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Needs of Plants for Germination and Growth Spring Early February Edible Schoolyard Pittsburgh Materials Preparation Wide-mouth mason jars (1 per group) Potting soil, small baskets Different types of bean seed Arrange desks into small clusters and line with newspaper. Moisten potting soil and divide it into smaller baskets. Place baskets in the middle of each group of desks. Black construction paper, tape, and markers Spray bottle Split a few bean seeds in half and place in a small containers. Set containers aside for Part 1. Newspaper Garden journals and pencils If working with multiple bean seed varieties, place seeds in tiny envelopes and label them PROCEDURE Part 1: Prepare Seed Sprouting Jars “Divide students into small groups and arrange each group around a cluster of desks. “What do plants need to grow?” As a class, generate a list of plant needs on the board. “Today were are going to learn about plant needs for germination and growth.” Define germination. Introduce bean seed. On the board, draw a diagram on the seed and label seed parts. “The seed coat is the outermost layer of the seed. The inside of the seed contains and embryo and a food store.” Pass around the split bean seeds for groups to examine. “Under the right conditions, the embryo will grow into a new plant.” Explain seed needs for germination. Mention planting depth and temperature range. Pass out mason jars to each group. Instruct students to fill the jars nearly to the to with potting soil. As they work, remind students to gently shake the jars to settle the soil. When all groups have finished, explain planting procedure. “Plant seeds directly against the glass of the mason jar. You will plant three seeds per container, all at different depths.” Using a mason jar, demonstrate how to plant seeds at different depths. Once students have planted seeds, instruct them to lightly pat down on the soil and water well. Then, demonstrate how to wrap a piece of black construction paper around the jar. “First, label your construction paper with a piece of tape. Include names of group members, date, and type of seed planted. Then, wrap paper around the jar and secure with tape.” “What changes do your predict will take place over the next week?” Make a list as a class. Place jars in a warm location and water daily. Students should visit jars daily and record any developments in their garden journals. Part 2: Examine Sprouted Seeds (1 week later) Gather in groups. Take out mason jars and examine sprouted seeds. “How many seeds did you plant? How many germinated successfully? For the seeds that did not sprout, what do you think the problem was?” Review seed needs for germination. Explain the importance of maintaining proper planting depth. “Plants only have so much energy contained in their food store.” “What new plant parts have formed above ground?” Make a list as a class. Remove construction paper and examine seeds on the inside of the glass. “What new plant parts have formed below ground?” Draw a diagram on the board illustrating parts of a sprouted seed. “What do plants require in order to sustain growth over time?” (sun, soil, water, and air). Reserve some seedlings for continued growth and observation. Needs of Plants for Germination and Growth Planning & Design Objectives ENGAGE As a class, generate a list of human needs for survival. From that list, identify the following: “What are the most essential needs?” (food and water). “What are other important needs?” (shelter, clothing, community, etc.) As a class, rank needs in order of importance. “Plants and humans have some basic needs in common. What basic needs do plants share with humans?” Circle shared needs on the list. “As you know, human beings start their lives on a diet of milk, followed by liquid, then solid food. Similar to humans, plants have different needs during different stages of their lifecycle.” Transition to Part 1. Students will be able to define germination Students will be able to identify three parts of a seed – seed coat, embryo, and food store Students will understand seed needs for germination and plant needs for growth Students will be able to identify above- and below-ground parts of a sprouted seedling EXPLAIN Seed Needs for Germination A seed contains the beginnings of a new plant. In simple terms, seeds contain three main parts – the outer seed coat, an embryo (or immature plant) and a large food store. Seeds remain in a stage of dormancy until presented with the proper conditions for germination. In order for seeds to successfully germinate, they require water, oxygen, and the appropriate temperature range. A seed’s optimal temperature range depends of the type of plant. Spinach seeds can germinate under cooler conditions, while tomato seeds require warmer temperatures. Once environmental conditions are favorable for germination, the protective seed coat begins to dissolve and the embryonic root (also called the radicle) emerges from the seed. As this root grows downward in search of water and soil nutrients, two aboveground plant parts emerge – the stem (hypocotyl) and seed leaves (cotyledons). Once a seed exhausts its food store, it is considered an established seedling. From here on out, the plant is on its own. Plant Needs for Growth Once a plant is established in the soil, its needs change. In order to sustain growth over time, seedlings require adequate access to sun, soil, water, and air. If any of those essential elements are missing, the plant will not survive. Plants require sunlight in order to produce food through photosynthesis. Soil supplies the plant with water and mineral nutrients for growth. Plants use water to transport nutrients between the root system and leaves. Plants require carbon dioxide present in the air for photosynthesis. Other important factors also affect growth, such as proper spacing and a plant’s preferred temperature range. Give plants what they need and they will give back! PROCEDURE MODIFICATION Part 1: Assign each group with a unique set of experimental variables. For example, only some groups supply their seeds with water. Or, place some seeds in hot environmental conditions (heat lamp) and others in cooler ones (the fridge/freezer). Try germinating seeds in an environment devoid of oxygen, such as a sealed mason jar. Part 2: Once seedlings germinate, place them in different environmental conditions. What happens to the plant when you take away sun, soil, water, or air? Discuss results. Additional Materials Access to different growing environments (heat lamp, fridge, freezer, etc). Garden journals and pencils EVALUATE Journal prompt: What three things do seeds require in order to germinate? What four things do plants require in order to grow? Are there any other environmental factors that are also important?