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Name Aims 27 - 35 Review Questions 1. A model of Earth's internal structure is shown below. 5. The rock between 2,900 kilometers and 5,200 kilometers below the Earth's surface is inferred to be A) B) C) D) a silicate-rich liquid a silicate-rich solid an iron-rich solid an iron-rich liquid 6. Compared to the oceanic crust, the continental crust is usually A) B) C) D) thinner, with a less dense granitic composition thinner, with a more dense basaltic composition thicker, with a more dense basaltic composition thicker, with a less dense granitic composition 7. Beneath which surface location is Earth's crust the thinnest? Analysis of which type of data led to the development of this model? A) B) C) D) seismic waves electromagnetic radiation depth of Earth's oceans isobar gradients 2. Which two Earth layers are separated by the Moho boundary? A) B) C) D) stiffer mantle and asthenosphere outer core and stiffer mantle crust and rigid mantle rigid mantle and plastic mantle 3. Which part of Earth’s interior is inferred to have convection currents that cause tectonic plates to move? A) outer core C) rigid mantle B) inner core D) asthenosphere 4. Earth’s outer core is best inferred to be A) liquid, with an average density of approximately 4 g/cm3 B) solid, with an average density of approximately 4 g/cm3 C) solid, with an average density of approximately 11 g/cm3 D) liquid, with an average density of approximately 11 g/cm3 Version 1 A) B) C) D) Old Forge, New York the center of South America San Andreas Fault East Pacific Ridge 8. Where is the thickest part of the Earth's crust? A) B) C) D) at the edge of continental shelves at mid-ocean ridges under continental mountain ranges under volcanic islands 9. To get sample material from the mantle, drilling will be done through the oceanic crust rather than through the continental crust because oceanic crust is A) B) C) D) thinner than continental crust more dense than continental crust younger than continental crust softer than continental crust 10. Which minerals contain the two most abundant elements by mass in Earth’s crust? A) B) C) D) amphibole and quartz fluorite and calcite galena and sulfur magnetite and pyrite 11. Which element is most abundant in Earth's crust? A) nitrogen C) oxygen B) hydrogen D) silicon Page 1 Base your answers to questions 12through 16on the diagram below, which represents zones of Earth's interior, identified by letters A through E. The scale shows depths below Earth's surface, measured in kilometers. 12.What is the approximate thickness of zone C? A) 650 km B) 1600 km C) 2250 km D) 2900 km 13.Which zone is characterized by partially melted rock and large-scale convection currents? A) zone A B) zone B C) zone C D) zone E 14.Which zone of Earth's interior has a density closest to the densities of the other terrestrial planets? A) zone A B) zone E C) zone C D) zone D 15.S -waves produced by an earthquake are transmitted through zones A) A and B, but not zones C, D, and E C) C, D, and E, but not zones A and B B) A, B, and C, but not zones D and E D) D and E, but not zones A, B, and C 16.The Moho is a boundary located in zone A) A B) B C) E 17. The basaltic bedrock of the oceanic crust is classified as A) B) C) D) mafic, with a density of 3.0 g/cm 3 felsic, with a density of 2.7 g/cm3 felsic, with a density of 3.0 g/cm3 mafic, with a density of 2.7 g/cm 3 18. The observed difference in density between continental crust and oceanic crust is most likely due to differences in their A) thickness C) rate of cooling B) porosity D) composition 19. What is the range of pressure in Earth's interior where rock with a density range of 9.9 to 12.2 g/cm 3 is found? A) B) C) D) 1.4 to 3.1 million atmospheres 2.3 to 3.5 million atmospheres 0.2 to 1.4 million atmospheres 0.8 to 2.3 million atmospheres Version 1 D) D 20. The inferred temperature at the interface between the stiffer mantle and the asthenosphere is closest to A) 1000°C C) 4500°C B) 2500°C D) 5000°C 21. What happens to the density and temperature of rock within Earth’s interior as depth increases? A) B) C) D) density increases and temperature decreases density decreases and temperature decreases density increases and temperature increases density decreases and temperature increases 22. Earth’s outer core and inner core are both inferred to be A) B) C) D) liquid solid composed of a high percentage of iron under the same pressure Page 2 23. The sequence of block diagrams below shows stages of development of a landscape. The stages are labeled A, B, and C. Which sequence of geologic processes best describes the events that created each stage shown? A) B) C) D) uplift and deposition flooding folding and erosion uplift and erosion subsidence and erosion folding metamorphism erosion and deposition volcanic eruptions erosion subsidence and deposition uplift and faulting 24. The diagram below represents a cross section of a portion of the Earth's crust. Which statement about the Earth's crust is best supported by the diagram? A) The crust is composed of denser rock than the mantle is. B) The continental crust is thicker than the oceanic crust. C) The continental crust is composed primarily of sedimentary rock. D) The oceanic crust is thicker than the mantle. 25. Most inferences about the characteristics of Earth’s mantle and core are based on A) chemical changes in exposed and weathered metamorphic rocks B) the behavior of seismic waves in Earth’s interior C) comparisons between Moon rocks and Earth rocks D) well drillings from Earth’s mantle and core Version 1 26. The diagram below shows a cross section of sedimentary rock layers. Which statement about the deposition of the sediments best explains why these layers have the curved shape shown? A) Sediments were deposited in horizontal layers and later disturbed by crustal activity. B) Sediments were deposited after widespread volcanic eruptions. C) Sediments were deposited between two diverging oceanic plates. D) Sediments were deposited on an uneven curving seafloor. 27. Rifting of tectonic plates in eastern North America during the Jurassic Period was responsible for the A) B) C) D) opening of the Atlantic Ocean Alleghenian orogeny flrst uplift of the Adirondack Mountains formation of the Catskill delta 28. Which mineral is commonly used as a food additive? A) fluorite C) calcite B) talc D) halite Page 3 29. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents the distance and age of ocean-floor bedrock found on both sides of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Which map best represents the pattern of magnetic polarity in the minerals of ocean-floor bedrock on each side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge? A) B) C) D) 30. The Aleutian Islands extend westward from southern Alaska to form the northern boundary of the Pacific Ocean. These volcanic islands were formed by the nearby A) B) C) D) divergence of an oceanic plate divergence of a continental plate subduction of a continental plate subduction of an oceanic plate Version 1 31. At which plate boundary is one lithospheric plate sliding under another? A) B) C) D) Pacific Plate and Indian-Australian Plate Indian-Australian Plate and Antarctic Plate Nazca Plate and Pacific Plate Nazca Plate and Antarctic Plate Page 4 Base your answers to questions 32 through 34 on the map below. The map shows the continents of Africa and South America, the ocean between them, and the ocean ridge and transform faults. Locations A and D are on the continents. Locations B and C are on the ocean floor. 32. The hottest crustal temperature measurements would most likely be found at location A) A B) B C) C D) D 33. Which table best shows the relative densities of the crustal bedrock at locations A, B, C, and D? A) B) C) D) Version 1 Page 5 34. Which graph best shows the relative age of the ocean-floor bedrock from location B to location C? A) B) C) D) 35. The cross section below represents several rock units within Earth's crust. Letter A represents Earth's surface. Letters B, C, and D indicate boundaries between rock units. One of the unconformities is labeled. Which lettered boundary is most likely another unconformity? A) A B) B C) C 36. Earth's magnetic field has reversed itself several times during the past. This pattern of magnetic reversal is best preserved in A) igneous bedrock of the oceanic crust B) bedrock with fossils containing radioactive carbon-14 C) layers of sedimentary bedrock of the Grand Canyon D) metamorphic bedrock in mountain ranges Version 1 D) D 37. Which mountain range resulted from the collision of North America and Africa, as parts of Pangea joined together in the late Pennsylvanian Period? A) B) C) D) Taconic Mountains Appalachian Mountains Acadian Mountains Grenville Mountains Page 6 38. Which rock is composed of the mineral halite that formed when seawater evaporated? A) limestone B) rock gypsum C) rock salt 39. The diagram below represents a section of the Earth's bedrock. The arrows show the direction of forces that are gradually compressing this section. D) dolostone 41. The cutaway diagram below shows the paths of earthquake waves generated at point X. Which diagram represents the most probable result of these forces? A) B) Only P-waves reach the side of Earth that is opposite the focus because P-waves A) B) C) D) C) D) 42. Which statement best describes the relationship between the travel rates and travel times of earthquake P-waves and S-waves from the focus of an earthquake to a seismograph station? 40. The diagram below shows land features that have been disrupted by an earthquake. Which type of crustal movement most likely caused the displacement of features in this area? A) B) C) D) can travel through liquids and S-waves cannot travel faster than S-waves travel faster than S-waves are stronger than S-waves vertical lifting of surface rock folding of surface rock down-warping of the crust movement along a transform fault Version 1 A) S-waves travel at a faster rate and take less time. B) P-waves travel at a slower rate and take less time. C) P-waves travel at a faster rate and take less time. D) S-waves travel at a slower rate and take less time. 43. Which geologic feature is composed of the youngest crustal bedrock? A) B) C) D) Peru-Chile Trench San Andreas Fault Adirondack Mountains Mid-Atlantic Ridge Page 7 44. The diagram below represents the analysis of a seismogram used to calculate an earthquake's magnitude on the Richter Scale. This seismogram shows the difference in arrival times, in seconds, of the first P-wave and S-wave and the amplitude of the S-wave in millimeters. The diagram below represents how the earthquake's magnitude is determined by drawing a line connecting the difference in arrival times of the P-wave and the S-wave, and the S-wave amplitude. Version 1 Page 8 What is the magnitude of a recorded earthquake if the difference in arrival times of the first P-wave and S-wave is 2 seconds and the S-wave amplitude is 20 millimeters? A) 4.8 B) 3.0 C) 3.8 D) 2.0 45. The diagram below represents the intensity of the shaking that occurs on different Earth surfaces during the same earthquake. The greatest earthquake hazard to homes exists when they are built on A) hard igneous rock C) coarse sediments B) silt and mud D) sedimentary rock 46. On which plate is the Hawaii Hot Spot located? A) Antarctic C) South American Version 1 B) Pacific D) Nazca Page 9 47. On the map below, line AB is drawn across several of Earth's tectonic plates in the South Atlantic Ocean. Which cross section best represents the plate boundaries and mantle movement beneath line AB? A) B) C) D) 48. Crustal formation, which may cause the widening of an ocean, is most likely occurring at the boundary between the A) South American Plate and the North American Plate B) African Plate and the Eurasian Plate C) Pacific Plate and the Philippine Plate D) Indian-Australian Plate and the Antarctic Plate Version 1 49. Which mineral can be found in all samples of rhyolite and andesite? A) biotite C) quartz B) pyroxene D) potassium feldspar 50. Which mineral shows no cleavage, has a hardness of 7, and a composition of SiO 2? A) Quartz C) Garnet B) Halite D) Graphite Page 10 Base your answers to questions 51 and 52 on cross section below, which shows an underwater mountain range in the Atlantic Ocean. The oceanic bedrock is composed mainly of basalt. Points X and Y are locations in the bedrock that have been diverging at the same rate. The movement of the North American Plate and Eurasian Plate is shown by the two arrows. Version 1 Page 11 42. Which cross section best represents the relative locations of Earth's asthenosphere, rigid mantle, and stiffer mantle? (The cross sections are not drawn to scale.) A) B) C) D) Version 1 Page 12 52. Which statements best describe the age and magnetic orientation of the basalts found at locations X and Y? A) The basalt at location X is older than the basalt at location Y. Location X has reversed magnetic orientation and location Y has normal magnetic orientation. B) The basalts at locations X and Yare the same age. Both locations have the same magnetic orientation. C) The basalt at location X is younger than the basalt at location Y. Both locations have the same magnetic orientation. D) The basalts at locations X and Y are the same age. Location X has normal magnetic orientation and location Y has reversed magnetic orientation. 53. The diagram below shows how scientists think some of Earth's continents were joined together in the geologic past. When do scientists think these continents were joined together? A) from the Devonian Period through the Triassic Period B) during the Cambrian Period, only C) during the Tertiary Period, only D) from the Cretaceous Period through the Tertiary Period 54. Most rock gypsum is formed by the A) chemical precipitation of minerals from seawater B) cooling and solidification of lava C) heating of previously existing foliated bedrock D) compaction and cementation of shells and skeletal remains 55. Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are usually composed of A) B) C) D) intergrown crystals minerals fossils sediments Version 1 56. Which cross section below best represents the crustal plate motion that is the primary cause of the volcanoes and deep rift valleys found at mid-ocean ridges? A) B) C) D) 57. Which rock is usually composed of several different minerals? A) B) C) D) gneiss rock gypsum chemical limestone quartzite Page 13 Base your answers to questions 58 through 60 on the passage below. Crustal Activity at Mid-Ocean Ridges Mid-ocean ridges are found at one type of tectonic plate boundary. These ridges consist of extensive underwater mountain ranges split by rift valleys. The rift valleys mark places where two crustal plates are pulling apart, widening the ocean basins, and allowing magma from the asthenosphere to move upward. In some cases, mid-ocean ridges have migrated toward nearby mantle hot spots. This explains why mid-ocean ridges and mantle hot spots are found together at several locations. 58. Which mantle hot spot is located closest to a mid-ocean ridge? A) Canary Islands B) Easter Island C) Hawaii D) Tasman 59. The map below shows a part of Earth’s surface. Points A through D are locations on the ocean floor. At which location is the temperature of the ocean floor bedrock most likely highest? A) A B) B C) C D) D 60. Which type of tectonic plate boundary is located at mid-ocean ridges? A) divergent B) complex C) transform 61. Brachiopod fossils were found in a layer of limestone rock. In which type of environment did the limestone layer form? A) interior grassland C) coastal plain Version 1 B) shallow marine D) tropical forest D) convergent 62. A fine-grained igneous rock composed mostly of plagioclase feldspar and hornblende and containing no quartz or pyroxene would be classified as A) andesite C) granite B) scoria D) peridotite Page 14 Base your answers to questions 63 through 65 on the diagram below. The diagram shows a model of the relationship between Earth's surface and its interior. 63. Mid-ocean ridges (rifts) normally form where tectonic plates are A) converging C) diverging B) sliding past each other D) stationary 64. The motion of the convection currents in the mantle beneath the Atlantic Ocean appears to be mainly making this ocean basin A) wider B) deeper C) narrower D) shallower 65. According to the diagram, the deep trench along the west coast of South America is caused by movement of the oceanic crust that is A) sinking beneath the continental crust B) uplifting over the continental crust C) colliding with the Atlantic oceanic crust D) sinking at the Mid-Atlantic ridge 66. Which two rocks are primarily composed of a mineral that bubbles with acid? A) B) C) D) 68. The diagram below represents a basic atomic structure that forms when oxygen and silicon unite. sandstone and quartzite slate and conglomerate limestone and marble granite and dolostone 67. Which nonfoliated rock forms only in a zone of contact metamorphism? A) pegmatite C) hornfels Version 1 B) conglomerate D) quartzite This structure is called a A) cylinder C) cube B) tetrahedron D) sphere Page 15 69. Which diagram best shows the grain size of some common sedimentary rocks? 71. Which model best represents the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron? A) A) B) B) C) C) D) D) 72. Most rocks that form from fragmental rock particles are classified as 70. Which diagram best represents the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron of which talc, feldspar, and quartz are composed? A) B) A) B) C) D) extrusive igneous chemical sedimentary clastic sedimentary intrusive igneous 73. Particles of sediment collected from a lake bottom averaged 1.2 centimeters in diameter. If left on the lake bottom to become buried by more sediment and compressed into rock, these particles would form A) sandstone C) conglomerate C) D) 74. Which sedimentary rocks are clastic and consist of particles that have diameters smaller than 0.006 centimeter? A) B) C) D) Version 1 B) granite D) quartzite conglomerate and sandstone siltstone and shale fossil limestone and chemical limestone bituminous coal and breccia Page 16 75. In which set are the rock drawings labeled with their correct rock types? A) B) C) D) Base your answers to questions 76 through 78 on the drawings of six sedimentary rocks labeled A through F. 76. Most of the rocks shown were formed by A) compaction and/or cementation C) melting and/or solidification B) volcanic eruptions and crystallization D) heat and pressure 77. Which two rocks are composed primarily of quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals? A) sandstone and limestone C) rock salt and conglomerate Version 1 B) rock salt and breccia D) sandstone and shale Page 17 78. Which table shows the rocks correctly classified by texture? A) B) C) D) 79. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents a cross section of rock layers that have not been overturned. Within which rock type would a fossil most likely be found? A) Version 1 B) C) D) Page 18 Base your answers to questions 80 through 84 on the diagrams below of five rock samples. 86. The igneous rock gabbro most likely formed from molten material that cooled A) B) C) D) rapidly at Earth's surface slowly, deep underground rapidly, deep underground slowly at Earth's surface 87. Which process could lead directly to the formation of pumice rock? A) B) C) D) 80. Which sample is composed of sediments 0.006 centimeter to 0.2 centimeter in size that were compacted and cemented together? A) gneiss C) granite B) conglomerate D) sandstone 81. If granite were subjected to intense heat and pressure, it would most likely change to A) conglomerate C) basalt erosion and deposition compaction and cementation heat and pressure melting and solidification 83. Which sample would most likely contain fossils? A) granite C) sandstone 88. Which granite sample most likely formed from magma that cooled and solidified at the slowest rate? A) B) C) D) B) gneiss D) sandstone 82. The basalt was most likely formed by A) B) C) D) metamorphism of unmelted rock material deposition of quartz sand explosive eruption of lava from a volcano precipitation of minerals from evaporating seawater 89. Which sequence of change in rock type occurs as shale is subjected to increasing heat and pressure? A) B) C) D) shale shale shale shale gneiss phyllite schist slate slate phyllite schist gneiss schist phyllite slate gneiss gneiss phyllite slate schist B) gneiss D) basalt 84. Which sample is igneous and has a coarse texture? A) granite C) basalt B) conglomerate D) sandstone 85. Large rock salt deposits in the Syracuse area indicate that the area once had A) B) C) D) large forests many terrestrial animals a range of volcanic mountains a warm, shallow sea Version 1 Page 19 90. The diagram below shows three stages in the formation of a specific rock. Which rock is formed as a result of these three stages? A) limestone B) schist C) gneiss D) coal 91. Which graph best shows the relationship between the compositions of different igneous rocks and their densities? A) B) C) D) 92. The diagram below indicates physical changes that accompany the conversion of shale to gneiss. Which geologic process is occurring to cause this conversion? A) intrusion of magma C) metamorphism Version 1 B) weathering D) sedimentary layering Page 20 93. The graph below shows the relationship between the cooling time of magma and the size of the crystals produced. Which graph correctly shows the relative positions of the igneous rocks granite, rhyolite, and pumice? A) B) C) D) 94. The data table below lists characteristics of rocks A, B, C, and D. Which rock is most likely phyllite? A) A Version 1 B) B C) C D) D Page 21 Answer Key EScAPE Q2 2017RQ 1. A 36. A 71. B 2. C 37. B 72. C 3. D 38. C 73. C 4. D 39. B 74. B 5. D 40. D 75. B 6. D 41. A 76. A 7. D 42. C 77. D 8. C 43. D 78. D 9. A 44. B 79. C 10. A 45. B 80. D 11. C 46. B 81. B 12. C 47. B 82. D 13. B 48. D 83. C 14. C 49. A 84. A 15. B 50. A 85. D 16. A 51. D 86. B 17. A 52. B 87. C 18. D 53. A 88. A 19. A 54. A 89. B 20. B 55. B 90. D 21. C 56. B 91. B 22. C 57. A 92. C 23. D 58. B 93. C 24. B 59. C 94. D 25. B 60. A 26. A 61. B 27. A 62. A 28. D 63. C 29. C 64. A 30. D 65. A 31. A 66. C 32. C 67. C 33. A 68. B 34. A 69. A 35. C 70. B Version 1 Page 22