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NOTES 8.2 AN ORGANISMS NICHE NICHE-- a unique role of a species within an ecosystem Niche includes the species’ physical home, the environmental factors necessary for life, and interactions with other organisms HABITAT-- organisms location in an ecosystem AN ORGANISMS NICHE Can also be thought of as the functional role, or job of a species in an ecosystem WAYS IN WHICH SPECIES INTERACT Competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism Butterfly and Flower—Mutualistic Symbiosis COMPETITION Relationship in which different individuals or populations attempt to use the same limited resource Can occur within and between species (known as OVERLAP) COMPETITION Indirect competition--Species can compete even if they never come into direct contact with one another (example--eat same food but at different times of day) COMPETITION ADAPTATIONS TO COMPETITION One way competition can be reduced between species is by dividing up the niche in time or space Niche restriction-- when each species uses less of the niche than they are capable of using Example: two different barnacles use different depths of rock to cling to PREDATION PREDATORS feed on PREY Predator-prey adaptations: camouflage, warning coloration and mimicry Predation PARASITISM One organisms (the parasite) takes nourishment from another (the host) May weaken host but rarely kills it Examples: ticks, leeches When a parasite causes a disease and sometimes death of host = PATHOGEN Sea Lamprey is a parasitic invasive species Parasitized caterpillar, covered with wasp pupae. The spines on this large, robust caterpillar were no protection against the parasitic wasp that laid her eggs on or in the caterpillar’s body. The parasitic wasp larvae ate most of their host, avoiding the vital organs, so that the caterpillar stayed alive. After they developed, the wasp larvae spun cocoons and pupated on the outside of the caterpillar’s body; the white structures seen among the spines are the cocoons of the wasp pupae. Although the caterpillar was still moving when this image was taken, there was no chance that it would itself pupate and become an adult moth. MUTUALISM Close relationship between two species in which each species provides a benefit to the other Example: bacteria in digestive tract CLOWN FISH AND SEA ANEMONE The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protects the clown fish from its predators. COMMENSALISM Relationship which helps one species and the other is not harmed Birds nesting in trees Example: tropical tree and EPIPHYTES (smaller plants such as mosses, orchids and ferns that live attached to bark of tree); Anchor down but do not obtain water or nutrients directly from tree The hooked tips of the Burdock catch onto the hair of passing vertebrates (cows, deer, dogs, humans) and the burs are carried elsewhere until they finally drop off or are pulled off by the carriers. COMMENSALISM! SYMBIOSIS and COEVOLUTION Two organisms living in close association; at least one organism benefits Bees and pollination of flowers