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2.1 and 2.2 Organisms and Their Relationships Section 2.1 Research Methods · observation surveys (direct and indirect) radio telemetry (tracking organisms) gather data about population size Ecology • Greek "oikos" = house • study of the interactions among living things, and between living things and their environment Biosphere • "ball of life" • portion of Earth that supports life • includes atmosphere, land, and ocean depths · experimentation lab work - controlled setting and variable, but does not reflect organisms in the wild field work - performed in the wild, more accurate picture of interactions but includes many variables • modeling computer and mathematical (manipulate and control hypothetical situations) makes predictions based on current data 1 Which of the following statements is FALSE? A B C D Biotic vs. Abiotic • biotic - living things (plants, animals, fungi, bacteria) biodiversity - a variety of living things Scientists study ecology using experiments, observations, and computer models. • abiotic - nonliving things (nutrients, temperature, rainfall, wind, sunlight, soil) The biosphere includes the atmosphere and land, but NOT water environments. determines which living things can survive in a particular environment determines amount of biodiversity Ecology is the study of interactions between organism, and organisms and their environment. The biosphere is the portion of earth where life exists. 2.1 and 2.2 Work together to list as many biotic and abiotic factors as What are the biotic and abiotic factors in this picture? you can. Levels of Organization • organism population community ecosystem biome • organism - simplest level (1 individual) • population - all the members of a species that live in one place at one time competition for resources availability of resources determines how big a population can be *includes abiotic factors • community - different populations that live together in a given area at the same time forest: rabbits, bears, insects, ferns, foxes, etc. • ecosystem - community and all the abiotic factors that affect it ocean: fish, plankton, algae, sun's energy, salinity, sediment, sharks • biome - large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities 2 Which level of organization is the first to include abiotic factors? A population B ecosystem C community D biome 2.1 and 2.2 Ecosystem Interactions • habitat - area where an organism lives habitats can change or be destroyed changes in habitat disrupt species equilibrium • niche - role/job of an organism in its habitat how it meets its needs for food, shelter, reproduction and survival Community Interactions • competition occurs when organisms need the same resource at the same time ex. water, space, mates, light • survival of the fittest • if resource is plentiful, competition may not exist • predation - consuming another organism for food predator - one who eat prey - one who gets eaten predator prey 3 ___ is where an organism lives, and ___ refers to an oganism's job/role. A niche, habitat B habitat, niche C niche, predation D habitat, predation Symbiotic Relationships • symbiosis - close relationships with other species increases chance of survival • mutualism - both species benefit • commensalism - one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed • parasitism - one species benefits and the other is harmed parasitism Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Section 2.2 mutualism commensalism Producers • can make their own food aka autotrophs foundation of all ecosystems • sun - main energy sources for life on Earth photosynthesis turns CO2 into carbohydrates ex. algae, plants, cyanobacteria • inorganic substances chemosynthesis - form carbohydrates using chemicals as the energy source ex. deep sea vents, hydrothermal pools, salt marshes 2.1 and 2.2 Consumers • rely on other organisms for energy (food) aka heterotrophs • examples carnivore - meat eaters herbivore - plant eaters omnivore - plants and animals detritivore - plant/animal remains decomposers - breakdown organic matter (type of detritivore) • specialists - picky eaters (1 or few organisms) subject to ecological changes • generalists - eat anything (varying diet) 1 MATA: Autotrophs A are also called producers B can make their own food C D 2 MATA: Consumers are the foundation of all ecosystems need chemicals Food Chains • energy flows through an ecosystem sun/inorganic substance A need to eat to get their nutrients B include plants C are also called heterotrophs D include herbivores, carnivores, and detritivores autotrophs heterotrophs • food chain - sequence of energy flow based on feeding relationships producers herbivore carnivore arrow always points in direction of energy transfer triggerfish shark NOT shark triggerfish 2.1 and 2.2 Food Webs • link all the food chains in an ecosystem together • more complex What would happen to this food web if the arctic hare population decreased? Let's practice...can you identify the producers and consumers. Trophic Levels • each step in a food chain or web • energy flows up the food chain/web from lowest trophic level to highest 3 consumers - carnivores/omnivores 2 consumers - carnivores/omnivores 1 consumers - herbivores/omnivores producers (supplies energy for food chain/web) • each trophic level contains less energy than the level below it Biomass Pyramid • biomass - total mass of living matter at each trophic level • biomass pyramid - mass of living tissue in each trophic level Energy Pyramid • only 10% of available energy in 1 trophic level is passed on to the next trophic level • rest lost as heat 2.1 and 2.2 Pyramid of Numbers • shows # of organisms at each trophic level 3 Only 10% of available energy is passed to the next trophic level, the rest is lost as heat. True False 4 Producers are always at the bottom of a pyramid, represent the greatest biomass and energy in a food chain, and are the most numerous. True False