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Unit: Body Systems Section: Skeletal System Key Words: bone marrow, cartilage, ligament, mineral, red blood cell, skeletal system, skeleton Essential Questions: How does our skeletal system help us move? How do bones, ligaments, and cartilage work together? What are bones made of? In addition to allowing movement, what else does our skeletal system help us do? Skeletal System Skeletal system – framework of the body - contains all bones - FUNCTIONS: Provides storage of minerals - Ca & P Provides protection for internal organs Produces new blood cells (marrow center of bones) Provides a place for muscles to attach Basic Framework Cartilage – at ends of bones - Thick, smooth, slippery layer - Provides flexibility @ joints - Reduces friction bone against bone on Compact bone – made up of circular structures – the Haversian system Cornell University **Haversian system** – a unit of circular structures inside more circular structures that give compact bones its strength Spongy bone – is porous; provides support as a “shock absorber” Periosteum – outer covering; allows nutrients & thing to get into and out of bone Bone marrow - produces blood cells or stores fat - red marrow – red blood cells - yellow marrow – stores fat Osteoblasts – bone forming cells - at birth – you had ~300+ bones in your body - eventually fused & ended up with 206 bones Osteoclasts – bone cells that break down other bone tissues (older) & releases Ca & P into bloodstream Ligament – tough, band-like substance that connects bones at joints Joint – where 2 or more bones meet Moveable joints – allows for a wide range of movement - pivot – ex. Neck - ball & socket – ex. Shoulder, hip - hinge – ex. Knee, fingers - gliding – ex. Vertebrae, ankle Immovable joints – allows little or no movement - ex. Skull, pelvis Section: Muscular System Key Words: muscle, cardiac muscle, contract, involuntary muscle, muscular system, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, skeletal system, voluntary muscle Essential Questions: Identify functions of the muscular system Know that there are three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac Understand how each type of muscle functions within our bodies Perform simple activities that use all three types of muscles Begin to identify ways that body systems interact with each other Muscle – an organ that can relax and contract to allow movement - approximately 600+ muscles in the body o Strapedius – smallest muscle – inside the ear o Sartorius – longest muscle – from hip to knee - over 30 muscles in the face - TWO TYPES OF MUSCLE CATEGORIES: •Muscles you are able to control •Legs, arms, face, etc. voluntary Involuntary •Muscles you cannot consciously control •Blood vessesl and heart •Food through digestive tract Body Skeleton & Muscles as Levers 1st class 2nd Class 3rd Class EFL FLE FEL Fulcrum in middle Fulcrum is at one end, effort the other Fulcrum is at end, effort in middle E = Neck muscles (front & back) ex. Standing on ball of foot ex. Leg when you move F = Ball of foot F = Hip F = Vertebrae L = Body E = Thigh muscles L = Head E = Calf muscle L = Knee & lower leg Smooth Cardiac Ex. Skull up/down TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE Skeletal • muscles that move bones • attached by tendons • most abundant • looks striated (striped) • voluntary • contract quickly • tire easily • non-striated • move internal organs (ex. intestines, bladder, blood vessels, etc.) • contract & relax slowly • found only in heart • straited • contracts • approx. 70 x/min Muscles at work - work in pairs - 1 contracts and other relaxes - Always pull, never push - Uses energy – chemical energy (ATP) o Glucose – sugar – has bonds When bonds break, chemical energy changes into mechanical energy Allows you to contract muscles If supply of glucose is used up, muscles tire - the more muscle used, the larger they get - not used, become smaller - muscles use protein – myoglobin (carries O2) Skin Skin – largest organ in the body – largest sense organ - 2 layers o Epidermis Top, new cells constantly produced Produces melanin Melanin- pigment that gives skin color The more you have, the darker the skin tone Increases with exposure to UV Light o Dermis Layer under epidermis A lot thicker Contains blood vessels, nerves, oil & sweat glands Fat cells are found here to help insulate body Extra fat is stored here Excretion of Wastes & Regulation of Body Temp • regulates body temp • blood vessels hold and release heat (constrict & dilate vessels) • 3 mill + sweat glands - Formation of Vitamin D • absorbs Ca from food • uses UV light to form Vit D Protection Sensory • 1st defense • glands secrete fluids to fight of and destroy bacteria • prevents excess water loss • specialized nerve cells • can detect temp, pressure & pain injuries o large coverage of injuries like burning or rubbing away from epidermis o leaves no cells left to divide to repair o o o water loss is great nerve damage can result infection can lead to more damage or death Section: Circulatory System Key Words: artery, blood, blood vessel, capillary, circulation, circulatory system, heart, oxygen, heart valve, vein, ventricle, atrium, aorta Essential Questions: What is the function of the circulatory system? What are the parts of the circulatory system that deliver blood to the body? What is the function of the heart? How does blood circulate through the body? Circulation Cardiovascular system – includes the heart, arteries, veins, & capillaries “cardio” – means heart “vascular” – means vessel (like indoor plumbing) Right atrium Left atrium - blood enters from veins (VENA CAVA) - blood enters from pulmonary veins from lungs - Tricuspid Valve -mitral valve 4 chambers of the heart Right ventricle Left ventricle - blood enters from rt. atrium - blood enters from lt. atrium - Pulmonary (semilunar) valve - aortic (semilunar) valve - blood goes to lungs - blood goes to rest of body Diffusion – higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached - occurs between blood & body cells - exchanges nutrients, O2 , & waste products - capillaries connect arteries to veins & the body cells so that the blood used (deoxygenated & full of wastes) will go to veins & refreshed blood (from arteries) will get to the cells BLOOD FLOW TO AND THROUGH HEART (see chart below) Blood (deoxygenated) comes to heart thru the VENA CAVA • superior & inferior Enters RIGHT ATRIUM & pumped to RIGHT VENTRICLE AORTA disperses blood to rest of body RIGHT VENTRICLE pumps to PULMONARY ARTERY to the LUNGS LEFT VENTRICLE pumps blood to AORTA (artery) LUNGS give O2 for blood to pick up, blood drops off CO2 to expel LEFT ATRIUM pumps blood to LEFT VENTRICLE Blood (oxygenated) go back to heart by PULMONARY VEINS from lungs to LEFT ATRIUM Types of Circulation Pulmonary Coronary Systemic From heart to lungs & back to heart Blood movement in the tissues of the heart Blood from heart to rest of body & back Blood vessels Veins Arteries Brings all blood to the heart Carries blood away from the heart Pressure is lower Higher pressure Has a valve to keep one way flow Gives us our heart beat (blood pressure) connected by capillaries connected by capillaries Blood pressure – blood exerting a force on the walls of the vessels - highest in arteries - normal range from 65-80 beats per min BLOOD FUNCTIONS: Fights infections Picks up waste products from cells and delivers to liver & kidneys Carries O2 from lungs to body cells & gets rid of CO2 from cells Transports nutrients from digestive tract to body cells - Makes up 8% of body - Amt of blood in adults equals about 5 – 1L bottles - If blood drops below 8%, your body goes into shock PARTS OF BLOOD Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets •liquid part of blood-mostly water •contains nutrients & O2 •makes up more than half the volume of blood •has no nucleus & doesn't reproduce •contains hemoglobin •acts as a chemical that can carry O2 & CO2 •In 1mm3 - contains 5 mill •Life span = 4 months •produced in bone marrow (femur & humerus) •reproduce @ 2-3 mill/sec •makes up 5000 to 10000 count in blood •job is to fight bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances •when detects a foreign substance, count will increase •life span from a few days to months •attach and absorb the foreign body •help with blood clotting •contain 400,000 in drop of blood •life span 5-9 days Blood clotting – platelets make your blood clot & forms a natural bandage -Fibrin – threadlike fibers form a sticky net - hemophiliac – genetic disease that lacks clotting factors Blood types – A, B, AB, & O Antigens – each type has a chemical identifying tag Antibodies – specific proteins that destroy or neutralize foreign substances - located in the plasma Rh factor – give your blood +/- + , if Rh marker is present - - , if Rh marker is not present - Inherited - Cannot be mixed Section: Respiratory System Key Words: alveoli, autonomic, carbon dioxide, lungs, oxygen, respiration, respiratory system, trachea Essential Questions: What is the function of the respiratory system? Why are the lungs important for they body? What happens when we breathe? Breathing – this process where fresh air moves into & stale air moves out of lungs - O2 is in fresh air - O2 is needed for the cells to o thru respiration o Respiration – the process of using oxygen to break down glucose so that we can receive energy for the cell processes to occur Respiration Chemical Reaction C6H12O6 + 6O2 --------------- 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy By-products of the process Process: 1 – Breathe air into nose (hair traps debris) 2 – moves down nasal cavity (moistens & warms) 3 – warm air goes to pharynx (throat) contains the epiglottis – it can close to allow air in but not food/liquid 4 – air goes to larynx (vocal cords/voice box) to the trachea (windpipe) – contains cartilage to keep it open – has mucus & cilia to trap dust & debris 5 – air reaches 2 branches – bronchi (bronchus) that take air to lungs – inside the bronchi continue to branch off – smallest called the bronchioles – contain sacs called alveoli – CO2 & O2 are exchanged at the alveoli – attached to them are capillaries that help complete the exchange of gases Breathing – due to change of air pressure - high pressure to low pressure - Inhale/Exhale o Diaphragm- muscle beneath your lungs that helps move air into and out of your body o Applies pressure & relaxes Abdominal thrusts – “Heimlich maneuver” - uses pressure of force to force out the object - forces diaphragm up & that increase air pressure to be forced out - enough pressure may expel the object Section: Digestive System Key Words: alimentary canal, anus, digestion, digestive system, gallbladder, large intestine, liver, nutrient, pancreas, small intestine, stomach, gastrointestinal tract Essential Questions: What are the functions of the digestive system? What organs are involved in the digestive system and what do they do? What is the alimentary canal and how does it relate to digestion? Digestion – the process that breaks down food into small molecules so they can be moved by blood - 4 phases: Ingestion Digestion Absorption Elimination enzymes – molecules that speed up the rate of chemical reactions - helps reduce the amt of energy needed for a chemical reaction to begin - Examples: o Amylase – produced in salivary glands in mouth o Pepsin – produced in stomach Helps in many other body processes from breaking down food to blood clotting to muscle and nerve reactions Mechanical digestion – when food is chewed and mixed in mouth and churned in stomach Chemical digestion – breaks down large molecules of food into different, smaller molecules to be absorbed by cells - mouth, stomach and small intestine (see flow chart) Section: Excretory System Key Words: kidney, nephron, renal artery, renal vein, ureter, bladder, urethra, urine, metabolism Essential Questions: What are the primary structures and functions of the human excretory system? How do the organs of the excretory system interact with other organs and organ systems in the human body? How does the urinary system help the human body manage metabolic waste? Excretory – root “excrete” – means to remove or get rid of - Circulatory system o Main transport system that takes wastes from metabolic processes of the cells and delivers to four organs for disposing Cells use (take in) glucose, oxygen, water, essential amino acids, and minerals Needed for maintenance, growth, repair, and cell division Produce some materials that the cells retain: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids used to build cell components Cells cannot use and that are considered to be wastes: carbon dioxide, urea, excess water, other toxins •elimintates CO2 •eliminates toxins in the form of urea & water Lungs Kidneys Skin Liver •eliminates excess water & urea & minerals through sweat - •breaks down toxins Digestive system waste product – feces o Not due to metabolic chemical reactions so not included as part of this system’s parts – included in the digestive system Section: Reproductive System Key Words: cervix, fallopian tube, fertilization, fetus, gametes, menstruation, ova, ovaries, penis, puberty, reproduce, reproductive system, semen, scrotum, testes, urethra, uterus, vagina Essential Questions: How does reproduction occur in humans? What are the main male and female reproductive organs and what do they do? What occurs during the female’s menstrual cycle? How do reproductive systems change throughout the human life cycle? Combination of both parent's DNA Variations allow for better adaptions Sexual Reproduction Must have a male and female parent Encourages variations Male •mostly external organs •scrotum - contains testes (produce sperm - gametes) •penis, seminal vesicles, prostate & vas deferens - help release gametes Female •mostly internal organs •ovaries - produces ova (eggs) gametes •fallopian tubes - gamete travels to uterus (1 ovum -gamete - is produced ~ every 28 days) •uterus - where fertilized egg can implant •no fertilized gamete - wall of uterus is shed with gamete (menstral cycle) •vagina - "birth" canal leading to uterus, met at the cervix •one ovum vs. 200 mill + sperm •zygote forms if ova barrier receptors accept sperm Fertilization •becomes a fetus Childhood •Rapid growth and development •Physical strength increases •Puberty - increase in hormone production, reproductive anatomy matures •Sexual maturity (physiologically, not emotionally) Adolescence Adulthood •Viable sperm for decades •Release of ova until menapause (cessation of ovarian function)