Download Biology Second Semester Final Study Guide

Biology Second Semester Final Study Guide
Unit 1: Evolution (Ch.15,16,17)
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What did Darwin’s Theory of Evolution include?
What is natural selection?
Describe the peppered moths example of natural selection.
What are the four evidences of evolution?
Draw the graphs for directional, stabilizing and disruptive selection.
What is speciation? What are the causes of speciation?
What are the three types of isolation?
What are homologous structures, analogous structures, and vestigial structures? Give an example each.
What is the difference between founder effect and bottleneck effect?
Unit 2: Ecology (Ch.3,4,6)
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List the ecological levels of organization from the largest to the smallest.
What is a trophic level?
Which type of organism is always at the bottom of the ecological pyramid? Why?
What is the 10% rule?
Compare and contrast between a food chain and a food web.
What is a niche?
Compare and contrast between biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem. Give two examples of each.
Describe the symbiotic relationships in parasitism, mutualism, commensalisms, competition, and predation.
What will happen to a population if the number exceeds the carrying capacity?
What are the four major types of cycles in nature?
What are the two processes that recycle carbon between consumers and producers?
What converts the nitrogen in the air to a usable form for producers and consumers?
What is a biome?
What are the six types of terrestrial biomes?
Compare and contrast between primary and secondary successions.
Unit 3: Population Ecology (Ch.5)
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Draw a diagram and describe the four stages of a typical population growth curve.
What is the difference between linear and exponential growth?
What are density-dependent and density-independent factors? Give two examples each.
What is carrying capacity? What happens when a population exceeds its carrying capacity?
Unit 4: Endocrine & Nervous System (Ch.35, Ch.39-1)
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Why is homeostasis important in living organisms?
Describe negative feedback control mechanism of hormones.
What is the function of the endocrine system?
What are the three components of the endocrine system? How do the three components work together?
Compare and contrast the structures and the functions of dendrites and axons.
What is the function of myelin sheath?
Describe how an impulse is transmitted across the synapse.
How can an impulse be stopped?
What does CNS contain?
What are the four types of receptors? What kind of stimulus does each one respond to?
Unit 5: Circulatory & Respiratory System (Ch.37)
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What are the two major functions of the circulatory system?
What are the three parts of the circulatory system?
What are the four components that make up blood?
Which component in blood is directly related to Hemophilia? Why?
What are the vessels that carry blood away from the heart called?
What are the smallest and most numerous blood vessels in the body?
Which blood type is the universal donor? Which blood type is the universal recipient?
What is the respiratory structure with which capillaries work closely?
What is the purpose of having four-chambered heart?
Trace the pathway of blood flow beginning with superior and inferior vena cava. Also indicate what kind of blood is in each part.
Describe the pathway of an air molecule entering from the nose.
How does your nose filter the incoming air?
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What is the “voice box” called?
What is the function of epiglottis? What does it do?
What is the “windpipe”?
Where does gas exchange take place? Describe the how it occurs and what two gases are involved in the process.
Unit 6: Immune System (Ch.40)
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Compare and contrast innate immunity and acquired immunity.
What does an interferon do?
How do antigens and antibodies interact?
List the steps of an inflammatory response.
Where are the T cells and B cells produced?
What are the three types of T cells? What do they do?
Which type of B cell produces antibodies?
How does an antibody act on a pathogen?
What is the function of B-memory cell?
What is the advantage of receiving vaccination?
Unit 7: Skin/Muscles/Bones (Ch.36)
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What are the 2 major layers of the skin?
Which layer of the skin is punctured when bleeding occurs? Explain.
What is the longest bone in your body?
Compare and contrast between a ligament and a tendon.
What is the name of the area where two bones meet?
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
What is the type of bone in the nose and ear?
What is the hard part of bones called?
What is the function of bone marrow?
What are the 4 types of joints? Identify where they are found in your body.
What is muscle tissue made of?
Explain how muscles always work in pairs.
What are the 3 types of muscles? Identify whether they are striated or non-striated, voluntary or involuntary.
Which type of muscle is located in the digestive system?
Which type of muscle enables your heart beat?
Which type of muscle works with bone?
Unit 8: Digestive System (Ch.38.1 & 38.2)
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Compare and contrast mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.
Trace the food through the digestive system beginning with mouth. For each structure, describe its function.
Give three examples of accessory organs in the digestive system. What are their functions?
What is the function of bile?
What are the four types of teeth? Describe the function of each type.
What are the three most important nutrients in food? Describe what each is needed for.
How do vitamins and minerals contribute to our health?
What is the form of carbohydrate that can be absorbed by our body?
Which type of nutrient is sodium classified as? What does it do?
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