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Coordinators Chart of Coordinators Meaning of Coordinator Connects one idea to another Coordinating Conjunctions (Coordinators Used with a Comma) and Conjunctive Adverbs (Coordinators Used with a Semicolon) also, besides, furthermore, in addition, likewise, moreover Contrasts one idea with another but, yet however, instead, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, still Shows time or order and then afterward, later, meanwhile, next, then Shows a result or a conclusion so accordingly, as a result, consequently, hence, therefore, thus Shows a reason or an example for for example, for instance, indeed, in fact, that is Express a choice between ideas or, nor otherwise 59 Verb Tense Timeline Past Perfect Past Present Perfect When two actions both occur in the past, but one happens before the other, use this tense. When the action occurred and was completed in the past, use this tense. When the action started in the past, but it continues into the present, use this tense. The action that happens first uses the “had” helper with the past participle of the verb; the verb that happens last uses the simple past tense verb. Example I had had a long phone call before I left for work. Regular verbs end with “ed” in the past tense. Irregular verbs change spelling and form. Use “has” or “have” as the helping verb with the past participle of the verb. Present tense form of the verb for the simple present tense; “be” helping verb plus the present participle for the present progressive. Linda walked to the library. (regular verb) Hari swam in the Indian Ocean. (irregular verb) I have lived in New Hampshire for 38 years. John has lived here for 11 years. John lives in Vermont. He is thinking about going back. When to use this tense Verb form Present and Present Progressive When the action happens habitually or is happening right now, use this tense. Future Future Perfect When the action will occur some time in the future use this tense. Use “will” plus the present form of the verb. When the action will happen by some particular time in the future, use this tense. Larry will take his GED Test soon. By next fall, he will have enrolled in the community college. Use “will” plus “have” plus the past participle form of the verb. 60 Pronoun Cases Singular Plural Subject I he she it Object me him her it Possessive my, mine his her, hers its Reflexive myself himself herself itself we you us you (Note: “You” our, ours your, ourselves yourself, yours yourselves their, theirs themselves Used to show ownership or possession. Used to reflect back to another word (usually the subject) of the sentence. they When It’s Used Used as the subject of the sentence or after a linking verb. Examples She lost can be used both as a singular or a plural.) them Used after an action verb or as the object of a preposition. Could you please give her wallet. me a hand? “It is I,” Phillip Between answered. you and me, I think he’s guilty. Their car They gave is old, but themselves a hers is huge bonus. brand new. Sally, you can do that yourself. 61 Indefinite Pronouns Always singular How this works one everybody each everything much somebody other someone another something either nobody neither no one anybody nothing anyone anything These words are always singular, so the other parts of the sentence must also be singular. Examples Everyone must do his/her share of the work. Always plural several few both many These words are always plural, so other parts of the sentence must also be plural. Several of the papers were missing. Singular or plural depending on their use all any some part none half most If the indefinite pronoun refers to a singular noun, then it makes the rest of the sentence singular; if it refers to a plural noun, then the rest of the sentence is plural. Some of the cookies were eaten. Some of the cake was eaten. 62 Homonyms Homonyms are words that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings. The following table lists words that people commonly confuse. Become familiar with these words so you can be ready to correct homonym-related spelling errors. It’s also a good idea to pay attention to the words you most commonly confuse; you may even keep a running list of these words as you prepare for the GED. Word Example Sentences accept except My insurance will accept the charges for the accident. I like all vegetables, except for asparagus. affect effect Changing the way you eat will affect your health. I can’t see what effect these new laws will have on me. board bored We put a board on the roof to fix the leak. I am so bored because there’s nothing to do! brake break Always keep your foot above the brake! My dad is worried my mom will break our new television. close clothes When you leave the room, always close the door. I want to go shopping to buy new clothes. desert dessert I thought you guys were going to desert me! The cherry pie looks so good for dessert! fare fair I didn’t have money for the bus fare this morning. It was only fair that the bus driver kicked me off the bus. forth fourth I’m not sure I can go forth with the plan. Allen was so proud to come in fourth in the pie-eating contest! grate great We need to grate some cheese to put on the pizza. If it has enough cheese, it will be a great pizza! hear here The volume was turned down so low I couldn’t hear it. Could you please bring the beef jerky over here? hole whole If I eat one more doughnut hole, I will be stuffed. I looked through the whole house, but I couldn’t find my umbrella. know no I really have to know a lot to do well on my history test. I am going to study until I have no time left. led lead The dog led the police to the drug stash. Pens are okay, but I prefer old-fashioned lead pencils. lessen lesson The doctor gave me some stretches to do to lessen the pain. I’m not sure if he’s learned his lesson yet. lose loose I’m trying hard to not lose patience with her. The knot might not hold, since it’s sort of loose. 63 male mail The kennel had both male and female puppies for sale. I’m going to the post office to send my mail. passed past I kept getting passed on the interstate today. In the past, I drove a lot faster. peace piece We all wish for world peace. A piece of pie would be great right now. principal principle My high school principal gave pretty good advice. I don’t want to compromise my principles. than then I am tanner than her. We were both on the beach, but then she went inside. there their they're You can put your shoes over there. Their shoes were dirty, so they left them outside. They’re just walking around barefoot right now. to too two I am going to the mall. Jesse said she wants to go too. We are each looking for two new outfits. weather whether The weather tomorrow is supposed to be beautiful. I don’t know whether to go for a hike or a swim. whose who's Whose scarf is this? Who’s going to the movie with us? your you're Your dog is bigger than my dog. You’re going to have to keep him on a leash. Adapted from the Purdue Online Writing Lab www.owl.english.purdue.edu 64 The First 100 Most Commonly Used English Words These most commonly used words are ranked by frequency. The first 25 make up about one-third of all printed material in English. The first 100 make up about one-half of all written material, and the first 300 make up about sixty-five percent of all written material in English. The First Hundred 1. the 2. of 3. and 4. a 5. to 6. in 7. is 8. you 9. that 10. it 11. he 12. was 13. for 14. on 15. are 16. as 17. with 18. his 19. they 20. I 21. at 22. be 23. this 24. have 25. from 26. or 27. one 28. had 29. by 30. word 31. but 32. not 33. what 34. all 35. were 36. we 37. when 38. your 39. can 40. said 41. there 42. use 43. an 44. each 45. which 46. she 47. do 48. how 49. their 50. if 51. will 52. up 53. other 54. about 55. out 56. many 57. then 58. them 59. these 60. so 61. some 62. her 63. would 64. make 65. like 66. him 67. into 68. time 69. has 70. look 71. two 72. more 73. write 74. go 75. see 76. number 77. no 78. way 79. could 80. people 81. my 82. than 83. first 84. water 85. been 86. call 87. who 88. oil 89. its 90. now 91. find 92. long 93. down 94. day 95. did 96. get 97. come 98. made 99. may 100. part Taken From: The Reading Teachers Book of Lists, Third Edition; by Edward Bernard Fry, Ph.D, Jacqueline E. Kress, Ed.D & Dona Lee Fountoukidis, Ed.D. http://www.duboislc.org/EducationWatch/First100Words.html 65 The 100 Most Commonly Misspelled Words This list was compiled over 50 years ago by National Curriculum Associates. The following represents the 100 most commonly misspelled words, arranged in alphabetical order. It is interesting that a half century later these same words are still causing problems for writers. again dropped looked their all right every many then always February money there an first morning they and for mother they're animals friend name things another friends named thought around frightened off threw asked from once through babies getting our to beautiful going people together because happening pretty too before hear received tried believe heard running two bought here said until came him school very caught interesting some wanted children its something went clothes it's sometimes were coming jumped started when course knew stopped where cousin know surprise with decided let's swimming woman didn't like than would different little that's you're 66 [email protected] WRITING SAMPLE NAME_____________________ DATE________________ Please write all that you can about one of the following topics or any topic of your choice. Do your best but don’t worry about spelling. My Goals My Life What School Was Like For Me What I Hope To Accomplish By Coming Back To School What My Life Will Be Like In 10 Years My Children My Dream Job My Dream Vacation If I Won 1,000,000. ! ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 67 ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ GED Writing Test Glossary Adverb a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb Miriam lifted the baby very gently. Adverbial Phrase a phrase or clause used as an adverb She placed the baby in the carriage. Adjective a word used to describe a noun or to limit its meaning The enormous tree swayed in the wind. Appositive a word or phrase that explains or gives additional information about a noun or pronoun The policeman, a veteran of the force, took charge of the situation. Article a word used to introduce nouns An apple is a healthy snack. Clause a group of words with a subject and verb. An independent clause expresses a complete thought; a dependent, or subordinate, clause does not. That book, which has beautiful illustrations, is a good choice. Coherence in a paragraph, the easy flow of ideas and details Comma Splice two independent clauses incorrectly separated only by a comma Movies are a popular form of entertainment, they are often humorous. Complex Sentence an independent clause and a subordinate clause, connected by a subordinating conjunction We will accept the result of the election, whatever the outcome. Compound Sentence two independent clauses connected by a comma and a coordinating conjunction Dogs are playful pets, and they are often affectionate. Conclusion the end of a piece of writing that restates the main idea 68 Coordinating Conjunction a word that connects equal elements, such as the independent clauses in a compound sentence (and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so.) It is getting very late, but I must finish this assignment before I leave. Contraction a word formed from two words that are combined and shortened by leaving out letters. An apostrophe takes the place of the missing letters. Example: he is becomes he’s. Dangling Modifier a phrase placed at the beginning of a sentence that lacks the subject the modifier is describing Walking down the street, a car suddenly careened around the corner and hit a girl. Expository Essay a composition on a single subject, serving to inform or explain, and usually presenting the personal views of the author Helping Verb a verb used with the main verb to make participle forms. The helping verbs are forms of the verbs be, do, and have. She has been studying for the entrance exam. Homonyms words that sound alike but have different spellings and meanings (deer, dear) Independent Clause a group of words that has a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought The snow fell continuously while I hurried to bring the horses into the barn. Introduction the beginning of a piece of writing that tells the reader what will be written about Irregular Verb a verb whose past forms are not made by adding –d or –ed to the simple present Autumn came early this year. Main Idea the central organizing idea of a paragraph, often expressed in the topic sentence Modifier a word, phrase, or clause that states or describes a quality of another word or phrase The man with the blue hat is my father. 69 Misplaced Modifier a descriptive word or phrase placed too far from the word or phrase it describes The children cried during the concert noisily. Paragraph a group of related sentences that develops a single main idea Parallel Structure a series of words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence that are written in the same grammatical form Writing letters, correcting papers, and paying bills, have occupied me all day. Possessive a word that shows ownership Without realizing it, we had wandered onto the farmer’s land. Preposition a word that shows direction, location, or time Up the tree ran the grey squirrel. Pronoun a word used in place of a noun, which names a person, place, or thing She expects a visit from her cousin. Pronoun Shift an error that occurs when the person or number of a pronoun changes within a sentence or paragraph If we forget to vote then you won’t have a voice. Regular Verb a verb that forms its principle parts by adding –d, -ed, or –ing to the present form I smelled bacon frying as soon as I entered the room. Run-on Sentence two or more independent clauses that are joined as one sentence without proper punctuation and/or connecting words John was late he missed the bus. Sentence Fragment an incomplete sentence. A fragment does not express a complete thought. It may lack a subject or completer verb, or it may begin with a subordinating conjunction The train on the track next to the station. Subject a word or phrase that names who or what a sentence is about Many birds migrate south in the winter. 70 Subject-verb agreement the subject and the verb in a sentence must both be singular or plural A bear hibernates through the winter. Subordinate or dependent clause a group of words that has a subject and verb but is not a sentence because it does not express a complete thought Before the sun rose, I was on my way to work. Subordinating conjunction a connecting word that sets up a relationship of unequal rank between the ideas in two clauses Soccer practice was held although it was raining. Supporting detail a statement that explains the main idea of a paragraph by giving a specific detail, an example, or a reason Topic sentence a sentence that states the main idea of a paragraph Unity all sentences in a paragraph should clearly relate to the main idea Verb a word that tells what the subject is or does With his ticket in his hand, Bill approached the stadium gate. Verb tense the form of a verb that communicates when an action takes place or when a condition is true Stephanie is planning to attend the lecture. 71