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Download A Sketch of Modern Hebrew Syntax
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A Sketch of Modern Hebrew Syntax L303, Fall 2012 Basic Sentence Structure • As in English, the basic word order in Hebrew is SVO. • This suggests the rule S -‐> NP VP Basic Sentence Structure • There are a few wrinkles, however. Subjectless Sentence Verbless Sentence ‘The apple is big.’ ‘I ate an apple.’ The Noun Phrase AdjecQves follow nouns. חכם Rules: סוס xaxam sus smart stallion ‘a smart stallion’ NP ➛ N (Adj) *Oh yeah. The Hebrew text reads left to right.* The Noun Phrase The definite arQcle ‘the’ is a prefix. If we aUach it to the noun, we must also aUach it to the adjecQve. החכם Rules: NP ➛ N (Adj) NP ➛ N.def (Adj.def) הסוס ha-xaxam ha-sus the-smart the-stallion ‘ the smart stallion’ The Noun Phrase Some determiners follow the adjecQve. But others, which we’ll call Pre-‐determiners (PDet), precede the noun. חכם כל סוס xaxam sus kol smart stallion each ‘each smart stallion’ Rules: NP ➛ (PDet) N (Adj) NP.def ➛ (PDet) N.def (Adj.def) (Det.def) הזה החכם הסוס ha-ze ha-xaxam ha-sus the-this the-smart the-stallion ‘this smart stallion’ The Noun Phrase All NP elements (with the excepQon of pre-‐ determiners) must agree in number, gender, and definiteness. ההן ha-hen the-them.fp החכמות הסוסות כל ha-xaxamot ha-susot kol the-smart.fp the-mares(fp) all ‘all those smart mares’ Rules: NP.ms ➛ (PDet) N.ms (Adj ms) NP.def.ms ➛ (PDet) N.def.ms (Adj.def.ms) (Det.def.ms) NP.fs ➛ (PDet) N.fs (Adj.fs) NP.def.fs ➛ (PDet) N.def.fs (Adj.def.fs) (Det. def.fs) NP.mp ➛ (PDet) N.mp (Adj mp) NP.def.mp ➛ (PDet) N.def.mp (Adj.def.mp) (Det.def mp) NP.fp ➛ (PDet) N.fp (Adj.fp) NP.def.fp ➛ (PDet) N.def.fp (Adj.def.fp) (Det.def.fp) The Possessive Phrase Possessive phrases are headed by the possessive marker (Poss) šel ‘of’, which takes a definite NP has its complement. The Possessive Phrase Possessive phrases occupy the same slot as determiners within the NP. NP ➛ (PDet) N (Adj) ({PossP, Det}) [ kol ha-susot ha-xaxamot [ šel ha-xasmala’i ] ] all the-mares the-smart of the-electrician ‘all the electrician’s smart mares’ The PreposiQonal Phrase PPs work much as they do in English: The Prep precedes an NP. However, some preposiQons aUach to the NP as prefixes. PP ➛ Prep NP el xanut to store ‘to a store’ el ha-xanut to the-store ‘to the store’ be-xanut in-store ‘in a store’ ba-xanut in.the-store ‘in the store’ TransiQve Verbs Every transiQve verb selects a parQcular parQcle to mark its complement, either et, or a prefixed cliQc such as b-‐ or l-‐. • ET verbs VP ➛ V.et ET bišla et cooked.fs OM ‘cooked the soup’ VP ➛ V.et NP bišla marak cooked.fs soup ‘cooked soup’ NP.def ha-marak the-soup (PP) (PP) TransiQve Verbs • b-‐ verbs VP ➛ V.b b- { NP, NP.def } (PP) yištamšu b- (h)a-maxšev use.FUT.3mp the-computer ‘they will use the computer’ • l-‐ verbs VP ➛ V.l l- { NP, NP.def } azarnu l(h)a-susa help.PAST.1cp the-mare ‘we helped the mare’ (PP) IntransiQve Verbs VP ➛ V.intrans (PP) caxakta laugh.PAST.2fs ‘you laughed’ caxakt b-(h)a-xanut laugh.PAST.2fs in-the-store ‘you laughed in the store’ Linking Verbs VP ➛ V.link nir’e seem.PAST.3ms ‘seemed short’ Adj kacar (PP) AUribuQve Verbs VP ➛ V.attrib.1 l- NP { NP, Adj } (PP) kar’a l- (h)a-xasmala’i mexo’ar call.PAST.2ms the-electrician ugly ‘you called the electrician ugly’ VP ➛ V.attrib.et ET NP cavata et ha-xeder paint.PAST.2ms the-room ‘you painted the room red’ { NP, Adj } adom red (PP) Clausal Verbs VP ➛ V.clausal Comp xašavti šethink.PAST.1cs that ‘I thought you laugh’ raciti šewant.PAST.1.cs that ‘I wanted you to laugh’ S [ ata you.ms coxek ] laugh.PRES.ms [ caxakta ] laugh.PAST.2ms Verbs Taking InfiniQval Complements VP ➛ V.modal VP.inf yaxol can.PRES.ms ‘can laugh’ [ li-cxok ] to-laugh carix must.PRES.ms ‘I must laugh’ [ li-cxok ] to-laugh Subject-‐Verb Agreement The VP and subject NP must agree in person, gender, and number.