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Sports Medicine 15
Unit I: Anatomy
Part 1 Anatomical Overview –
Bones, Joints, Anatomical positions
By Andrew Morgan BPE/Bed, c.2003
Anatomy
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Anatomy deals with the structure of the
human body, and includes a precise
language on body positions and
relationships between body parts.
Proper instruction on safe and efficient exercise technique
requires a comprehensive understanding of movement within
the human body.
The proper analysis and treatment of athletic injuries requires
an extensive background in Anatomy, Physiology, and often in
the sporting field, Biomechanics.
Anatomy
The body is made
up of FOUR
different types of
tissues:
1. Connective tissue
- (bone, cartilage,
tendons, ligaments,
and fascia).
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Anatomy
2. Muscle Tissue –
which is divided into three
types:
skeletal – which moves
parts of the skeleton,
cardiac – which causes the
pumping action of the heart,
smooth- which lines arterial
walls and other organs of
the body
Anatomy
3. Nervous Tissue –
divided into neurons,
which conduct
impulses involving the
brain, the spinal cord,
spinal nerves and
cranial nerves; and
neuroglia – involved
in the cellular
processes that support
the neurons.
Anatomy
4. Epithelial tissue –
involved in various
bodily systems
Anatomy
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Proper vocabulary is extremely
important when discussing
anatomy. Common terms make
communication with others
(physicians, coaches,
therapists, athletic therapists)
much easier.
Knowledge of these structures and
common terms used to describe
movement also allows us to
deliver proper explanation of
therapeutic techniques in treatment
and rehab of injuries.
Anatomy
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SUPERIOR: a
structure that is
higher than another.
The knee joint is
superior to the
ankle joint.
Anatomy
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INFERIOR: a
structure that lies
below another.
The ankle joint is
inferior to the knee
joint
Anatomy
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Anterior: The front of
the body or structure.
The abdominals are
anterior to the muscles
in the back.
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Posterior: The back of
the body or structure.
The muscles of the back
are posterior to the
muscles in the stomach.
Anatomy
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MEDIAL: A structure closer
to the midline of the body
or movement towards the
midline. The chest is
medial to the shoulders.
Lateral: a structure further
away from the midline of
the body or movement
away from the midline. The
shoulders are lateral to
the chest.
Anatomy
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PROXIMAL: The end
of a structure of the
extremities located
closest to the trunk.
The elbow is
proximal to the
hand.
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DISTAL: The end of a
structure of the
extremities located
farthest away from the
trunk. The hand is
distal to the elbow
Anatomy
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DORSAL: top of the
foot
PLANTAR: The
bottom of the foot
Anatomy – The Skeletal System
The skeletal system, or skeleton is a
framework of bones designed for
Five important functions:
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Protect organs and soft tissues
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To give support to soft tissues
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To facilitate the production of
red blood cells
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To act as a reservoir for
minerals including phosphorus
and calcium
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To provide attachments for
skeletal muscle, producing a
lever system for body
movement.
Anatomy – The Skeletal System
Anatomy – The Skeletal System
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The human skeleton
can be divided into
two areas:
The Axial
Skeleton which
includes the head,
neck, thorax and
vertebral column
Anatomy – The skeletal System
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The second part of
the Skeletal System
is the
Appendicular
skeleton, which
includes the
pelvis and bones
of the upper and
lower extremities.
Anatomy - Bones
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The body contains 206
bones, which are all
classified by their
shape.
Long bones, short bones,
flat bones and irregular
bones
Anatomy - Bones
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Time now to look at the
major bones of the
skeletal system, as we
will be using the
appropriate terminology
throughout the
remainder of the unit.
Starting with bones in
the lower limbs.
Anatomy
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Pelvis:
Male – less circular
Narrower
Female – less depth
Wider and shallower
Larger opening
Why?
Anatomy
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LEG:
Femur – largest
bone in the body
Strongest bone of
the lower limbs
Posterior view
(right)
Anterior view (left)
Anatomy
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PATELLA:
“knee cap”
Helps make up the
knee joint
Round bone
Anatomy
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Tibia and Fibula:
Tibia – shin bone, on
the right
Third bone to make up
the knee joint
Fibula – lateral to the
tibia
Along with tibia they
help make up the ankle
joint
Anatomy
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TARSALS:
Small bones in the
foot,
Also help make up
the ankle joint
Anatomy
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Metatarsals and
Phalanges:
Metatarsals are the
bones between the
tarsals and the
phalanges (5 in total)
Phalanges – toes
Two phalanges on the
big toe, and three
phalanges on bones two
through five. (14 in
total)
Anatomy
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VERTEBRAL
COLUMN:
The vertebral column id divided
into five areas:
The cervical spine or neck (7
vertebrae)
Thoracic spine (12 vertebrae)
Lumbar, or lower back (5
vertebrae)
The sacrum has 5 bones that
are fused into a single unit
Coccyx, or tailbone has 4
bones
In total there are 33 segments
to the spine in 5 sections
Anatomy
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The major bones of
the upper
extremities:
SCAPULA
“shoulder blade”
“wing” like bone in the
back of the shoulder
Helps make up the
shoulder joint
Anatomy
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CLAVICLE:
This is your
collarbone
This is in constant
movement (with
your breathing rate)
Second bone that
helps make the
shoulder joint
Anatomy:
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HUMERUS:
Long, upper arm
bone
Helps make shoulder
and elbow joint
Anterior view on left
Posterior view on
right
Anatomy
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RADIUS-ULNA:
These are your forearm
bones.
Radius is lateral to the
ulna in the body’s
anatomical position
These bones make up
elbow joint proximally
and wrist joint distally
Anatomy
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Carpals and
Metacarpals:
Carpals make up
wrist joint with the
radius and the ulna
There 8 carpal
bones
There are five
metacarpal bones
Anatomy
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Now can you label
the skeleton?
Anatomy
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Joints and bones:
Wrist – Radius, ulna, carpals
Elbow – Radius, ulna, humerus
Hip – pelvis, femur
Knee – femur, patella, tibia
Ankle – tibia, fibula, tarsals
Shoulder – Humerus, Scapula, Clavicle
Metacarpalphalageal – metacarpals, proximal phalange
Interphalangeal (finger joints)
Anatomy – Terms of movement
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When describing human
movement there is an
anatomical “starting
point” – the anatomical
position. In this position
all joints are considered
to be in a neutral
position, or 0 degrees,
with no movement
having occurred
Abduction: think!
To abduct means
to take away.
Anatomy – Terms of movement
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Abduction:
Movement away
from the midline of
the body
Adduction:
Movement towards
the midline of the
body
Anatomy –Terms of movement
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Flexion: Decrease the
angle formed by bones
of the joint
Extension: Increasing
of the joint angle.
Returning a joint in
flexion to the
anatomical positions is
considered extension
Anatomy –Terms of movement
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Dorsiflexion:
Raising the toe to
the shin
Plantarflexion:
Pointing the toe
downward.
Anatomy – Terms of movement
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Rotation:
Medial – towards
the midline
(internal)
Lateral – away from
the midline
(external)
Anatomy – Terms of movement
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Supination:
Rotation of the palm
so it faces upward
Pronation:
Rotation of the palm
so it faces
downward
Anatomy – Terms of movement
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Inversion: sole of
the foot turns
inwards
Eversion: sole of
the foot turns
outwards
Anatomy – Joint movements
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Wrist: Flexion, Extension, Pronation, Supination,
Adduction, Abduction
Metacarphalangeal: Flexion, Extension, Abduction,
Adduction
Hip – Extension, Flexion, Adduction, Abduction,
Internal and External Rotation
Ankle – Inversion, Eversion, Dorsiflexion,
Plantarflexion
Knee – Extension, Flexion
Anatomy – Group project
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In groups of four, write
down what movements
occur with each of the
following actions:
Start with anatomical
position
Specify each joint
1. Walking
2. Kicking a soccer ball
3. Crossover skating
4. Setting a volleyball
Anatomy – Group project
Anatomy
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Joints (Articulations)
As mentioned before there are 206 bones in the human body
(80 in the Axial Skeleton, and 126 in the Appendicular
Skeleton). These bones are joined together by ligaments.
The number and strength of these ligaments around the body
joints vary.
Ankle and hip – strong
Knee and shoulder – fewer and smaller ligaments: must rely
on strength of surrounding muscles to stabilize joint.
Anatomy
Three types of joints
are present in the
human body:
1. Fibrous Joints:
 Very stable joint, with
no observable
movement
 Bones are fused (I.e
cranium – sutures of
the skull
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Anatomy
2. Cartilaginous Joints:
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Example: Intervertebral
discs
Slight movement occurs,
absorbs shock
Fibro-cartilage, or dense
connective tissue, occupies the
space between the bones, and
provides for wear and tear,
shock absorption.
With age, fibro-cartilage loses
its resilience, causing the joint
to be more susceptible to
movement and injury
Anatomy
3. Synovial Joints:
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Allows considerable movement
– elbow and knee..
Movement occurs as a result of
muscular contraction
Hyaline cartilage – smooth,
elastic substance covering the
ends of the bones, decrease
friction and absorbs shock
A joint cavity provides space for
movement of the bones and
contains synovial fluid to
lubricate cartilage.
Synovial membrane surrounds
the joint capsule
Anatomy
The SIX most
common and
important types of
SYNOVIAL Joints
are:
a. Hinge Joint
 Movement in one
plane of motion.
 Knee and elbow joints
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Anatomy
b. Ellipsoid Joint:
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Movement in two
planes of motion, or
about two axes.
Wrist Joint
Anatomy
c. Ball and Socket
Joint
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Movement in three planes
of motion or about three
axes. One bone has a
concave surface that
accommodates the
spherical aspect of the
other bone.
Hip and shoulder joints
Anatomy
d. Gliding joints
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Motion is sliding
rather than rotation
about an axis.
Sliding movement is
not extensive
Bones of the foot.
Anatomy
e. Saddle joint:
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Movement in two
planes of motion.
One bone is
positioned in an
articular surface of
the other bone.
Thumb joint
Anatomy
f. Pivot Joint:
 Allows rotation in
one plane (uniaxial).
 A rounded point of
one bone fits onto a
groove of another.
 Atlantoaxial Articular
Joint
Anatomy – Joints of the body