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PARTICIPLES AND PARTICIPIAL PHRASES Barry 2011 • What is a verbal? Verbals verbal: a verb form that functions as an adjective, a noun, or an adverb There are three kinds of verbals: participles 2. gerunds 3. infinitives 1. • What is a participle? • What is a present participle? • What is a past participle? Participles participle: a verbal that that acts as an adjective present participle: formed by adding –ing to a verb past participle: usually formed by adding –ed to a verb Participles vs. Verbs Don’t be fooled! Some words that look like participles are actually part of a verb phrase. -ing or –ed verbs come after these helping verbs to be (am, is, are, was, were) to have (have, has) Verb Phrases The robin is singing in the tree. The boys were playing basketball in the park. On Saturday, we are traveling to New York City. It has rained for days straight. The plane has landed. The robbers have taken the television. Participles The singing robin flew overhead. Laughing, we played basketball in the park. The beauty queen, smiling and waving, stood on stage. The bruised boxer glared at his opponent.. Bored, we surfed the TV channels. The sleepy bear, bewildered and confused, awoke from hibernation. Participle or Verb? The children are brushing their teeth. Participle or Verb? The children are brushing their teeth. verb The suspect has left the building. Participle or Verb? The children are brushing their teeth. verb The suspect has left the building. verb Shocked, I stared at the newscast. Participle or Verb? The children are brushing their teeth. verb The suspect has left the building. past participle Shocked, I stared at the newscast. past participle The Eskimo was building an igloo. Participle or Verb? The children are brushing their teeth. verb The suspect has left the building. verb Shocked, I stared at the newscast. past participle The Eskimo was building an igloo. verb Participle or Verb? The crying child calmed down when we gave him a lollipop. Past or Present Participle? The crying child calmed down when we gave him a lollipop. present participle The broken bottle floated down the polluted river. Past or Present Participle? The crying child calmed down when we gave him a lollipop. present participle The broken bottle floated down the polluted river. past participles The crowded elevator broke down on the third floor. Past or Present Participle? The crying child calmed down when we gave him a lollipop. present participle The broken bottle floated down the polluted river. past participles The crowded elevator broke down on the third floor. past participle Hopping and skipping, the kangaroo traversed the landscape. Past or Present Participle? The crying child calmed down when we gave him a lollipop. present participle The broken bottle floated down the polluted river. past participles The crowded elevator broke down on the third floor. past participle Hopping and skipping, the kangaroo traversed the landscape. present participles Participle or Verb Phrase? The phone is ringing. Participle or Verb Phrase? The phone is ringing. verb phrase The boiled eggs are delicious when you eat them with salt. Participle or Verb Phrase? The phone is ringing. verb phrase The boiled eggs are delicious when you eat them with salt. past participle Screaming and crying, the toddler threw a fit. Participle or Verb Phrase? The phone is ringing. verb phrase The boiled eggs are delicious when you eat them with salt. part participle Screaming and crying, the toddler threw a fit. present participles The Yankees are playing this weekend. Participle or Verb Phrase? The phone is ringing. verb phrase The boiled eggs are delicious when you eat them with salt. past participle Screaming and crying, the toddler threw a fit. present participles The Yankees are playing this weekend. verb phrase Participle or Verb Phrase? The football team, bruised and defeated, left the field. Participle or Verb Phrase? The football team, bruised and defeated, left the field. past participles The daredevil jumped his motorcycle through a flaming hoop. Participle or Verb Phrase? The football team, bruised and defeated, left the field. past participles The daredevil jumped his motorcycle through a flaming hoop. present participle The crew has worked for hours without a break. Participle or Verb Phrase? The football team, bruised and defeated, left the field. past participles The daredevil jumped his motorcycle through a flaming hoop. present participle The crew has worked for hours without a break. verb phrase We sadly threw away the ruined pancakes. Participle or Verb Phrase? The football team, bruised and defeated, left the field. past participles The daredevil jumped his motorcycle through a flaming hoop. present participle The crew has worked for hours without a break. verb phrase We sadly threw away the ruined pancakes. past participle Participial Phrases Participles can also be part of a participial phrase Just like appositive phrases, participial phrases are set off by commas unless they are necessary to the meaning of the sentence. Participial phrases should be directly before or after the word they modify. What is a phrase, anyway? A phrase is a group of related words that functions as a single part of speech and that does not contain both a subject and a verb So far this year, we have learned about appositive phrases and prepositional phrases Participial Phrases The girl throwing the water balloon is Tammy. Throwing the water balloon, Tammy raced across the field. Tammy, throwing the water balloon, shouted a threat to her opponent. Tammy shouted to her opponent, throwing the water balloon. Problem: This phrase now modifies “opponent.” Participial Phrases Pleased with the results of the polls, the election campaigners held a celebration. Participial Phrases Pleased with the results of the polls, the election campaigners held a celebration. Shivering uncontrollably, the hypothermic pirate captain received a blanket from his first mate. Participial Phrases Pleased with the results of the polls, the election campaigners held a celebration. Shivering uncontrollably, the hypothermic pirate captain received a blanket from his first mate. The cat, hissing menacingly, darted its paw toward the mongoose. Participial Phrases Pleased with the results of the polls, the election campaigners held a celebration. Shivering uncontrollably, the hypothermic pirate captain received a blanket from his first mate. The cat, hissing menacingly, darted its paw toward the mongoose. Flying through the night on their broomsticks, the witches journeyed to the annual Halloween party. Participial Phrases Pleased with the results of the polls, the election campaigners held a celebration. Shivering uncontrollably, the hypothermic pirate captain received a blanket from his first mate. The cat, hissing menacingly, darted its paw toward the mongoose. Flying through the night on their broomsticks, the witches journeyed to the annual Halloween party. Participial Phrases Swinging his bat with all his might, the baseball player hit a home run. Participial Phrases Swinging his bat with all his might, the baseball player hit a home run. The runner, disappointed by his race, hung his head in shame. Participial Phrases Swinging his bat with all his might, the baseball player hit a home run. The runner, disappointed by his race, hung his head in shame. The letter containing the scholarship information arrived yesterday. Participial Phrases Swinging his bat with all his might, the baseball player hit a home run. The runner, disappointed by his race, hung his head in shame. The letter containing the scholarship information arrived yesterday. The river, gushing past its banks, flooded the town. Participial Phrases Swinging his bat with all his might, the baseball player hit a home run. The runner, disappointed by his race, hung his head in shame. The letter containing the scholarship information arrived yesterday. The river bordering the golf course flooded the town.