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Unit 2
ARWC
Outline/Essay Structure, Vocabulary & Grammar
Description
Aims: • To recognize the functions and features of an introduction in a research essay
• To produce a written introduction to a research essay
Part One
Pre-Reading
1.
Each of the two mind maps below consists of one main topic divided into four sub-topics and eight focus
points. Use the list of words below to help you complete the diagrams.
Algebra
Architecture
Carpets
Songs
Medicine
Poetry
Electricity
Stars
Mathematics
Astronomy
Weaving
Literature
Drama
Baskets
Mosques
ARTS
Music
Palaces
Instruments
Mind Map 1
Anatomy
Diseases
Physics
SCIENCE
Radiation
Geometry
Planets
Mathematics
Astronomy
Mind Map 2
16
Unit 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wdL5nLvDpWc
Reading
2.
Read the text below and answer the questions that follow.
Islamic civilisation experienced a golden age more than one thousand years ago. The Golden Age
refers to the period between 750 and 1250 * CE when Arab culture and influence were at a high point.
By the middle of the 8th century, the Islamic Empire was very large. It extended from West Africa
across to West India and as far as South China. Muslim leaders during this period were very interested
5
in discovering new knowledge in the countries which they now ruled. In addition, Arabic had
become the standard language of learning, and so it was widely used by scholars who were studying in
the fields of arts and sciences. Through their work, these men made some extremely important
advances in areas such as literature, philosophy and mathematics. Furthermore, many discoveries and
inventions of the Golden Age have also made a valuable contribution to Western civilisation. In this
10
essay, we will look briefly at some of the artistic achievements of this era. In particular, we will focus
on architecture, calligraphy and poetry.
a) This text comes from an essay. Which part of the essay does it come from?
b) What do you think the title of this essay is? Write it in the space above the text.
i) Describe the Arabic Language
ii) Describe Arts and Sciences in the Islamic Empire
iii) Describe the Golden Age of Arabic Art
c) What is the main aim of this essay?
d) Why does the writer think the topic is important?
e) How many different arts do you think the writer will describe? In what order?
* CE = Common Era
17
Unit 2
3.
15
Look quickly at the rest of the essay and check your answers to the questions on page 23.
The rapid expansion of the Islamic Empire during the Golden Age led to several new developments
in architecture. Many beautiful palaces were built to reflect the wealth of the sultans who lived in
them. Moreover, Arab architects began to use local styles and traditions in the buildings they designed.
We can see this quite clearly, for example, if we look at two very different mosques (see Figs. 1 and 2).
Furthermore, the importance of trade in this age led to the building of many caravanserais or „khans‟.
(Watkins, n.d.). These were built along the trade routes to receive merchants, their animals, and their
goods.
Fig. 1
Great Mosque of Samara, Iraq. Built 848 – 852 CE
Fig. 2
Ibn Tulun Mosque Cairo, Egypt
Built 879 CE
Calligraphy was another important form of artistic expression during the Golden Age. The word
20
„calligraphy‟ means „beautiful writing‟. Islamic artists were forbidden from using human figures in their
work, so they used geometric shapes and written phrases to decorate their mosques, holy books and
everyday objects (Wikipedia, 2004). Moreover, these texts were often taken from the Qu‟ran, and so
they also represented the word of God. Calligraphy was therefore not just an artistic expression; it
was a religious expression too.
25
During the Golden Age, poetry was extremely popular in Arabic society. The first poems had been
30
created by nomads who travelled the desert. Later on, however, professional poets appeared in the
towns. They wrote for rich citizens, and often performed on the streets (Mann, 2003). One of the
most famous types of Arabic poems is the „ghazal‟, which is a love poem. The „roba‟i‟ is another very
well-known form of poetry. It is a 4-line verse in which the first, second and fourth lines rhyme. The
best-known example of „roba‟i‟ was written in Persia, and is called the ‘Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam‟.
This essay has looked at some artistic achievements during the Golden Age. It has shown that
architecture underwent several developments as the Islamic Empire expanded . Calligraphy and poetry
were two prominent artistic forms during this period. In my opinion, for over 1,000 years, Islamic
civilization remained the most advanced and progressive in the world. However, it is only nowadays
35 that the rest of the world has begun to recognize this.
Unit 2
Reference List
Mann, H. (2003). Islamic literature. Retrieved March 15, 2006, from http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/
schwww/sch618/Literature,%20Poetry/Literature.html.
Watkins, J. C. (n.d.). Golden age of islam. Retrieved March 14, 2006, from http://regentsprep.org/
Regents/global/themes/goldenages/islam.cfm.
Islamic golden age. (2004). Retrieved October 1, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_
Age_of_Islam.
4.
Read the essay again and answer the following questions.
a) Why are there so many different styles and designs in Arab architecture ?
b) Why was calligraphy so popular as an art form?
c) Name two types of poems mentioned in the essay.
Vocabulary
Word Knowledge: Parts of Speech
There are many different types of words in any language. Being able to recognize the different parts of
speech will help you both in your reading and writing.
5.
The following words are all taken from the introductory paragraph of the essay. Next to each word, write the
abbreviation for what part of speech it is.
Word
Parts of Speech
1.
civilisation (line 1)
2.
Islamic (l.3)
adverb (adv)
3.
which (l.5)
article (art)
4.
they (l.5)
5.
in (l.8)
noun (n)
6.
the (l.9)
preposition (prep)
7.
look (l.10)
8.
briefly (l.10)
adjective (adj)
relative pronoun (r/p)
pronoun (pron)
verb (v)
19
Unit 2
6.
Read the introduction again and find two more examples of each part of speech. Write these in the appropriate
box. Use a dictionary to help you.
Parts of Speech
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
Article
Preposition
Pronoun
Relative pronoun
Paraphrasing: Synonyms
The simplest method of paraphrasing is to find and use words in English which have a similar meaning
as the words in the original passage. These words are called synonyms.
7.
Match the words from the text in Column A, with their synonyms in Column B. Write the synonym next to the
word.
A
20
B
1.
extended (line 3)
2.
learning (l.6)
commerce
3.
advances (l.8)
common
4.
reflect (l.13)
progress
5.
clearly (l.15)
studying
6.
trade (l.16)
easily
7.
everyday (l.22)
show
8.
created (l.26)
written
stretched
Unit 2
8.
Below are some more of the words from the text you have read. Can you think of synonyms for them? Write
them in the spaces. Use a dictionary to help you.
Noun
period (line 2)
Synonym
Verb
discovering (l.5)
Time
fields (l.7)
ruled (l.5)
objects (l.22)
focus on (l.11)
form (l.29)
began (l.14)
Adjective
Synonym
Synonym
Adverb
large (l.3)
widely (l.6)
valuable (l.9)
briefly (l.10)
well-known (l.29)
extremely (l.25)
Synonym
21
Unit 2
The Writing Process: Taking Notes
Once you have been given the sources you need, it is important that you take notes to help you answer
the essay questions and write the outline. There are several different ways of making notes. During this
course you will learn the linear model of note-taking.
Linear model
One way of taking notes is to underline or highlight the most important facts, words or phrases in the
original text and note them down one after the other on a piece of paper.
9.
Look at the example of linear notes from the second paragraph of the text on page 24.
• Islamic Empire grew rapidly – trade - architecture
developed
• Beautiful palaces/ wealthy sultans
• Arab architects copied local styles and traditions
in buildings
• Different mosques (e.g. Iraq and Egypt)
• Trade was important. Caravanserais (khans) built along
trade routes for merchants, animals & goods
Caravanserais
10. Look at the two sets of notes for paragraph 4. Decide which set is better. Give reasons for your answer.
Notes
Set A
• Poetry extremely popular in Middle
Ages
• First poems – written by nomads
(travelling in desert)
• Later – professional poets in towns
• Wrote for rich citizens/ performed on
streets
• One of most pop. types of poems was
Ghazal = love poem
• Roba’i = 4-line verse (1st, 2nd & 4th
lines rhyme)
• Best-known example is Rubaiyat of
Omar Khayyam
• Written in Persia
22
Set B
„Ghazal‟ is a love poem. It is very famous.
(4 lines) Omar Khayyan was the bestknown poet in Middle Ages. He lived in
Persia. Poetry was very popular in Arabic
society. Nomads in the desert – performed
in streets for rich citizens. Most famous
example of roba‟i poem is called the
„Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam‟.
Unit 2
11. Complete the notes for paragraph 3.
• Calligraphy import.
of art in Golden Age
Call. = ‘
writing’
• Islamic artists
from using
So
decorated
, books etc. with
shapes & words often from
Qu’ran.
• Calligraphy =
and
expression
12. Write notes for paragraph 1 (on page 17) in the box below.
23
Unit 2
Part Two
1.
In groups, exchange information you know about Arab scientists during the Golden Age.
Reading
2.
Read the following introductory paragraph. Think of a title for the essay and write it on the line below.
Describe the
5
Arab scientists were tremendously successful and productive during the period which is usually
referred to as the Golden Age of the Islamic world. Under the early Abbasid Caliphate, Arab
scholars began a serious study and analysis
of the science and philosophy of earlier
civilisations (Watkins, n.d.). The „Caliphate‟
was a system of Islamic rule which spread
through the Arab Empire more than a
thousand years ago (see Fig.1). During
the Abbasid Rule (929 - 1250 CE), the
centre of learning for most of these Arab
scholars was Baghdad. During this period,
astonishing advances were made in a wide
variety of areas. The aim of this essay is to
examine some of the major achievements
which these scientists made. In particular,
it will focus on the fields of mathematics
and medicine.
3.
Fig. 1
The Extent of the Abbasid Caliphate
Decide whether the following statements are true or false or if you don’t have enough information to answer
(NI).
T
1.
The Golden Age produced many successful scientists.
2.
The Abassids ruled for almost 500 years.
3.
The majority of Arab scholars worked in Baghdad between the 10th and 13th
Centuries
4.
Most discoveries were made in the field of medicine.
5.
This essay will look at the two areas of science and philosophy.
24
F
NI
Unit 2
4.
Read the rest of the text and answer the questions that follow.
10 Muslim scientists were especially interested in mathematics, and many important discoveries were
made during the Golden Age. After consulting the work of Indians, Egyptians, and the ancient
Greeks, Arab scholars made their own important contributions in this field. Al-Khwarizmi was
without doubt the most well-known Muslim mathematician of this period. He pioneered the study
of algebra, and his textbook on the subject became a standard in European universities for centuries.
15 Other mathematicians developed trigonometry, which allowed them to measure objects at a distance
(Matthews, 2004).
The Islamic Empire also saw many impressive advances in the area of medical knowledge. For the
first time in history, medicine became a science based on observation and experimentation. In this
way, Islamic scientists introduced the idea of the „scientific method‟, which has been used by scientists
20 ever since (Wikipedia, 2004). One of the most famous Islamic physicians alive at this time was
Ibn Sina (Avincenna). He wrote a book called Qanoon on Medicine (al-qanun fil-tibb). This was a
standard medical text in Europe for over 500 years. It organised diseases into different types or
classifications. For example, it explained how tuberculosis was passed from one person to another,
and described the symptoms and complications of diabetes.
25 This essay has examined some of the scientific achievements in the Golden Age. It has shown that
during this period Arab scientists made many important discoveries in mathematics. Medical
knowledge was another area which saw many accomplishments especially its recognition as a science
based on observation and experimentation. I believe that these achievements helped influence learning
in Europe and contributed greatly to the Renaissance.
Reference List
Matthews, Z. (2004, October 1). The golden age of Islam. Retrieved October 2, 2006 from http://www.irfi.
org/articles/articles_401_450/golden_age_of_islam.htm.
Watkins, J.C. (n.d.). Golden age of islam. Retrieved March 14, 2006, from http://regentsprep.org/
Regents/global/themes/goldenages/islam.cfm.
Islamic golden age. (2004). Retrieved October 1, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_
Islam.
25
Unit 2
Questions
a) Which area of mathematics was Al-Khwarizmi especially interested in?
b) Explain what is meant by the “scientific method”?
c) Which two diseases are mentioned in the text?
d) Look again at the annotation exercise in Unit 2 and make notes on this text.
Language Focus
Text Analysis: Writing an Introduction
The first paragraph of a research essay is called the introduction, and it is designed to help the reader
prepare for and understand the main points of the essay. Writers usually spend most of their time
working on the essay outline and main body paragraphs before writing the introduction. This is because
their ideas develop and often change while they are doing their research, taking notes and thinking about
the topic.
A good introduction performs some (or all) of the following functions but these do not always follow in
exactly the same order as below.
•
•
•
•
•
•
26
It states the general topic of the research.
It gives the background and/or history of the topic.
It defines key terms (if necessary).
It suggests why the topic is interesting and/or important.
It states the aim of the essay
It indicates the sequence of the main ideasin the essay.
Unit 2
5.
Look at the first paragraph from the essay again and see how the text is organised.
Describe science in the Golden Age
A
It states general topic of the
research.
Arab scientists were tremendously successful and productive
during the period which is usually referred to as the Golden
Age of the Islamic world.
B
Gives background and/or
history of the topic.
Under the early Abassid Caliphate, Arab scholars began a
serious study and analysis of the science and philosophy of
earlier civilisations (Watkins, 2006). During the Abassid rule
(929-1250 CE), the centre of learning for most of these
scientists was Baghdad
C
It defines key terms
(if necessary).
The Caliphate was a system of Islamic rule which spread
through the Arab Empire more than a thousand years ago.
(see Fig. 1)
D
It suggests why the topic is
interesting and/or important
During this period, astonishing advances were made in a
wide variety of areas.
E
It states the aim of the essay.
The purpose of this essay is to examine some of the major
achievements which these scientists made.
F
It indicates the sequence of
the main ideas in the essay.
In particular, it will focus on the fields of mathematics and
medicine.
27
Unit 2
6.
1
Read this introduction again from the first essay and identify the main function of each sentence.
Islamic civilisation experienced a Golden Age more than one thousand years ago. 2 The Golden Age refers
to the period between 750 and 1250 CE when Arab culture and influence was at a high point. 3 By the middle
of the 8th century, the Islamic Empire was very large. 4 It extended from West Africa across to West India and
as far as South China. 5 Muslim leaders during this period were very interested in discovering new knowledge
in the countries which they now ruled.
6
In addition, Arabic had become the standard language of learning,
and so it was widely used by scholars who were studying in the fields of arts and sciences. 7 Through their
work, these men made some extremely important advances in areas such as literature, philosophy and
mathematics. 8 Furthermore, many of the discoveries and inventions made during the Golden Age have
also made a valuable contribution to Western civilisation. 9 This essay will look briefly at some of the artistic
achievements of this era.
10
In particular, it will focus on architecture, calligraphy and poetry.
Functions
28
A
It states the general topic of the research.
B
It gives the background and/or history of the
topic.
C
It defines key terms (if necessary).
D
It suggests why the writer thinks the topic is
interesting and/or important
E
It states the aim of the essay (Main Thesis
Statement).
F
It indicates the sequence of the main points in
the essay.
Sentence(s)
1
Unit 2
7a. Reorder the words below to give you some phrases you can use when writing the aim of the essay.
essay/ focus/ In/ on/ this/ we/ will/ ,/ In this essay, we will focus on . . .
1. essay/ examine/ is/ of/ purpose/ The/ this/ to
2. at/ essay/ look/ This/ will
3. aim/ at / essay/ is/ look/ of/ The/ this/ to
7b. Rewrite the following essay aims in three different ways.
“The purpose of this essay is to examine Arabic poetry of the Middle Ages.”
1.
2.
3.
29
Unit 2
Supplementary Exercises
Sentence Structure: Simple Sentences
A simple sentence consists of one clause. Every clause must have a subject and a verb. The verb is
often followed by a/ an
• noun complement or
• adjective complement or
• object
Subject
Verb
The “Caliphate”
was
a system of Islamic rule.
Al-Khwarizmi
was
a mathematician.
Subject
Verb
Adjective Complement/ AP
Arab scientists
were
tremendously successful.
Al-Khwarizmi
became
very famous.
Subject
8.
Noun Complement/ NP
Verb
Object
Al-Khwarizmi
pioneered
the study of algebra.
Muslim scientists
made
many discoveries.
In each of the following sentences, identify and label the following:
a. Subject and Verb (S/V)
b. Noun phrase or Adjective phrase (N/A) (NP or AP)
c. Object (O)
S
V
AP
Arab scientists were tremendously successful.
30
1. Arab scholars carried out research.
4. Other mathematicians developed trigonometry.
2. Their work was very important.
5. Ibn Sina was a physician.
3. Medicine became a science.
6. Ibn Sina wrote a famous book.
Unit 2
Sentence Structure: Compound Sentences
A compound sentence consists of two simple sentences joined by a co-ordinating conjunction. The
coordinating conjunctions are listed below.
for and nor but or yet so
NB: A comma is used before the co-ordinating conjunction when there is a subject in the second part
of the sentence.
On the following page are example sentences using the coordinating conjunctions.
Simple Sentence
Muslim scientists were interested in
mathematics.
Simple Sentence
They made important discoveries during the
Golden Age.
Compound Sentence
Muslim scientists were interested in mathematics, and they made important discoveries during
the Golden Age.
31
Unit 2
Coordinating Conjunctions
Similar Idea: and / nor
Muslim scientists were interested in mathematics.
Muslim scientists made important discoveries in
this field.
Muslim scientists were interested in mathematics, and they made important discoveries in this field.
Physicians before Ibn Sina did not use the
“scientific method.”
Physicians before Ibn Sina did not know how to
classify diseases.
Physicians before Ibn Sina did not use the “scientific method,” nor did they know how to classify
diseases.
Opposite Idea: but / yet
Ibn Sina made a tremendous contribution to
modern medicine.
Not many people remember him today.
Ibn Sina made a tremendous contribution to modern medicine, but not many people remember him
today.
Ibn Sina made a tremendous contribution to modern medicine, yet not many people remember him
today.
Alternative Idea: or
Arab architects used their own traditional designs.
Arab architects sometimes copied local styles.
Arab architects used their own traditional designs, or they sometimes copied local styles.
Reason: for
Islamic artists used geometric shapes and written
phrases in their work.
Islamic artists were forbidden from using human
figures.
Islamic artists used geometric shapes and written phrases in their work, for they were forbidden from
using human figures.
Result: so
Islamic artists were forbidden from using human
figures in their work.
Islamic artists used geometric shapes and written
phrases.
Islamic artists were forbidden from using human figures in their work, so they used geometric shapes and
written phrases.
32
Unit 2
9.
Complete the sentences by using the following clauses and add the appropriate coordinating conjunctions.
the most famous one is the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam.
it was the language of learning.
many different styles of architecture began to appear.
not many westerners know about it.
the architects designed caravanserais.
they performed in the streets.
were they allowed to paint them.
1. The Islamic Empire grew rapidly, and many different styles of architecture began to appear.
2. Merchants needed accommodation for their animals and goods,
.
3. Scholars in the Golden Age used Arabic,
.
4. Poets wrote for rich citizens,
.
5. Islamic civilisation was extremely productive during the Golden Age,
.
6. Artists were not allowed to draw people,
.
7. There are many examples of the roba‟i ,
.
Omar Khayyam
33
Unit 2
Writing Citations
In ESP you are required to write citations from the references listed at the bottom of each
source text.
If given, the author must be used. Write only the family name followed by the publishing year.
1. Author‟s name and publishing year (Smith, 2004).
If there is no author, then write either the title or the website, if the source is from a website.
Option 1. Title of text/article and publishing year (University of Bologna, 2009).
Option 2. Name of website and publishing year (wikipedia, 2009).
Note: If you do not know the publishing year, write n.d. This means no date. (wikipedia, n.d.).
Task: Look at the full references below and choose the most appropriate citation.
1. Mann, H. (2003). Islamic Literature. Retrieved March 15, 2006, from http://www.sfud.k12.ca.us/
schwww/Poetry?Literature.html
a) (Islamic Literature ,2003).
b) (Mann, 2003).
c) (sfud, 2003).
d) (Mann, 2006).
2. The Dubai Metro. (2009). Retrieved September 18th, 2010, from http://www.rail-tech.org
a) (The Dubai Metro,2009)
b) (rail-tech, 2009).
c) (The Dubai Metro, 2010).
d). (www.rail-tch.org, 2009).
3. Watkins, J.C. Golden Age of Islam. Retrieved March 14th, 2006, from http:// regentsprep.org/
Regents/global/themes/goldenages/islam.cfm.
a) (regentsprep, n.d.).
b) (regentsprep,2006).
c) (Watkins, 2006). d) (Watkins, n.d.).
4). Islamic golden age. (2004). Retrieved October 1, 2006 from http://en.wikipedai.org/wiki/
Golden_ Age_of_Islam.
a) (en.wikipedia, 2004). b) (wikipedia, 2006).
e). (Islamic golden age, 2006).
34
c) (wikipedia.org ,2006).
d). (wikipedia, 2004).
Unit 2
Writing Citations
The rapid expansion of the Islamic empire during the Golden Age led to several new
developments in architecture. Many beautiful palaces were built to reflect the wealth of the
sultans who lived in them. Moreover, Arab architects began to use local styles and traditions in the
buildings they designed. We can see this quite clearly, for example, if we look at two very different
mosques (see Figs. 1 and 2). Furthermore, the importance of trade in this age led to the building
of many caravanserais or „khans‟ (Watkins, n.d.). These were built along the trade routes to receive
merchants, their animals, and their goods.
Calligraphy was another important form of artistic expression during the Golden Age. The word
„calligraphy‟ means „beautiful writing‟. Islamic artists were forbidden from using human figures
in their work, so they used geometric shapes and written phrases to decorate their mosques, holy
books and everyday objects (Wikipedia, 2004). Moreoever, these texts were often taken from
the Qu‟ran, and so they also represented the word of God. Calligraphy was therefore not just an
artistic expression; it was a religious expression too.
During the Golden Age, poetry was extremely popular in Arabic society. The first poems had been
created by nomads who traveled the desert. Later on, professional poets appeared in the towns.
They wrote for rich citizens, and often performed on the streets (Mann, 2003). One of the most
famous types of Arabic poems is the „ghazal‟, which is a love poem. The „rob‟ai‟ is another very
well-known form of poetry. It is a 4-line verse in which the first, second and fourth lines rhyme.
The best-known example of „rob‟ai‟ was written in Persia, and is called the „Rubaiyat of Omar
Khayyam‟.
Task: Find the items written in brackets. What are they?
Can you find the same items in the reference list below? What are the differences?
Reference List
Mann, H. (2003). Islamic literature. Retrieved March 15, 2006, from http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/
schwww/sch618/Literature,%20Poetry?Literature.html.
Watkins, J.C. (n.d.) Golden Age of Islam. Retrieved March 14, 2006, from http://regentsprep.org/
Regents/global/themes/goldenages/islam.cfm.
Islamic golden age. (2004). Retrieved October 1, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_
Age_of_Islam.
35
Unit 2
Linking Words: Addition
Look at these three different ways of linking sentences.
moreover, furthermore, in addition
Many beautiful palaces were built to reflect the wealth of the sultans who lived in them.
• Moreover, Arab architects began to use local styles and traditions in the buildings they
designed.
too
• The Golden Age produced many discoveries and inventions. It was a period of artistic
creativity too.
also
• The Islamic Empire saw the serious study of the philosophy of earlier civilisations. It also
saw many impressive advances in the area of medical knowledge.
10. Join the following pairs of sentences using the linking words above. Rewrite them on the lines below. The first
one has been done for you as an example.
1. Architects built beautiful mosques and palaces during this period.
The importance of trade in this age led to the building of many caravanserais.
Architects built beautiful mosques and palaces during this period. Furthermore, the
importance of trade in this age led to the building of many caravanserais.
2. The Golden Age produced many fine works of architecture, calligraphy and poetry.
Its artists expressed themselves through music, art and dance.
3. Artists used geometric shapes and written phrases to decorate their mosques and holy
books. They used them to decorate everyday objects.
4. Arab scholars did much to preserve the knowledge of earlier generations.
They made an important contribution to Western civilisation.
36
Unit 2
11. Complete the following paraphrase of the third paragraph of Science in the Golden Age by placing one word
in each of the spaces.
addition
but
easily
European
for
observe
progress
showed
so
well-known
Arab scientists made great 1
in the field of medicine during the Middle Ages. Before then,
medicine was not really a science, 2
during this period Islamic physicians began to 3
and experiment. This was called the „scientific method‟, and it was very successful,
4
it is still used today (Wikipedia, 2006). Ibn Sina (Avincenne) became very 5
a doctor, and he is still remembered, 6
book (Qanoon on Medicine) was used by 7
as
he wrote an important book about medicine. This
doctors for over 500 years. It classified a variety
of illnesses and gave information about them. For example, it showed that one person with tuberculosis
could 8
give the disease to another person. In 9
effects of diabetes and 10
, it also talked about the
how dangerous it could be.
Writing Task
12. Reread the the introductory paragraph of the essay in Part One, and compare it with the paraphrased version
on the next page. Working in groups, underline the words or phrases that have been changed and try to explain
how the changes have been made.
Islamic civilisation experienced a Golden Age more than one thousand years ago. The Golden Age
refers to the period between 750 and 1250 CE, when Arab culture and influence were at a highpoint.
By the middle of the 8th century, the Islamic Empire was very large. It extended from West Africa
across to West India and as far as South China. Muslim leaders during this period were very interested
in discovering new knowledge in the countries which they now ruled. In addition, Arabic had become
the standard language of learning and so it was widely used by scholars who were studying in the fields
of Arts and Sciences. Through their work, these men made some extremely important advances in
areas such as literature, philosophy and mathematics. Furthermore, many discoveries and inventions
of the Golden Age have also made a valuable contribution to Western civilisation. In this essay, we will
look briefly at some of the artistic achievements of this era. In particular, we will focus on architecture,
calligraphy and poetry.
37
Unit 2
A Golden Age in Islamic civilisation occurred over one thousand years ago. The Golden Age was
between 750 and 1250 CE and this time was seen as the climax of Arab culture and influence. In the
middle of the 8th century, from West Africa across to West India and as far as South China the enormity
of the Islamic Empire was apparent. At this time Muslim leaders were curious to obtain knowledge and
discoveries from their governed countries. Arabic was also the educated language of learning during
that period especially with those concerned with Arts and Sciences. Arabic scholars made huge strides
in literature, philosophy and mathematics at this time. Western civilisation also benefited from the large
number of discoveries and inventions of the Golden Age. This paper will examine examples of the
artistic achievements from this period. In particular, it will consider architecture, calligraphy and poetry.
Now write your own paraphrase of 10 sentences using the phrases in the boxes below.
More than a thousand years ago, Arabs were very powerful and controlled
large areas of the world.
1
b. They/ control/ large areas of/ world.
and
2
Empire stretched/ Maghreb — China.
3
750 to 1250 CE/culture/ extremely important.
4
Islamic rulers/ those days/ want to learn/foreign countries/live in
5
They help Muslim artists/scientists.
6
a. These men produce/valuable work.
b. Period/often call/Golden Age.
so
7
a. Important studies/ philosophy/mathematics/carried out/Arabic.
b. This/ the language/most academics choose/use.
for
8
38
a. More/thousand years ago/Arabs/very powerful.
Much/knowledge/technology/western societies nowadays/ discover
/invent/this period.
9
Purpose/this essay/examine/ work/Muslim scholars/artists/Golden Age.
10
It/look closely/at fields/ architecture/calligraphy/poetry.
too
In
addition
Unit 2
Part Three
Unit Review
1.
Next to each word write what part of speech it is.
1. analyze
2.
7. an
verb
2. philosopher
8. discovery
3. during
9. organise
4. scientific
10. who
5. extremely
11. productive
6. they
12. refer
Some words in English form natural family groups of nouns, verbs and adjectives. Complete this table with the
missing words.
Noun
Verb
Adjective
achieve
Development
Creation
Product
Civilization
Success
3.
achievable
developing
create
express
expressive
productive
civilize
successful
Complete these sentences with words from the table above.
a. Poetry is a
piece of writing.
b. Students who study very hard usually
in their exams.
c. Music and art are forms of artistic
d. The economic
.
of a country is essential to its success.
e. The Red Crescent does much to help people in
countries.
f. For many years archaeologists have been fascinated by Greek and Roman
g. Many Gulf countries
.
oil.
39
Unit 2
4.
Match the words in Column A with their synonyms in Column B. Write the synonym next to the word in the
space provided.
A
B
permit
1.
allow
2.
extend
look closely at
3.
discover
permit
4.
focus on
start
5.
begin
stretch
6.
organise
find out (about)
A
arrange
Nouns
B
1.
area
field
2.
method
growth
3.
variety
progress
4.
advances
range
5.
expansion
way
A
Adjectives
B
1.
major
fast
2.
rapid
regional
3.
local
very important
A
40
Verbs
Adverb
B
4.
tremendously
particularly
5.
especially
extremely
Unit 2
5.
Some words have the same form both as nouns and verbs. Complete the following table.
Noun
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
6.
Verb
advance
Aim
analysis
classify
example
expression
Focus
influence
knowledge
mention
philosophy
progress
rhyme
science
spread
Study
symptom
Trade
tradition
variety
X
Complete the following by using a suitable coordinating conjunction or linking word.
a.
He doesn‟t want to travel by boat,
does he want to fly.
b.
Many people prefer the public sector, to the private sector,
conditions are usually much better.
c.
You can have a snack in the cafeteria,
d.
Rents in Dubai are extremely high.
e.
He doesn‟t eat much,
f
My family went to Egypt,
g.
Thailand has many interesting places to visit. The food is delicious
h.
She has a part-time job and three children,
i.
They wanted to book online,
j.
The hotel has four restaurants, three cafes and a health club. There is
swimming pool on the roof.
the salary and working
there is a restaurant on the first floor.
, the cost of food and petrol is also rising.
he weighs 80 kilos.
they visited the Pyramids.
.
she doesn‟t have any free time.
they didn‟t have a credit card.
a
41
Unit 2
7.
What six functions can an introduction perform? Fill in the gaps in the table below.
Functions
8.
1.
It states the
of the research.
2.
It gives the
and/or history of the topic.
3.
It defines key
(if necessary).
4.
It suggests why the topic is interesting and/or
5.
It states the
6.
It indicates the sequence of the main
of the essay.
in the essay.
Look again at the pieces of writing you have produced during this unit and use the list below to help you
monitor your progress.
LEARNER CHECKLIST
I have used a dictionary or spellcheck to avoid unnecessary mistakes
in spelling.
Vocabulary
I have tried to use new vocabulary presented in the unit.
Punctuation
My use of capital letters and full stops is correct.
Sentence Structure
I have used compound sentences.
Linking Words
I have used some of the sentence linkers to connect ideas.
Paragraph
Structure
All my paragraphs begin with a good topic sentence.
The organisation of my paragraphs is general to specific.
Exploring the cosmos-Arab Scholars
42
Y
N