Download Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics)

Taxonomy (Classification) and
Phylogeny (Cladistics)
• Classification is the grouping of
objects based on physical similarities. In
biology when doing this with organisms,
it is called taxonomy.
• It is predominately based on
morphology.
• Linnaeus and Whittaker gave us this
system
• Classifies diverse organisms into “like
groups” based on traits. As the traits
become more specific, fewer and fewer
organisms are together.
Linnaean Taxonomic Classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Three Domain system was later
introduced.
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
• Domain Archaea
The Three
Domains
– Ancient
prokaryotes
• Domain Bacteria
– Modern prokaryotes
• Domain Eukarya- all eukaryotic
cells
– plantae, animalia, fungi, protista
• Taxonomists give a unique scientific
name to each species they know
about whether it’s alive today or
extinct. (not to be confused with
taxidermist)
• The scientific name comes from one
of two “dead” languages – Latin or
ancient Greek.
Binomial Nomenclature
• a two part naming system for writing scientific
names.
• The genus name is written first (always
Capitalized)
• The species name is written second (never
capitalized).
• Both words are
– italicized if typed or underlined if hand
written.
FELIS CONCOLOR
– Felis concolor or F. concolor
• Cladistics /Phylogeny- is a relatively
new system of classification that uses
shared derived traits to establish
evolutionary relationships.
• A derived trait is a feature that evolved
only within the group under
consideration.
• A phylogenetic tree based on a
cladistic analysis is called a cladogram.
• Out-group is the least related group, will
be found on the far left of our
diagrams!
• Synapomorphies = derived
characteristics
• Clade = A group of organisms and
their common ancestor.