Download Human Body – Unit 2

Unit: Body Systems
Section: Skeletal System
Key Words: bone marrow, cartilage, ligament, mineral, red blood cell, skeletal system, skeleton
Essential Questions:
How does our skeletal system help us move?
How do bones, ligaments, and cartilage work together?
What are bones made of?
In addition to allowing movement, what else does our skeletal system help us do?
Skeletal System
Skeletal system – framework of the body
- contains all bones
- FUNCTIONS:
Provides storage
of minerals - Ca &
P
Provides
protection for
internal organs
Produces new
blood cells
(marrow center of bones)
Provides a place
for muscles to
attach
Basic
Framework
Cartilage – at ends of bones
- Thick, smooth, slippery layer
- Provides flexibility @ joints
- Reduces friction
bone against bone
on
Compact bone – made up of circular structures – the Haversian system
Cornell University
**Haversian system** – a unit of circular structures inside more circular structures that give compact
bones its strength
Spongy bone – is porous; provides support as a “shock absorber”
Periosteum – outer covering; allows nutrients & thing to get into and out of bone
Bone marrow - produces blood cells or stores fat
- red marrow – red blood cells
- yellow marrow – stores fat
Osteoblasts – bone forming cells
- at birth – you had ~300+ bones in your body
- eventually fused & ended up with 206 bones
Osteoclasts – bone cells that break down other bone tissues (older) & releases Ca
& P into bloodstream
Ligament – tough, band-like substance that connects bones at joints
Joint – where 2 or more bones meet
Moveable joints – allows for a wide range of movement
- pivot – ex. Neck
- ball & socket – ex. Shoulder, hip
- hinge – ex. Knee, fingers
- gliding – ex. Vertebrae, ankle
Immovable joints – allows little or no movement
- ex. Skull, pelvis
Section: Muscular System
Key Words: muscle, cardiac muscle, contract, involuntary muscle, muscular system, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle,
skeletal system, voluntary muscle
Essential Questions:
Identify functions of the muscular system
Know that there are three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
Understand how each type of muscle functions within our bodies
Perform simple activities that use all three types of muscles
Begin to identify ways that body systems interact with each other
Muscle – an organ that can relax and contract to allow movement
- approximately 600+ muscles in the body
o Strapedius – smallest muscle – inside the ear
o Sartorius – longest muscle – from hip to knee
- over 30 muscles in the face
-
TWO TYPES OF MUSCLE CATEGORIES:
•Muscles you are able to control
•Legs, arms, face, etc.
voluntary
Involuntary
•Muscles you cannot consciously
control
•Blood vessesl and heart
•Food through digestive tract
Body Skeleton & Muscles as Levers
1st class
2nd Class
3rd Class
EFL
FLE
FEL
Fulcrum in middle
Fulcrum is at one end, effort
the other
Fulcrum is at end, effort in
middle
E = Neck muscles (front &
back)
ex. Standing on ball of foot
ex. Leg when you move
F = Ball of foot
F = Hip
F = Vertebrae
L = Body
E = Thigh muscles
L = Head
E = Calf muscle
L = Knee & lower leg
Smooth
Cardiac
Ex. Skull up/down
TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
Skeletal
• muscles that
move bones
• attached by
tendons
• most abundant
• looks striated
(striped)
• voluntary
• contract quickly
• tire easily
• non-striated
• move internal
organs (ex.
intestines,
bladder, blood
vessels, etc.)
• contract & relax
slowly
• found only in
heart
• straited
• contracts
• approx. 70 x/min
Muscles at work
- work in pairs
- 1 contracts and other relaxes
- Always pull, never push
- Uses energy – chemical energy (ATP)
o Glucose – sugar – has bonds
 When bonds break, chemical energy changes into mechanical energy
 Allows you to contract muscles
 If supply of glucose is used up, muscles tire
- the more muscle used, the larger they get
- not used, become smaller
- muscles use protein – myoglobin (carries O2)
Skin
Skin – largest organ in the body – largest sense organ
- 2 layers
o Epidermis
 Top, new cells constantly produced
 Produces melanin
Melanin- pigment that gives skin color
The more you have, the darker the skin tone
Increases with exposure to UV Light
o Dermis
 Layer under epidermis
 A lot thicker
 Contains blood vessels, nerves, oil & sweat glands
 Fat cells are found here to help insulate body
 Extra fat is stored here
Excretion of Wastes &
Regulation of Body Temp
• regulates body temp
• blood vessels hold and release
heat (constrict & dilate vessels)
• 3 mill + sweat glands
-
Formation of Vitamin D
• absorbs Ca from food
• uses UV light to form Vit D
Protection
Sensory
• 1st defense
• glands secrete fluids to fight of and
destroy bacteria
• prevents excess water loss
• specialized nerve cells
• can detect temp, pressure & pain
injuries
o large coverage of injuries like burning or rubbing away from epidermis
o leaves no cells left to divide to repair
o
o
o
water loss is great
nerve damage can result
infection can lead to more damage or death
Section: Circulatory System
Key Words: artery, blood, blood vessel, capillary, circulation, circulatory system, heart, oxygen, heart valve, vein,
ventricle, atrium, aorta
Essential Questions:
What is the function of the circulatory system?
What are the parts of the circulatory system that deliver blood to the body?
What is the function of the heart?
How does blood circulate through the body?
Circulation
Cardiovascular system – includes the heart, arteries, veins, & capillaries
“cardio” – means heart “vascular” – means vessel (like indoor plumbing)
Right atrium
Left atrium
- blood enters from veins (VENA
CAVA)
- blood enters from pulmonary veins
from lungs
- Tricuspid Valve
-mitral valve
4 chambers of the
heart
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
- blood enters from rt. atrium
- blood enters from lt. atrium
- Pulmonary (semilunar) valve
- aortic (semilunar) valve
- blood goes to lungs
- blood goes to rest of body
Diffusion – higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached
- occurs between blood & body cells
- exchanges nutrients, O2 , & waste products
- capillaries connect arteries to veins & the body cells so that the blood used (deoxygenated & full of wastes)
will go to veins & refreshed blood (from arteries) will get to the cells
BLOOD FLOW TO AND THROUGH HEART (see chart below)
Blood (deoxygenated)
comes to heart thru the
VENA CAVA
• superior & inferior
Enters RIGHT ATRIUM &
pumped to RIGHT
VENTRICLE
AORTA disperses blood
to rest of body
RIGHT VENTRICLE pumps
to PULMONARY ARTERY
to the LUNGS
LEFT VENTRICLE pumps
blood to AORTA (artery)
LUNGS give O2 for blood
to pick up, blood drops
off CO2 to expel
LEFT ATRIUM pumps
blood to LEFT VENTRICLE
Blood (oxygenated) go
back to heart by
PULMONARY VEINS from
lungs to LEFT ATRIUM
Types of
Circulation
Pulmonary
Coronary
Systemic
From heart to
lungs & back to
heart
Blood movement
in the tissues of
the heart
Blood from heart
to rest of body &
back
Blood vessels
Veins
Arteries
Brings all blood to
the heart
Carries blood
away from the
heart
Pressure is lower
Higher pressure
Has a valve to
keep one way
flow
Gives us our
heart beat (blood
pressure)
connected by
capillaries
connected by
capillaries
Blood pressure – blood exerting a force on the walls of the vessels
- highest in arteries
- normal range from 65-80 beats per min
BLOOD FUNCTIONS:
Fights infections
Picks up waste
products from
cells and
delivers to liver
& kidneys
Carries O2 from
lungs to body
cells & gets rid
of CO2 from
cells
Transports
nutrients from
digestive tract to
body cells
- Makes up 8% of body
- Amt of blood in adults equals about 5 – 1L bottles
- If blood drops below 8%, your body goes into shock
PARTS OF BLOOD
Plasma
Red blood
cells
White blood
cells
Platelets
•liquid part of blood-mostly water
•contains nutrients & O2
•makes up more than half the volume of blood
•has no nucleus & doesn't reproduce
•contains hemoglobin
•acts as a chemical that can carry O2 & CO2
•In 1mm3 - contains 5 mill
•Life span = 4 months
•produced in bone marrow (femur & humerus)
•reproduce @ 2-3 mill/sec
•makes up 5000 to 10000 count in blood
•job is to fight bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances
•when detects a foreign substance, count will increase
•life span from a few days to months
•attach and absorb the foreign body
•help with blood clotting
•contain 400,000 in drop of blood
•life span 5-9 days
Blood clotting – platelets make your blood clot & forms a natural bandage
-Fibrin – threadlike fibers form a sticky net
- hemophiliac – genetic disease that lacks clotting factors
Blood types – A, B, AB, & O
Antigens – each type has a chemical identifying tag
Antibodies – specific proteins that destroy or neutralize foreign substances
- located in the plasma
Rh factor – give your blood +/- + , if Rh marker is present
- - , if Rh marker is not present
- Inherited
- Cannot be mixed
Section: Respiratory System
Key Words: alveoli, autonomic, carbon dioxide, lungs, oxygen, respiration, respiratory system, trachea
Essential Questions:
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Why are the lungs important for they body?
What happens when we breathe?
Breathing – this process where fresh air moves into & stale air moves out of lungs
- O2 is in fresh air
- O2 is needed for the cells to o thru respiration
o Respiration – the process of using oxygen to break down glucose so that we can receive energy for
the cell processes to occur
Respiration Chemical Reaction
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --------------- 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
By-products of the process
Process:
1 – Breathe air into nose (hair traps debris)
2 – moves down nasal cavity (moistens & warms)
3 – warm air goes to pharynx (throat) contains the epiglottis – it can close to allow air in
but not food/liquid
4 – air goes to larynx (vocal cords/voice box) to the trachea (windpipe) – contains
cartilage to keep it open – has mucus & cilia to trap dust & debris
5 – air reaches 2 branches – bronchi (bronchus) that take air to lungs – inside the bronchi
continue to branch off – smallest called the bronchioles – contain sacs called alveoli –
CO2 & O2 are exchanged at the alveoli – attached to them are capillaries that help
complete the exchange of gases
Breathing – due to change of air pressure
- high pressure to low pressure
- Inhale/Exhale
o Diaphragm- muscle beneath your lungs that helps move air into and out of your body
o Applies pressure & relaxes
Abdominal thrusts – “Heimlich maneuver”
- uses pressure of force to force out the object
- forces diaphragm up & that increase air pressure to be forced out
- enough pressure may expel the object
Section: Digestive System
Key Words: alimentary canal, anus, digestion, digestive system, gallbladder, large intestine, liver, nutrient, pancreas,
small intestine, stomach, gastrointestinal tract
Essential Questions:
What are the functions of the digestive system?
What organs are involved in the digestive system and what do they do?
What is the alimentary canal and how does it relate to digestion?
Digestion – the process that breaks down food into small molecules so they can be
moved by blood
-
4 phases:
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination
enzymes – molecules that speed up the rate of chemical reactions
- helps reduce the amt of energy needed for a chemical reaction to
begin
- Examples:
o Amylase – produced in salivary glands in mouth
o Pepsin – produced in stomach
 Helps in many other body processes from breaking down food to blood clotting to
muscle and nerve reactions
Mechanical digestion – when food is chewed and mixed in mouth and
churned in stomach
Chemical digestion – breaks down large molecules of food into different,
smaller molecules to be absorbed by cells
- mouth, stomach and small intestine
(see flow chart)
Section: Excretory System
Key Words: kidney, nephron, renal artery, renal vein, ureter, bladder, urethra, urine, metabolism
Essential Questions:
What are the primary structures and functions of the human excretory system?
How do the organs of the excretory system interact with other organs and organ systems in the human body?
How does the urinary system help the human body manage metabolic waste?
Excretory – root “excrete” – means to remove or get rid of
- Circulatory system
o Main transport system that takes wastes from metabolic processes of the cells and delivers to four
organs for disposing
Cells use (take in) glucose, oxygen, water, essential
amino acids, and minerals
Needed for maintenance, growth, repair, and cell
division
Produce some materials that the cells retain: proteins,
lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids used to build
cell components
Cells cannot use and that are considered to be wastes:
carbon dioxide, urea, excess water, other toxins
•elimintates CO2
•eliminates toxins
in the form of
urea & water
Lungs
Kidneys
Skin
Liver
•eliminates excess
water & urea &
minerals through
sweat
-
•breaks down
toxins
Digestive system waste product – feces
o Not due to metabolic chemical reactions so not included as part of this system’s parts – included in the
digestive system
Section: Reproductive System
Key Words: cervix, fallopian tube, fertilization, fetus, gametes, menstruation, ova, ovaries, penis, puberty,
reproduce, reproductive system, semen, scrotum, testes, urethra, uterus, vagina
Essential Questions:
How does reproduction occur in humans?
What are the main male and female reproductive organs and what do they do?
What occurs during the female’s menstrual cycle?
How do reproductive systems change throughout the human life cycle?
Combination
of both
parent's
DNA
Variations
allow for
better
adaptions
Sexual
Reproduction
Must have a
male and
female
parent
Encourages
variations
Male
•mostly external organs
•scrotum - contains testes (produce
sperm - gametes)
•penis, seminal vesicles, prostate &
vas deferens - help release gametes
Female
•mostly internal organs
•ovaries - produces ova (eggs) gametes
•fallopian tubes - gamete travels to
uterus (1 ovum -gamete - is produced
~ every 28 days)
•uterus - where fertilized egg can
implant
•no fertilized gamete - wall of uterus is
shed with gamete (menstral cycle)
•vagina - "birth" canal leading to
uterus, met at the cervix
•one ovum vs. 200 mill + sperm
•zygote forms if ova barrier receptors accept sperm
Fertilization •becomes a fetus
Childhood
•Rapid growth and development
•Physical strength increases
•Puberty - increase in hormone production, reproductive anatomy matures
•Sexual maturity (physiologically, not emotionally)
Adolescence
Adulthood
•Viable sperm for decades
•Release of ova until menapause (cessation of ovarian function)