMforrScience.
©2014Supercharg
gedScienceP.O.Box4
4418,SanL
LuisObispo,,CA93403(805)617
7‐1789
EducationalGoals
Youareabouttobecomearealgeologistasyouexploretheworldofrocks,crystals,gems,fossils,andmineralsby
movingbeyondjustlookingatprettystonesandreallybeingabletoidentify,test,andclassifysamplesand
specimensyoucomeacrossusingtechniquesthatrealfieldexpertsuse.
Whilemostpeoplemightthinkofarockasbeingfuntoclimbortossintoapond,youwillnowbeabletoseethe
specialmeaningbehindthenaturallyoccurringmaterialthatismadeoutofmineralsbyunderstandinghowthe
mineralsarejoinedtogether,whattheircrystallinestructureislike,andmuchmore.
Herearethescientificconcepts:







Mineralsarethebuildingblocksofrocks.
Rocksareusuallycomposedoftwoormoreminerals(onceinawhile,rockscanbemadefromjustone,but
usuallyit’stwoormore).
Mineralsarenaturallyoccurringnonlivingsolidsmadefromasinglekindofmaterial.
Mineralshavearegularinternalarrangementofatomsandmolecules(calledcrystals).
Eachmineralhasitsownuniquecombinationofdifferentchemicalelements.
Whenatomsandmoleculescombinetomakeamineral,theyformatypeofcrystal.
Eachmineralhasauniquesetofpropertiesandcanbeidentifiedusingaseriesofstandardizedtests.
Bytheendofthelabsinthisunit,studentswillbeableto:
 Identifyanddescribethephysicalpropertiesofminerals.
 Differentiateigneous,sedimentary,andmetamorphicrocksbytheirproperties.
 Identifycommonminerals(includingquartz,calcite,feldspar,mica,andhornblende)andoreminerals
usingatableofdiagnosticproperties.
 Practicecommonidentificationtechniquesthatfieldscientistsuseonminerals.
 Identifyanddifferentiatedifferentclassificationsofrocks,includingcommonsub‐designationsforcertain
typesofrock.
 Measureandestimatetheweight,lengthandvolumeofobjects.
 Conductmultipletrialstotestapredictionanddrawconclusionsabouttherelationshipsbetween
predictionsandresults.
 Followasetofwritteninstructionsforascientificinvestigation.
©2014SuperchargedScience
Page2
www.SuperchargedScience.com
EarthScienceEvaluation
TeacherSection
OverviewKidswilldemonstratehowwelltheyunderstandimportantkeyconceptsfromthissection.
SuggestedTime90minutes
ObjectivesStudentswillbetestedonthekeyconceptsofgeology:







Mineralsarethebuildingblocksofrocks.
Rocksareusuallycomposedoftwoormoreminerals(onceinawhile,rockscanbemadefromjustone,but
usuallyit’stwoormore).
Mineralsarenaturallyoccurringnonlivingsolidsmadefromasinglekindofmaterial.
Mineralshavearegularinternalarrangementofatomsandmolecules(calledcrystals).
Eachmineralhasitsownuniquecombinationofdifferentchemicalelements.
Whenatomsandmoleculescombinetomakeamineral,theyformatypeofcrystal.
Eachmineralhasauniquesetofpropertiesandcanbeidentifiedusingaseriesofstandardizedtests.
Materials
 Coin
 Steelnail
 Plateglass
 CeramicTile(2)
 Handheldmagnifier
 Scale
 GraduatedcylinderorPyrexglass4‐cup
measuringcup
 Calculator
 LongwaveUVlight
 Shoebox
 Razor
 Tape
 Smallbottleofaceticacidordistilledvinegar
 Disposablepiepan
 Disposablegloves
 Goggles
RockSamples
















Talc
Quartz
Apatite
Calcite
Pyrite
Hematite(red)
Hematite(gray)
Jasper
Pumice
Fluorescentminerals(3)
Limestone
Coquina
Sandstone
Optional:Meteorites(stony,iron)
Optional:Tektite
Optional:Magnet
LabPreparation
1. Printoutthestudentworksheetsforthelabpractical,homeworkassignment,andquiz.
2. Preparethelabstationsforthelabpractical.Refertothestudentdataworksheetsforsetupinformation.
Lesson:Thestudentsaretakingtwoteststoday:thequizandthelabpractical.Thequiztakesabout20minutes,
andyou’llfindtheanswerkeytomakeiteasytograde.
©2014SuperchargedScience
Page3
www.SuperchargedScience.com
LabPractical:Studentswilldemonstratethattheyknowhowtofollowasetofwritteninstructionsforscientific
investigation,identifyanddescribethephysicalpropertiesofminerals,practicecommonidentificationtechniques
thatfieldscientistsuseonminerals,Followasetofwritteninstructionsforascientificinvestigation,andmeasure
orcalculatetheweightandvolumeofobjects.
©2014SuperchargedScience
Page4
www.SuperchargedScience.com
EarthScienceEvaluation
StudentWorksheet
Overview:Today,you’regoingtotaketwodifferenttests:thequizandthelabpractical.You’regoingtotakethe
writtenquizfirst,andthelabpracticalattheendofthislab.Thelabpracticalisn’tapapertest–it’swhereyouget
toshowyourteacherthatyouknowhowtodosomething.
LabTest&Homework
1. YourteacherwillaskyoutosharehowmuchyouunderstandaboutEarthScience.Sincescienceissomuch
morethanjustreadingabookorcirclingtherightanswer,thisisanimportantpartofthetesttofindout
whatyoureallyunderstand.
2. Whileyouarewaitingtoshowhowmuchofthisstuffyoualreadyknow,yougettochoosewhich
homeworkassignmentyouwanttocomplete.Theassignmentisduetomorrow,andhalfthecreditisfor
creativityandtheotherhalfisforcontent,soreallyletyourimaginationflyasyouworkthroughit.Choose
one:
a. Writeashortstoryorskitaboutmineralsfromtheperspectiveoftherockitself(likemarbleor
granite).You’llreadthisaloudtoyourclass.
b. Makeaposterthatteachesoneofthemainconceptsofgeologyyouenjoyedmost.Whenyou’re
finished,you’lluseittoteachtoaclasstoyoungerstudentsanddemonstratetheprinciplesthat
you’velearned.
c. Writeandperformapoemorsongaboutyourfavoritetypeofrock(fluorite,gypsum,
conglomerate…).Thiswillbeperformedforyourclass.
©2014SuperchargedScience
Page5
www.SuperchargedScience.com
EarthScienceQuiz
Teacher’sAnswerKey
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Whatisthedefinitionofarock?(Somethingthatismadeoftwoormoreminerals.)
Whatdoesitmeanifthere’snostreakleftonthestreakplate?(Themineralisharderthanthestreakplate,
whichmeansithasahardnessofabove7.)
Giveanexampleofakindofrockthatleavesastreakadifferentcolorthanitssurfacecolor.(Pyriteisgold,but
itsstreakisgreen‐black.)
Ifamineralscratchesapennybutdoesn’tgetscratchedbyanail,canyouapproximateitshardness?(Over5.5)
GiveexamplesofthehardestandsoftestmineralsontheMohs’Scale.(Diamond=10,Talc=1)
Namethreepropertiesgeologistslookforwhentheytrytocategorizeamineral.(Color,hardness,fluorescence,
magnetism,luster,howtheybreak,iftheyreacttoacid,etc.)
Ifyoubreakasampleofquartzandfindthatithasnocleansurfacesofseparation,whatkindofcleavagedoes
itshow?(none)
Whataretwothingsweusecoalfor?(heatingwaterandgeneratingelectricity)
Whatistheequationforfindingdensity?(=m/V)
Howisfluorescencedifferentfromphosphorescence?(Mineralsthatarefluorescentglowwhenexposedtoa
UVlight.MineralsthatcontinuetoemitlightevenaftertheUVlighthasbeenswitchedoffarephosphorescent.)
Islodestonethesameasmagnetite?(Lodestoneisthemagneticversionofmagnetite.)
Namethreecharacteristicsofpumice.(light‐colored,floatsonwater,andisporous.)
Whatisacrystal,andhowisitdifferentfromamineralandarock?(Crystalsareastructureofaregular
patternofatomswithinasolid.Amineralisaninorganicsubstance.Allmineralsarecrystalline.Rocksare
composedoftwoormoreminerals.Notallcrystalsareminerals.)
©2014SuperchargedScience
Page6
www.SuperchargedScience.com
EarthScienceQuiz
StudentQuizSheet
Name____________________________________________
1.
Whatisthedefinitionofarock?
2.
Whatdoesitmeanifthere’snostreakleftonthestreakplate?
3.
Giveanexampleofakindofrockthatleavesastreakadifferentcolorthanitssurfacecolor.
4.
Ifamineralscratchesapennybutdoesn’tgetscratchedbyanail,canyouapproximateitshardness?
5.
GiveexamplesofthehardestandsoftestmineralsontheMohs’ScaleofHardness.
6.
Namethreepropertiesgeologistslookforwhentheytrytocategorizeamineral.
7.
Ifyoubreakasampleofquartzandfindthatithasnocleansurfacesofseparation,whatkindofcleavagedoes
itshow?
8.
Whataretwothingsweusecoalfor?
9.
Whatistheequationforfindingdensity?
10. Howisfluorescencedifferentfromphosphorescence?
11. Islodestonethesameasmagnetite?
12. Namethreecharacteristicsofpumice.
13. Whatisacrystal,andhowisitdifferentfromamineralandarock?
©2014SuperchargedScience
Page7
www.SuperchargedScience.com
EarthSciencePractical
Teacher’sAnswerKey
Thisisyourchancetoseehowwellyourstudentshavepickeduponimportantkeyconcepts,andifthere
areanyholes.Yourstudentsalsowillbeworkingontheirhomeworkassignmentasyoudothistest
individuallywiththestudents.
Materials
















RockSamples
Coin
Steelnail
Plateglass
CeramicTile(2)
Handheldmagnifier
Scale
GraduatedcylinderorPyrexglass4‐cup
measuringcup
Calculator
LongwaveUVlight
Shoebox
Razor
Tape
Smallbottleofaceticacidordistilledvinegar
Disposablepiepan
Disposablegloves
Goggles
















Talc
Quartz
Apatite
Calcite
Pyrite
Hematite(red)
Hematite(gray)
Jasper
Pumice
Fluorescentminerals(3)
Limestone
Coquina
Sandstone
Optional:Meteorites(stony,iron)
Optional:Tektite
Optional:Magnet
LabPractical:Eachstudentwillneedacompletecopyoftheirevaluationpacketsotheycanmovefromstationto
stationandanswerthequestions.Setupthestationsaheadoftimeandrunthroughthemoncetobesure
everythingissetupcorrectly.(You’llneedtoputtogetherthefluorescentbox,forexample.)
Ifyoudon’thavecertainrockspecimens,feelfreetosubstitutewithwhatyouhave.Therocksinthispacketreuse
thematerialsfromtheaccompanyingexperimentsinthemainpartoftheprogram.
©2014SuperchargedScience
Page8
www.SuperchargedScience.com
EarthScienceLabPractical
StudentWorksheet
Thisisyourchancetoshowhowmuchyouhavepickeduponimportantkeyconcepts,andifthereareany
holes.Youalsowillbeworkingonalabassignmentindividuallyatdifferentstations.Yourteacherwilllet
youknowwhattodoandhowlongtospendateachstation.
LabPractical:

Youwillbevisitingseveraldifferentstationsthathavebeensetupalreadyforyou.Yourjobistofigureout
whichrockiswhichandcompletethedatasheetinthispacketforeachstationyouvisit.
©2014SuperchargedScience
Page9
www.SuperchargedScience.com
Station#1:Hardness
Findfourrocksatthisstationalongwithacoin,nail,andpieceofglass.You’regoingtofigureoutwhichmineralis
which,andalsoestimatetheirhardness.We’relookingforthehardestmineral.Here’showyoudoit:
1. You’llbeabletoscratchthetalcrockwithnotonlyyourfingernailandalsoacoin.Sinceyourfingernailand
thecoinbothhaveahardnessof2,thisrockhasaharnessoflessthan2.Whatnumberrockdoyouthink
talcis,andwhatisthehardness?Writeithere:
Talcisrocknumber_____________________andhasahardnessofabout_________________________.
2. Nowfindtherockthatcan’tbescratchedbythesteelnail,andcanalsoscratchapieceofglass.Thisis
quartz.Mineralsthatcanscratchglasshaveahardnessof7(orhigher).
Quartzisrocknumber___________________andhasahardnessofabout_________________________.
3. BothCalciteandApatitecanbescratchedbythesteelnail,butnotbyyourfingernailorthecoin.Apatite
harderthanCalcitebecauseyoucanuseApatitetomakeascratchonCalcite,butCalcitecan’tscratch
Apatite.
Apatiteisrocknumber___________________andhasahardnessofabout_________________________.
Calciteisrocknumber___________________andhasahardnessofabout_________________________.
4. Whichrockisthehardest?_______________________________________
©2014SuperchargedScience
Page10
www.SuperchargedScience.com
Station#2:Color&Streak
Findfourrocks:twothatarered,oneisshinygray,andonethatisshinygold.You’llalsohaveasmallwhitepiece
ofceramictile,calledastreakplate.We’regoingtouseastreaktesttofigureoutthenamesoftheserocks.We’re
lookingforthetwothatareactuallytheverysamemineral.Here’showyoudoit:
1. Takearockanduseitlikeapenciltomakeascratchacrossthesurfaceoftheceramictile.Themineralwill
makeacolorthatisuniqueforthatmineral.Thisworksbecausewhenthemineral,whenscratched,is
groundintoapowder.Allvarietiesofagivenmineralhavethesamecolorstreak,eveniftheirsurface
colorsvary.
2. Recordwhatyoufindinthedatatablebelow:
SampleNumber
SurfaceColor ofRock
ColoroftheStreak
WhatMineralIsIt?
3. Inyourdatatableabove,circlethetworocksthatareactuallytheverysamerock.
Hematitewillleavearedstreak.Pyrite,whichlooksalotlikerealgold,leavesablackstreak,whilegoldwillleave
agoldenstreak.Somemineralsareharderthanthemineralplate,likejasper,andyou’lljustgetascratchonthe
plate,notastreak.
©2014SuperchargedScience
Page11
www.SuperchargedScience.com
Station#3:Density
You’llfindalarge,lightweightrocknexttoameasuringscaleandatubofwater.We’regoingtomeasurethe
densityofthepumicerock.Densityisameasureofhowheavysomethingisforitssize.Foamisnotverydense
comparedtoatypicalrock,meaningthatifyouhadarockandapieceoffoamexactlythesamesize,you’dexpect
therocktoweighmore.However,thisrockislighterthanusual.Let’sfindouthowdenseitis.Here’showyoudoit:
1. Weighttherockusingascale.Makesureyouaremeasuringingrams,andrecordyourweighthere:
Mass=___________________________________grams
2. Recordthewaterlevelinmilliliters(mL).Youcanaddmorewaterifyouneedtotobringituptoanumber
that’seasiertoread.
Waterlevel=_______________________________mL
3. Placethepumicesampleinthewaterandrecordthenewwaterheight.Makesuretherockiscompletely
submerged.Useafingertiptopushitcompletelyunderwaterifyouneedto.
Newwaterlevel=_______________________________mL
4. Whatisthedifferenceinthewaterlevels?Youcanuseacalculator.
Waterleveldifference=_______________________________mL
5. Nowusethecalculatortodividethemassbythewaterleveldifference.Thisisyourdensity.
Density=mass÷waterleveldifference=_________________________________________________________(units?)
6. Ispumicelighterorheavierthanwater?______________________________________________
Thedensityofwateris1g/mL.Thespecificgravity(alsocalledthe“s.g.”or“SG”)ofamineralorrockishowwe
comparetheweightofthesamplewiththeweightofanequalvolumeofwater.Lowspecificgravitysubstances,
likepumice(0.9),arenotverydense.Highspecificgravitysubstances,likeforgold(19.3),areverydense.Ifthe
specificgravityislessthan1,itwillfloatonwater.
©2014SuperchargedScience
Page12
www.SuperchargedScience.com
Station#4:Fluorescence
Findablackboxwithablacklightinsidealongwithseveraldifferentrocks.Somemineralsfluoresce(glow)when
exposedtothistypeoflight,butyouneedadarkspacetobeabletoseeit.Let’sfindoutwhathappenstothese
rockswhenyouexposedthemtoaUVlight.
1. PlaywiththerocksintheUVlight.Findthebestthreeoutofthepile.
2. Recordthemostamazingthreerocksinthedatatablebelow:
RockSampleNumber
Whatcolor(s)isitindaylight?
Whatcolor(s)isitinUVlight?
TherearetwodifferenttypesofUVwavelengths:longwaveandshortwave.Somemineralsfluorescethesame
colorwhenexposedtobothwavelengths,whileothersonlyfluorescewithonetype,andstillothersfluorescea
differentcolordependingonwhichit’sexposedto.MineralsfluorescemorenotablywithshortwaveUVlamps,but
thesearemoredangerousthanlongwavesincetheyoperateatawavelengththatalsokillslivingtissue.
©2014SuperchargedScience
Page13
www.SuperchargedScience.com
Station#5:AcidTest
Weargloveswhendoingthislab!
Findthreerocksandasmallbottleofacid.Twoiftherockschemicallyreactwithacidandonedoesnot.Therock
thatdoesn’treactiscalledaclasticrock,andthat’stheonewe’relookingfor.
1. Putyourgloveson.Noexceptions.Thisacidisthesamekindthat’sfoundinyourstomachandwill
dissolvelivingtissue.
2. Placethethreerocksinthemetalpietin,spacingthemapart.
3. Placeasingledropofacidoneachrockandwatchforareaction.
4. Recordyourobservationsinthedatatablebelow.
RockSampleNumber
Diditfizz?
MineralName
5. IMPORTANT:Usethedampclothtocarefullywipeoffeachrock.Don’tgettherocktoowet–justwipeoff
thesurface.
6. Throwyourglovesinthetrash.
7. Inyourdatatable,circletheonethatistheclastic(non‐reactive)rock.
Thetwothatfizzedarevarietiesoflimestone.Theonethatlookslikeit’sabunchofsmashedshellsstucktogether
iscalledshelllimestone,orcoquina(pronounced“koh‐KEE‐nuh”).Theonethatdoesn’tfizzatalliscalled
sandstone.
©2014SuperchargedScience
Page14
www.SuperchargedScience.com
Station#6:Luster,CleavageandFracture
Findfourwhiterocks.Whichrockiswhich?Placethemintheboxesbelowasyoureadthecluestofigureitout.
Alsowritetherocksamplenumberineachbox.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Quartzhasnocleavage,onlyfracture.
Calcitehasnofracture,onlycleavage.Lookslikearhombus,andnoneoftheanglesare90degrees.
Gypsumissoft‐lookingandcanbescratchedbycalcite.
Marbleissparklyinsunlightandhassmall,reflectiveplaneslikecrumpledtinfoil.
Calcite Marble
Quartz ©2014SuperchargedScience
Gypsum
Page15
www.SuperchargedScience.com
BONUSSTATION:Meteorites
Findseveralrocks,amagnet,aceramictile,andamagnifier.Someoftherocksarerealmeteorites,andothersare
not.Let’sfigureoutwhichonesaremeteoritesandwhichare“meteor‐wrongs”.Here’showyoudoit:asyouread
throughtheseclues,lookatthepileofrocksandgetridoftheonesyouthinkarenotmeteorites.
1. MeteoritesarespacerocksthatmakeitthroughtheEarth’satmosphere.Astheycomethroughthe
atmosphere,theytravelreallyfast.Mostsmall,porousrockswilleitherexplodeorvaporizewhentheyhit
theatmospherebeforetheyhittheground.Onlystrongrockswithoutlotsofholesmakeittotheground.
2. Somemeteoritesgetadarkcrustorlooklikedarksplashedmetalontheoutside.
3. Meteoritescontainiron,andironisheavy.AmeteoriteisusuallyheavierthananEarthrockthesamesize.
4. Sincealmostallmeteoriteshavelotsofironinthem,theyarealsomagnetic.
5. There’soneEarthrockcalledlodestonewhichisdark,heavy,andmagnetic,butit’snotameteoritebecause
itleavesadarkstreakwhenscratchedonaceramictile.Arealmeteoritewillnotleaveastreak.
6. Whichonesarerealmeteorites?
Samplenumbers:_____________________________________________________________________________
7. Useyourbestguesstofillintheboxesbelow:
SampleNumber:
Description: StonyMeteorites(therearetwoofthese,oneistheunmarkedslice)areamixofmetaland
stone,andthisonewasfoundinArizona.94%ofallmeteoritesthatfalltoEartharethis
kind.
IronMeteoritesmakeuponly5%ofmeteoritesthathittheEartharethiskind.Thisone
camefromtheAsteroidBeltandwaslaterfoundinRussia.
Tektiteisactuallynotameteorite,butistheglassthatformedfromthesandthatgotsohot
whenthemeteoritehitthatitturnedthesandintoglass.Thistektitewasejectedoutofour
atmosphereandwhenitlanded,itwasapieceofglass.
©2014SuperchargedScience
Page16
www.SuperchargedScience.com