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Unit 2 ARWC Outline/Essay Structure, Vocabulary & Grammar Description Aims: • To recognize the functions and features of an introduction in a research essay • To produce a written introduction to a research essay Part One Pre-Reading 1. Each of the two mind maps below consists of one main topic divided into four sub-topics and eight focus points. Use the list of words below to help you complete the diagrams. Algebra Architecture Carpets Songs Medicine Poetry Electricity Stars Mathematics Astronomy Weaving Literature Drama Baskets Mosques ARTS Music Palaces Instruments Mind Map 1 Anatomy Diseases Physics SCIENCE Radiation Geometry Planets Mathematics Astronomy Mind Map 2 16 Unit 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wdL5nLvDpWc Reading 2. Read the text below and answer the questions that follow. Islamic civilisation experienced a golden age more than one thousand years ago. The Golden Age refers to the period between 750 and 1250 * CE when Arab culture and influence were at a high point. By the middle of the 8th century, the Islamic Empire was very large. It extended from West Africa across to West India and as far as South China. Muslim leaders during this period were very interested 5 in discovering new knowledge in the countries which they now ruled. In addition, Arabic had become the standard language of learning, and so it was widely used by scholars who were studying in the fields of arts and sciences. Through their work, these men made some extremely important advances in areas such as literature, philosophy and mathematics. Furthermore, many discoveries and inventions of the Golden Age have also made a valuable contribution to Western civilisation. In this 10 essay, we will look briefly at some of the artistic achievements of this era. In particular, we will focus on architecture, calligraphy and poetry. a) This text comes from an essay. Which part of the essay does it come from? b) What do you think the title of this essay is? Write it in the space above the text. i) Describe the Arabic Language ii) Describe Arts and Sciences in the Islamic Empire iii) Describe the Golden Age of Arabic Art c) What is the main aim of this essay? d) Why does the writer think the topic is important? e) How many different arts do you think the writer will describe? In what order? * CE = Common Era 17 Unit 2 3. 15 Look quickly at the rest of the essay and check your answers to the questions on page 23. The rapid expansion of the Islamic Empire during the Golden Age led to several new developments in architecture. Many beautiful palaces were built to reflect the wealth of the sultans who lived in them. Moreover, Arab architects began to use local styles and traditions in the buildings they designed. We can see this quite clearly, for example, if we look at two very different mosques (see Figs. 1 and 2). Furthermore, the importance of trade in this age led to the building of many caravanserais or „khans‟. (Watkins, n.d.). These were built along the trade routes to receive merchants, their animals, and their goods. Fig. 1 Great Mosque of Samara, Iraq. Built 848 – 852 CE Fig. 2 Ibn Tulun Mosque Cairo, Egypt Built 879 CE Calligraphy was another important form of artistic expression during the Golden Age. The word 20 „calligraphy‟ means „beautiful writing‟. Islamic artists were forbidden from using human figures in their work, so they used geometric shapes and written phrases to decorate their mosques, holy books and everyday objects (Wikipedia, 2004). Moreover, these texts were often taken from the Qu‟ran, and so they also represented the word of God. Calligraphy was therefore not just an artistic expression; it was a religious expression too. 25 During the Golden Age, poetry was extremely popular in Arabic society. The first poems had been 30 created by nomads who travelled the desert. Later on, however, professional poets appeared in the towns. They wrote for rich citizens, and often performed on the streets (Mann, 2003). One of the most famous types of Arabic poems is the „ghazal‟, which is a love poem. The „roba‟i‟ is another very well-known form of poetry. It is a 4-line verse in which the first, second and fourth lines rhyme. The best-known example of „roba‟i‟ was written in Persia, and is called the ‘Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam‟. This essay has looked at some artistic achievements during the Golden Age. It has shown that architecture underwent several developments as the Islamic Empire expanded . Calligraphy and poetry were two prominent artistic forms during this period. In my opinion, for over 1,000 years, Islamic civilization remained the most advanced and progressive in the world. However, it is only nowadays 35 that the rest of the world has begun to recognize this. Unit 2 Reference List Mann, H. (2003). Islamic literature. Retrieved March 15, 2006, from http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/ schwww/sch618/Literature,%20Poetry/Literature.html. Watkins, J. C. (n.d.). Golden age of islam. Retrieved March 14, 2006, from http://regentsprep.org/ Regents/global/themes/goldenages/islam.cfm. Islamic golden age. (2004). Retrieved October 1, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ Age_of_Islam. 4. Read the essay again and answer the following questions. a) Why are there so many different styles and designs in Arab architecture ? b) Why was calligraphy so popular as an art form? c) Name two types of poems mentioned in the essay. Vocabulary Word Knowledge: Parts of Speech There are many different types of words in any language. Being able to recognize the different parts of speech will help you both in your reading and writing. 5. The following words are all taken from the introductory paragraph of the essay. Next to each word, write the abbreviation for what part of speech it is. Word Parts of Speech 1. civilisation (line 1) 2. Islamic (l.3) adverb (adv) 3. which (l.5) article (art) 4. they (l.5) 5. in (l.8) noun (n) 6. the (l.9) preposition (prep) 7. look (l.10) 8. briefly (l.10) adjective (adj) relative pronoun (r/p) pronoun (pron) verb (v) 19 Unit 2 6. Read the introduction again and find two more examples of each part of speech. Write these in the appropriate box. Use a dictionary to help you. Parts of Speech Noun Verb Adjective Adverb Article Preposition Pronoun Relative pronoun Paraphrasing: Synonyms The simplest method of paraphrasing is to find and use words in English which have a similar meaning as the words in the original passage. These words are called synonyms. 7. Match the words from the text in Column A, with their synonyms in Column B. Write the synonym next to the word. A 20 B 1. extended (line 3) 2. learning (l.6) commerce 3. advances (l.8) common 4. reflect (l.13) progress 5. clearly (l.15) studying 6. trade (l.16) easily 7. everyday (l.22) show 8. created (l.26) written stretched Unit 2 8. Below are some more of the words from the text you have read. Can you think of synonyms for them? Write them in the spaces. Use a dictionary to help you. Noun period (line 2) Synonym Verb discovering (l.5) Time fields (l.7) ruled (l.5) objects (l.22) focus on (l.11) form (l.29) began (l.14) Adjective Synonym Synonym Adverb large (l.3) widely (l.6) valuable (l.9) briefly (l.10) well-known (l.29) extremely (l.25) Synonym 21 Unit 2 The Writing Process: Taking Notes Once you have been given the sources you need, it is important that you take notes to help you answer the essay questions and write the outline. There are several different ways of making notes. During this course you will learn the linear model of note-taking. Linear model One way of taking notes is to underline or highlight the most important facts, words or phrases in the original text and note them down one after the other on a piece of paper. 9. Look at the example of linear notes from the second paragraph of the text on page 24. • Islamic Empire grew rapidly – trade - architecture developed • Beautiful palaces/ wealthy sultans • Arab architects copied local styles and traditions in buildings • Different mosques (e.g. Iraq and Egypt) • Trade was important. Caravanserais (khans) built along trade routes for merchants, animals & goods Caravanserais 10. Look at the two sets of notes for paragraph 4. Decide which set is better. Give reasons for your answer. Notes Set A • Poetry extremely popular in Middle Ages • First poems – written by nomads (travelling in desert) • Later – professional poets in towns • Wrote for rich citizens/ performed on streets • One of most pop. types of poems was Ghazal = love poem • Roba’i = 4-line verse (1st, 2nd & 4th lines rhyme) • Best-known example is Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam • Written in Persia 22 Set B „Ghazal‟ is a love poem. It is very famous. (4 lines) Omar Khayyan was the bestknown poet in Middle Ages. He lived in Persia. Poetry was very popular in Arabic society. Nomads in the desert – performed in streets for rich citizens. Most famous example of roba‟i poem is called the „Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam‟. Unit 2 11. Complete the notes for paragraph 3. • Calligraphy import. of art in Golden Age Call. = ‘ writing’ • Islamic artists from using So decorated , books etc. with shapes & words often from Qu’ran. • Calligraphy = and expression 12. Write notes for paragraph 1 (on page 17) in the box below. 23 Unit 2 Part Two 1. In groups, exchange information you know about Arab scientists during the Golden Age. Reading 2. Read the following introductory paragraph. Think of a title for the essay and write it on the line below. Describe the 5 Arab scientists were tremendously successful and productive during the period which is usually referred to as the Golden Age of the Islamic world. Under the early Abbasid Caliphate, Arab scholars began a serious study and analysis of the science and philosophy of earlier civilisations (Watkins, n.d.). The „Caliphate‟ was a system of Islamic rule which spread through the Arab Empire more than a thousand years ago (see Fig.1). During the Abbasid Rule (929 - 1250 CE), the centre of learning for most of these Arab scholars was Baghdad. During this period, astonishing advances were made in a wide variety of areas. The aim of this essay is to examine some of the major achievements which these scientists made. In particular, it will focus on the fields of mathematics and medicine. 3. Fig. 1 The Extent of the Abbasid Caliphate Decide whether the following statements are true or false or if you don’t have enough information to answer (NI). T 1. The Golden Age produced many successful scientists. 2. The Abassids ruled for almost 500 years. 3. The majority of Arab scholars worked in Baghdad between the 10th and 13th Centuries 4. Most discoveries were made in the field of medicine. 5. This essay will look at the two areas of science and philosophy. 24 F NI Unit 2 4. Read the rest of the text and answer the questions that follow. 10 Muslim scientists were especially interested in mathematics, and many important discoveries were made during the Golden Age. After consulting the work of Indians, Egyptians, and the ancient Greeks, Arab scholars made their own important contributions in this field. Al-Khwarizmi was without doubt the most well-known Muslim mathematician of this period. He pioneered the study of algebra, and his textbook on the subject became a standard in European universities for centuries. 15 Other mathematicians developed trigonometry, which allowed them to measure objects at a distance (Matthews, 2004). The Islamic Empire also saw many impressive advances in the area of medical knowledge. For the first time in history, medicine became a science based on observation and experimentation. In this way, Islamic scientists introduced the idea of the „scientific method‟, which has been used by scientists 20 ever since (Wikipedia, 2004). One of the most famous Islamic physicians alive at this time was Ibn Sina (Avincenna). He wrote a book called Qanoon on Medicine (al-qanun fil-tibb). This was a standard medical text in Europe for over 500 years. It organised diseases into different types or classifications. For example, it explained how tuberculosis was passed from one person to another, and described the symptoms and complications of diabetes. 25 This essay has examined some of the scientific achievements in the Golden Age. It has shown that during this period Arab scientists made many important discoveries in mathematics. Medical knowledge was another area which saw many accomplishments especially its recognition as a science based on observation and experimentation. I believe that these achievements helped influence learning in Europe and contributed greatly to the Renaissance. Reference List Matthews, Z. (2004, October 1). The golden age of Islam. Retrieved October 2, 2006 from http://www.irfi. org/articles/articles_401_450/golden_age_of_islam.htm. Watkins, J.C. (n.d.). Golden age of islam. Retrieved March 14, 2006, from http://regentsprep.org/ Regents/global/themes/goldenages/islam.cfm. Islamic golden age. (2004). Retrieved October 1, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_ Islam. 25 Unit 2 Questions a) Which area of mathematics was Al-Khwarizmi especially interested in? b) Explain what is meant by the “scientific method”? c) Which two diseases are mentioned in the text? d) Look again at the annotation exercise in Unit 2 and make notes on this text. Language Focus Text Analysis: Writing an Introduction The first paragraph of a research essay is called the introduction, and it is designed to help the reader prepare for and understand the main points of the essay. Writers usually spend most of their time working on the essay outline and main body paragraphs before writing the introduction. This is because their ideas develop and often change while they are doing their research, taking notes and thinking about the topic. A good introduction performs some (or all) of the following functions but these do not always follow in exactly the same order as below. • • • • • • 26 It states the general topic of the research. It gives the background and/or history of the topic. It defines key terms (if necessary). It suggests why the topic is interesting and/or important. It states the aim of the essay It indicates the sequence of the main ideasin the essay. Unit 2 5. Look at the first paragraph from the essay again and see how the text is organised. Describe science in the Golden Age A It states general topic of the research. Arab scientists were tremendously successful and productive during the period which is usually referred to as the Golden Age of the Islamic world. B Gives background and/or history of the topic. Under the early Abassid Caliphate, Arab scholars began a serious study and analysis of the science and philosophy of earlier civilisations (Watkins, 2006). During the Abassid rule (929-1250 CE), the centre of learning for most of these scientists was Baghdad C It defines key terms (if necessary). The Caliphate was a system of Islamic rule which spread through the Arab Empire more than a thousand years ago. (see Fig. 1) D It suggests why the topic is interesting and/or important During this period, astonishing advances were made in a wide variety of areas. E It states the aim of the essay. The purpose of this essay is to examine some of the major achievements which these scientists made. F It indicates the sequence of the main ideas in the essay. In particular, it will focus on the fields of mathematics and medicine. 27 Unit 2 6. 1 Read this introduction again from the first essay and identify the main function of each sentence. Islamic civilisation experienced a Golden Age more than one thousand years ago. 2 The Golden Age refers to the period between 750 and 1250 CE when Arab culture and influence was at a high point. 3 By the middle of the 8th century, the Islamic Empire was very large. 4 It extended from West Africa across to West India and as far as South China. 5 Muslim leaders during this period were very interested in discovering new knowledge in the countries which they now ruled. 6 In addition, Arabic had become the standard language of learning, and so it was widely used by scholars who were studying in the fields of arts and sciences. 7 Through their work, these men made some extremely important advances in areas such as literature, philosophy and mathematics. 8 Furthermore, many of the discoveries and inventions made during the Golden Age have also made a valuable contribution to Western civilisation. 9 This essay will look briefly at some of the artistic achievements of this era. 10 In particular, it will focus on architecture, calligraphy and poetry. Functions 28 A It states the general topic of the research. B It gives the background and/or history of the topic. C It defines key terms (if necessary). D It suggests why the writer thinks the topic is interesting and/or important E It states the aim of the essay (Main Thesis Statement). F It indicates the sequence of the main points in the essay. Sentence(s) 1 Unit 2 7a. Reorder the words below to give you some phrases you can use when writing the aim of the essay. essay/ focus/ In/ on/ this/ we/ will/ ,/ In this essay, we will focus on . . . 1. essay/ examine/ is/ of/ purpose/ The/ this/ to 2. at/ essay/ look/ This/ will 3. aim/ at / essay/ is/ look/ of/ The/ this/ to 7b. Rewrite the following essay aims in three different ways. “The purpose of this essay is to examine Arabic poetry of the Middle Ages.” 1. 2. 3. 29 Unit 2 Supplementary Exercises Sentence Structure: Simple Sentences A simple sentence consists of one clause. Every clause must have a subject and a verb. The verb is often followed by a/ an • noun complement or • adjective complement or • object Subject Verb The “Caliphate” was a system of Islamic rule. Al-Khwarizmi was a mathematician. Subject Verb Adjective Complement/ AP Arab scientists were tremendously successful. Al-Khwarizmi became very famous. Subject 8. Noun Complement/ NP Verb Object Al-Khwarizmi pioneered the study of algebra. Muslim scientists made many discoveries. In each of the following sentences, identify and label the following: a. Subject and Verb (S/V) b. Noun phrase or Adjective phrase (N/A) (NP or AP) c. Object (O) S V AP Arab scientists were tremendously successful. 30 1. Arab scholars carried out research. 4. Other mathematicians developed trigonometry. 2. Their work was very important. 5. Ibn Sina was a physician. 3. Medicine became a science. 6. Ibn Sina wrote a famous book. Unit 2 Sentence Structure: Compound Sentences A compound sentence consists of two simple sentences joined by a co-ordinating conjunction. The coordinating conjunctions are listed below. for and nor but or yet so NB: A comma is used before the co-ordinating conjunction when there is a subject in the second part of the sentence. On the following page are example sentences using the coordinating conjunctions. Simple Sentence Muslim scientists were interested in mathematics. Simple Sentence They made important discoveries during the Golden Age. Compound Sentence Muslim scientists were interested in mathematics, and they made important discoveries during the Golden Age. 31 Unit 2 Coordinating Conjunctions Similar Idea: and / nor Muslim scientists were interested in mathematics. Muslim scientists made important discoveries in this field. Muslim scientists were interested in mathematics, and they made important discoveries in this field. Physicians before Ibn Sina did not use the “scientific method.” Physicians before Ibn Sina did not know how to classify diseases. Physicians before Ibn Sina did not use the “scientific method,” nor did they know how to classify diseases. Opposite Idea: but / yet Ibn Sina made a tremendous contribution to modern medicine. Not many people remember him today. Ibn Sina made a tremendous contribution to modern medicine, but not many people remember him today. Ibn Sina made a tremendous contribution to modern medicine, yet not many people remember him today. Alternative Idea: or Arab architects used their own traditional designs. Arab architects sometimes copied local styles. Arab architects used their own traditional designs, or they sometimes copied local styles. Reason: for Islamic artists used geometric shapes and written phrases in their work. Islamic artists were forbidden from using human figures. Islamic artists used geometric shapes and written phrases in their work, for they were forbidden from using human figures. Result: so Islamic artists were forbidden from using human figures in their work. Islamic artists used geometric shapes and written phrases. Islamic artists were forbidden from using human figures in their work, so they used geometric shapes and written phrases. 32 Unit 2 9. Complete the sentences by using the following clauses and add the appropriate coordinating conjunctions. the most famous one is the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. it was the language of learning. many different styles of architecture began to appear. not many westerners know about it. the architects designed caravanserais. they performed in the streets. were they allowed to paint them. 1. The Islamic Empire grew rapidly, and many different styles of architecture began to appear. 2. Merchants needed accommodation for their animals and goods, . 3. Scholars in the Golden Age used Arabic, . 4. Poets wrote for rich citizens, . 5. Islamic civilisation was extremely productive during the Golden Age, . 6. Artists were not allowed to draw people, . 7. There are many examples of the roba‟i , . Omar Khayyam 33 Unit 2 Writing Citations In ESP you are required to write citations from the references listed at the bottom of each source text. If given, the author must be used. Write only the family name followed by the publishing year. 1. Author‟s name and publishing year (Smith, 2004). If there is no author, then write either the title or the website, if the source is from a website. Option 1. Title of text/article and publishing year (University of Bologna, 2009). Option 2. Name of website and publishing year (wikipedia, 2009). Note: If you do not know the publishing year, write n.d. This means no date. (wikipedia, n.d.). Task: Look at the full references below and choose the most appropriate citation. 1. Mann, H. (2003). Islamic Literature. Retrieved March 15, 2006, from http://www.sfud.k12.ca.us/ schwww/Poetry?Literature.html a) (Islamic Literature ,2003). b) (Mann, 2003). c) (sfud, 2003). d) (Mann, 2006). 2. The Dubai Metro. (2009). Retrieved September 18th, 2010, from http://www.rail-tech.org a) (The Dubai Metro,2009) b) (rail-tech, 2009). c) (The Dubai Metro, 2010). d). (www.rail-tch.org, 2009). 3. Watkins, J.C. Golden Age of Islam. Retrieved March 14th, 2006, from http:// regentsprep.org/ Regents/global/themes/goldenages/islam.cfm. a) (regentsprep, n.d.). b) (regentsprep,2006). c) (Watkins, 2006). d) (Watkins, n.d.). 4). Islamic golden age. (2004). Retrieved October 1, 2006 from http://en.wikipedai.org/wiki/ Golden_ Age_of_Islam. a) (en.wikipedia, 2004). b) (wikipedia, 2006). e). (Islamic golden age, 2006). 34 c) (wikipedia.org ,2006). d). (wikipedia, 2004). Unit 2 Writing Citations The rapid expansion of the Islamic empire during the Golden Age led to several new developments in architecture. Many beautiful palaces were built to reflect the wealth of the sultans who lived in them. Moreover, Arab architects began to use local styles and traditions in the buildings they designed. We can see this quite clearly, for example, if we look at two very different mosques (see Figs. 1 and 2). Furthermore, the importance of trade in this age led to the building of many caravanserais or „khans‟ (Watkins, n.d.). These were built along the trade routes to receive merchants, their animals, and their goods. Calligraphy was another important form of artistic expression during the Golden Age. The word „calligraphy‟ means „beautiful writing‟. Islamic artists were forbidden from using human figures in their work, so they used geometric shapes and written phrases to decorate their mosques, holy books and everyday objects (Wikipedia, 2004). Moreoever, these texts were often taken from the Qu‟ran, and so they also represented the word of God. Calligraphy was therefore not just an artistic expression; it was a religious expression too. During the Golden Age, poetry was extremely popular in Arabic society. The first poems had been created by nomads who traveled the desert. Later on, professional poets appeared in the towns. They wrote for rich citizens, and often performed on the streets (Mann, 2003). One of the most famous types of Arabic poems is the „ghazal‟, which is a love poem. The „rob‟ai‟ is another very well-known form of poetry. It is a 4-line verse in which the first, second and fourth lines rhyme. The best-known example of „rob‟ai‟ was written in Persia, and is called the „Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam‟. Task: Find the items written in brackets. What are they? Can you find the same items in the reference list below? What are the differences? Reference List Mann, H. (2003). Islamic literature. Retrieved March 15, 2006, from http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/ schwww/sch618/Literature,%20Poetry?Literature.html. Watkins, J.C. (n.d.) Golden Age of Islam. Retrieved March 14, 2006, from http://regentsprep.org/ Regents/global/themes/goldenages/islam.cfm. Islamic golden age. (2004). Retrieved October 1, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ Age_of_Islam. 35 Unit 2 Linking Words: Addition Look at these three different ways of linking sentences. moreover, furthermore, in addition Many beautiful palaces were built to reflect the wealth of the sultans who lived in them. • Moreover, Arab architects began to use local styles and traditions in the buildings they designed. too • The Golden Age produced many discoveries and inventions. It was a period of artistic creativity too. also • The Islamic Empire saw the serious study of the philosophy of earlier civilisations. It also saw many impressive advances in the area of medical knowledge. 10. Join the following pairs of sentences using the linking words above. Rewrite them on the lines below. The first one has been done for you as an example. 1. Architects built beautiful mosques and palaces during this period. The importance of trade in this age led to the building of many caravanserais. Architects built beautiful mosques and palaces during this period. Furthermore, the importance of trade in this age led to the building of many caravanserais. 2. The Golden Age produced many fine works of architecture, calligraphy and poetry. Its artists expressed themselves through music, art and dance. 3. Artists used geometric shapes and written phrases to decorate their mosques and holy books. They used them to decorate everyday objects. 4. Arab scholars did much to preserve the knowledge of earlier generations. They made an important contribution to Western civilisation. 36 Unit 2 11. Complete the following paraphrase of the third paragraph of Science in the Golden Age by placing one word in each of the spaces. addition but easily European for observe progress showed so well-known Arab scientists made great 1 in the field of medicine during the Middle Ages. Before then, medicine was not really a science, 2 during this period Islamic physicians began to 3 and experiment. This was called the „scientific method‟, and it was very successful, 4 it is still used today (Wikipedia, 2006). Ibn Sina (Avincenne) became very 5 a doctor, and he is still remembered, 6 book (Qanoon on Medicine) was used by 7 as he wrote an important book about medicine. This doctors for over 500 years. It classified a variety of illnesses and gave information about them. For example, it showed that one person with tuberculosis could 8 give the disease to another person. In 9 effects of diabetes and 10 , it also talked about the how dangerous it could be. Writing Task 12. Reread the the introductory paragraph of the essay in Part One, and compare it with the paraphrased version on the next page. Working in groups, underline the words or phrases that have been changed and try to explain how the changes have been made. Islamic civilisation experienced a Golden Age more than one thousand years ago. The Golden Age refers to the period between 750 and 1250 CE, when Arab culture and influence were at a highpoint. By the middle of the 8th century, the Islamic Empire was very large. It extended from West Africa across to West India and as far as South China. Muslim leaders during this period were very interested in discovering new knowledge in the countries which they now ruled. In addition, Arabic had become the standard language of learning and so it was widely used by scholars who were studying in the fields of Arts and Sciences. Through their work, these men made some extremely important advances in areas such as literature, philosophy and mathematics. Furthermore, many discoveries and inventions of the Golden Age have also made a valuable contribution to Western civilisation. In this essay, we will look briefly at some of the artistic achievements of this era. In particular, we will focus on architecture, calligraphy and poetry. 37 Unit 2 A Golden Age in Islamic civilisation occurred over one thousand years ago. The Golden Age was between 750 and 1250 CE and this time was seen as the climax of Arab culture and influence. In the middle of the 8th century, from West Africa across to West India and as far as South China the enormity of the Islamic Empire was apparent. At this time Muslim leaders were curious to obtain knowledge and discoveries from their governed countries. Arabic was also the educated language of learning during that period especially with those concerned with Arts and Sciences. Arabic scholars made huge strides in literature, philosophy and mathematics at this time. Western civilisation also benefited from the large number of discoveries and inventions of the Golden Age. This paper will examine examples of the artistic achievements from this period. In particular, it will consider architecture, calligraphy and poetry. Now write your own paraphrase of 10 sentences using the phrases in the boxes below. More than a thousand years ago, Arabs were very powerful and controlled large areas of the world. 1 b. They/ control/ large areas of/ world. and 2 Empire stretched/ Maghreb — China. 3 750 to 1250 CE/culture/ extremely important. 4 Islamic rulers/ those days/ want to learn/foreign countries/live in 5 They help Muslim artists/scientists. 6 a. These men produce/valuable work. b. Period/often call/Golden Age. so 7 a. Important studies/ philosophy/mathematics/carried out/Arabic. b. This/ the language/most academics choose/use. for 8 38 a. More/thousand years ago/Arabs/very powerful. Much/knowledge/technology/western societies nowadays/ discover /invent/this period. 9 Purpose/this essay/examine/ work/Muslim scholars/artists/Golden Age. 10 It/look closely/at fields/ architecture/calligraphy/poetry. too In addition Unit 2 Part Three Unit Review 1. Next to each word write what part of speech it is. 1. analyze 2. 7. an verb 2. philosopher 8. discovery 3. during 9. organise 4. scientific 10. who 5. extremely 11. productive 6. they 12. refer Some words in English form natural family groups of nouns, verbs and adjectives. Complete this table with the missing words. Noun Verb Adjective achieve Development Creation Product Civilization Success 3. achievable developing create express expressive productive civilize successful Complete these sentences with words from the table above. a. Poetry is a piece of writing. b. Students who study very hard usually in their exams. c. Music and art are forms of artistic d. The economic . of a country is essential to its success. e. The Red Crescent does much to help people in countries. f. For many years archaeologists have been fascinated by Greek and Roman g. Many Gulf countries . oil. 39 Unit 2 4. Match the words in Column A with their synonyms in Column B. Write the synonym next to the word in the space provided. A B permit 1. allow 2. extend look closely at 3. discover permit 4. focus on start 5. begin stretch 6. organise find out (about) A arrange Nouns B 1. area field 2. method growth 3. variety progress 4. advances range 5. expansion way A Adjectives B 1. major fast 2. rapid regional 3. local very important A 40 Verbs Adverb B 4. tremendously particularly 5. especially extremely Unit 2 5. Some words have the same form both as nouns and verbs. Complete the following table. Noun 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 6. Verb advance Aim analysis classify example expression Focus influence knowledge mention philosophy progress rhyme science spread Study symptom Trade tradition variety X Complete the following by using a suitable coordinating conjunction or linking word. a. He doesn‟t want to travel by boat, does he want to fly. b. Many people prefer the public sector, to the private sector, conditions are usually much better. c. You can have a snack in the cafeteria, d. Rents in Dubai are extremely high. e. He doesn‟t eat much, f My family went to Egypt, g. Thailand has many interesting places to visit. The food is delicious h. She has a part-time job and three children, i. They wanted to book online, j. The hotel has four restaurants, three cafes and a health club. There is swimming pool on the roof. the salary and working there is a restaurant on the first floor. , the cost of food and petrol is also rising. he weighs 80 kilos. they visited the Pyramids. . she doesn‟t have any free time. they didn‟t have a credit card. a 41 Unit 2 7. What six functions can an introduction perform? Fill in the gaps in the table below. Functions 8. 1. It states the of the research. 2. It gives the and/or history of the topic. 3. It defines key (if necessary). 4. It suggests why the topic is interesting and/or 5. It states the 6. It indicates the sequence of the main of the essay. in the essay. Look again at the pieces of writing you have produced during this unit and use the list below to help you monitor your progress. LEARNER CHECKLIST I have used a dictionary or spellcheck to avoid unnecessary mistakes in spelling. Vocabulary I have tried to use new vocabulary presented in the unit. Punctuation My use of capital letters and full stops is correct. Sentence Structure I have used compound sentences. Linking Words I have used some of the sentence linkers to connect ideas. Paragraph Structure All my paragraphs begin with a good topic sentence. The organisation of my paragraphs is general to specific. Exploring the cosmos-Arab Scholars 42 Y N